POP-11 comes of age: the advancement of an AI programming language

In 1989, the computer programming language POP-11 is 21 years old. This book looks at the reasons behind its invention, and traces its rise from an experimental language to a major AI language, playing a major part in many innovating projects. There is a chapter on the inventor of the language, Robin Popplestone, and a discussion of the applications of POP-11 in a variety of areas. The efficiency of AI programming is covered, along with a comparison between POP-11 and other programming languages. The book concludes by reviewing the standardization of POP-11 into POP91.

Lateralization of speech production using verbal/manual dual tasks: meta-analysis of sex differences and practice effects

The present paper reviews the findings of 30 years of verbal/manual dual task studies, the method most commonly used to assess lateralization of speech production in non-clinical samples. Meta-analysis of 64 results revealed that both the type of manual task used and the nature of practice that is given influence the size of the laterality effect. A meta-analysis of 36 results examining the effect size of sex differences in estimate,, of lateralization of speech production indicated that males appear to show, slightly larger laterality effects than females. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.

Le jeu littéraire : appropriation et transformation discursive et textuelle dans Certainement Pas de Chloé Delaume ; suivi de Jouer le je

Dans Certainement Pas, je m’intéresserai à la problématique du jeu littéraire dans son rapport à la contrainte. Comment Chloé Delaume réussit-elle dans un premier temps à s’approprier un certain nombre de discours culturels et de formes a priori extralittéraires pour ensuite les transformer? Dans un second temps, comment s’y prend-elle pour « phagocyter » dans son écriture une pléthore de références littéraires? Conséquemment, quelle conception de la littérature livre-t-elle? Veut-elle, par l’aspect ludique de son roman, rendre un hommage filial aux auteurs d’hier et ainsi adopter une position empreinte de dévotion? Essaye-t-elle, au contraire, de « déchiqueter-dégurgiter » ces textes paternels et agir en iconoclaste? En procédant de cette façon, détruit-elle ou non le mythe de l’originalité en littérature? Finalement, comment s’effectue la réception de son texte ? Jouer le je est un projet d’écriture prolongeant les réflexions sur la place du jeu et de la contrainte dans la littérature. Prenant la forme d’une pièce de théâtre, il cherche à travailler la problématique de l’automatisme langagier actuel et devient une tentative de destruction de celui-ci. Ce texte met en scène deux personnages. La protagoniste principale, une jeune femme de vingt-cinq ans nommée Plume Liddell, étudiante en immunologie souffrant de dyslexie linguistique, participera à six séances de psychothérapie au cours desquelles elle parlera d’elle-même. L’autre personnage: la psychologue, restera muette ou presque tout au long des séances.

Uma nova forma de narrar a história: a renovação do romance histórico em Luiz Ruffato

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Verbal proficiency as fitness indicator: Experimental and comparative research on the evolutionary psychology of language and verbal displays

Summary: Recent research on the evolution of language and verbal displays (e.g., Miller, 1999, 2000a, 2000b, 2002) indicated that language is not only the result of natural selection but serves as a sexually-selected fitness indicator that is an adaptation showing an individual’s suitability as a reproductive mate. Thus, language could be placed within the framework of concepts such as the handicap principle (Zahavi, 1975). There are several reasons for this position: Many linguistic traits are highly heritable (Stromswold, 2001, 2005), while naturally-selected traits are only marginally heritable (Miller, 2000a); men are more prone to verbal displays than women, who in turn judge the displays (Dunbar, 1996; Locke & Bogin, 2006; Lange, in press; Miller, 2000a; Rosenberg & Tunney, 2008); verbal proficiency universally raises especially male status (Brown, 1991); many linguistic features are handicaps (Miller, 2000a) in the Zahavian sense; most literature is produced by men at reproduction-relevant age (Miller, 1999). However, neither an experimental study investigating the causal relation between verbal proficiency and attractiveness, nor a study showing a correlation between markers of literary and mating success existed. In the current studies, it was aimed to fill these gaps. In the first one, I conducted a laboratory experiment. Videos in which an actor and an actress performed verbal self-presentations were the stimuli for counter-sex participants. Content was always alike, but the videos differed on three levels of verbal proficiency. Predictions were, among others, that (1) verbal proficiency increases mate value, but that (2) this applies more to male than to female mate value due to assumed past sex-different selection pressures causing women to be very demanding in mate choice (Trivers, 1972). After running a two-factorial analysis of variance with the variables sex and verbal proficiency as factors, the first hypothesis was supported with high effect size. For the second hypothesis, there was only a trend going in the predicted direction. Furthermore, it became evident that verbal proficiency affects long-term more than short-term mate value. In the second study, verbal proficiency as a menstrual cycle-dependent mate choice criterion was investigated. Basically the same materials as in the former study were used with only marginal changes in the used questionnaire. The hypothesis was that fertile women rate high verbal proficiency in men higher than non-fertile women because of verbal proficiency being a potential indicator of “good genes”. However, no significant result could be obtained in support of the hypothesis in the current study. In the third study, the hypotheses were: (1) most literature is produced by men at reproduction-relevant age. (2) The more works of high literary quality a male writer produces, the more mates and children he has. (3) Lyricists have higher mating success than non-lyric writers because of poetic language being a larger handicap than other forms of language. (4) Writing literature increases a man’s status insofar that his offspring shows a significantly higher male-to-female sex ratio than in the general population, as the Trivers-Willard hypothesis (Trivers & Willard, 1973) applied to literature predicts. In order to test these hypotheses, two famous literary canons were chosen. Extensive biographical research was conducted on the writers’ mating successes. The first hypothesis was confirmed; the second one, controlling for life age, only for number of mates but not entirely regarding number of children. The latter finding was discussed with respect to, among others, the availability of effective contraception especially in the 20th century. The third hypothesis was not satisfactorily supported. The fourth hypothesis was partially supported. For the 20th century part of the German list, the secondary sex ratio differed with high statistical significance from the ratio assumed to be valid for a general population.

Experimental study of textual development in Spanish students of English as a foreign language in segundo de bachillerato : features of written register in compositions of argumentative genre.

Esta investigación pretende, por un lado, describir y explicar los rasgos orales de las redacciones de los estudiantes españoles de inglés como lengua extranjera; y, por otro, intentar mejorar el estilo escrito de los textos de estos estudiantes a través de una intervención pedagógica.. Se diseña y aplica un tratamiento pedagógico a un grupo de estudiantes de segundo de bachillerato de Madrid. La instrucción se centra en hacerles conscientes de los recursos lingüísticos disponibles en inglés para la redacción de un texto. Se comparan las composiciones escritas por los estudiantes antes del tratamiento experimental con sus producciones posteriores, así como con un grupo de control del mismo instituto que no recibe ninguna instrucción. Se cotejan los textos en inglés con redacciones escritas en español por los estudiantes del grupo experimental. Asimismo, los textos escritos en inglés después del tratamiento experimental se comparan con redacciones de un grupo de estudiantes nativos de secundaria. Se analizan dos variables, para las que el estudio aporta sendos instrumentos de medida, la calidad y el grado de estilo escrito de los textos. La comparación de los textos escritos en español y en inglés de los estudiantes españoles del grupo experimental revela que las redacciones en la lengua materna son superiores en relación a su calidad pero no al grado de estilo escrito. Varios resultados estadísticos apuntan que el tratamiento recibido por el grupo experimental contribuye al desarrollo del grado de estilo escrito de los textos en inglés pero no mejora la calidad global de los mismos. Los resultados revelan que el grupo experimental es similar a los nativos en el grado de estilo escrito, aunque éste último supera a los estudiantes del inglés como lengua extranjera en la 'calidad' de los textos. Este estudio concluye que la impronta oral de las redacciones de los estudiantes de inglés como lengua extranjera puede deberse a la combinación de varios factores, la competencia discursiva en la lengua materna, la competencia lingüística/discursiva en la lengua objeto de aprendizaje, el conocimiento socio-cultural y lingüístico de adecuación contextual y el tipo de pedagogía en inglés como lengua extranjera.

Patterns of Activity Sequencing in the Teaching of English as a Foreing Language and Their Effects on Learning : a Quasi-Experimental Study.'Patrones de secuenciación de actividades en la enseñanza del inglés como lengua extranjera y su incidencia en el aprendizaje : estudio cuasi-experimental.

Contrastar el modelo denominado CPM (basado en el desarrollo de los procesos comunicativos) con el modelo de secuenciación de actividades P-P-P (presentación-práctica-producción) que es el utilizado con mayor frecuencia en los libros de texto para la enseñanza de los idiomas, para medir la eficacia diferencial en el aprendizaje lingüístico del inglés como lengua extranjera.. Estudio llevado a cabo en la Escuela Oficial de Idiomas de Murcia con una muestra inicial de 51 sujetos que se redujo a 34 nativos de lengua española de edades comprendidas entre los 16 y 41 años formada mayoritariamente por mujeres. Estudio cuasi-experimental de análisis de medidas repetidas con grupo experimental y grupo de control (factor intersujetos). La variable dependiente es la eficacia de la intervención objeto de estudio o intervención CPM. La variable independiente es el grupo, que consta de dos partes, el que sigue el programa establecido en el centro de enseñanza, versión P-P-P y el grupo experimental (EG) que recibe instrucción basada en el CPM. La aplicación duró 4 meses (enero-mayo 2003) y el total de sesiones fue de 35 para cada uno de los dos grupos. Se utilizó el examen estandarizado internacional Cambridge First Certificate in English (FCE) en su parte: Use of English.. La secuenciación de actividades en general y la basada en el CPM en particular merecen un justo reconocimiento en el ámbito de la investigación en enseñanza de lenguas extranjeras debido no solo a las puntuaciones obtenidas en la investigación sino también a su fundamentación teórica basada en un modelo cognitivo de adquisición de conocimientos ampliamente aplicado en SLA y a su flexibilidad en cuanto a las vías de aprendizaje propuestas, su atención al concepto script y su afinidad con los enfoques didácticos actuales (integración de destrezas, relevancia e interés para el alumno, variedad en la instrucción)..

Experimental method for teaching specific language structures to hearing-impaired children

This paper presents an experimental Receptive-Expressive Multi-Modal Learning Program of Patterned Language Practice for hearing-impaired children.

Experimental philosophy of language

Experimental philosophy of language uses experimental methods developed in the cognitive sciences to investigate topics of interest to philosophers of language. This article describes the methodological background for the development of experimental approaches to topics in philosophy of language, distinguishes negative and positive projects in experimental philosophy of language, and evaluates experimental work on the reference of proper names and natural kind terms. The reliability of expert judgments vs. the judgments of ordinary speakers, the role that ambiguity plays in influencing responses to experiments, and the reliability of meta-linguistic judgments are also assessed.

Experimental and formal language design applied to control constructs for interactive computing /

Vita.

Female Exiles in Language: Reading for New Poetic Subjects in Modern and Contemporary Feminist Experimental Poetry

Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Washington, 2016-06

Social cognition, language acquisition and the development of the theory of mind

Theory of Mind (ToM) is the cognitive achievement that enables us to report our propositional attitudes, to attribute such attitudes to others, and to use such postulated or observed mental states in the prediction and explanation of behavior. Most normally developing children acquire ToM between the ages of 3 and 5 years, but serious delays beyond this chronological and mental age have been observed in children with autism, as well is in those with severe sensory impairments. We examine data from Studies of ToM in normally developing children and those with deafness, blindness, autism and Williams syndrome, as well as data from lower primates, in a search for answers to key theoretical questions concerning the origins, nature and representation of knowledge about the mind. In answer to these, we offer a framework according to which ToM is jointly dependent upon language and social experience, and is produced by a conjunction of language acquisition with children's growing social understanding, acquired through conversation and interaction with others. We argue that adequate language and adequate social skills are jointly causally sufficient, and individually causally necessary, for producing ToM. Thus our account supports a social developmental theory of the genesis of human cognition, inspired by the work of Sellars and Vygotsky.

Teacher Use of Learners' Native Language in the Foreign Language Classroom

This article reports on an exploratory study into the use of students' native language (NL) by teachers in the foreign language (FL) classroom. The project was undertaken by four teachers of beginner French at the University of Queensland. The teachers' aim was to investigate the use of NL in a context which actively promotes an immersion approach to FL teaching. The audio recordings of the teachers' speech were transcribed to provide data for estimating the amount of NL, and for analyzing the various instances of NL use. The study indicates that the activity type is a significant variable affecting NL amount. It also isolates two strategic uses of NL, translating FL words into NL, and contrasting NL and FL forms, both of which involve intrasentential code switching with NL words embedded in an FL sentence. The study suggests that these strategies may facilitate acquisition during immersion in FL, but experimental research is needed to test the hypothesis that translation and contrast facilitate learning of FL vocabulary and grammar.

O sonho: teatro-música experimental

Trabalho de Projeto submetido à Escola Superior de Teatro e Cinema para cumprimento dos requisitos necessários à obtenção do grau de Mestre em TEATRO - especialização em Artes Performativas (Teatro-Música).