Lane Closure Policy Development, Enforcement, and Exceptions: A Survey of Seven State Transportation Agencies, February 2007

Traffic volume increases and an aging infrastructure create the need for reconstruction, rehabilitation, and maintenance of existing facilities. As more motorists feel that delays should be minimal during highway renewal projects, lane closures that reduce capacity through the work zone should not create unreasonable delays. In order to facilitate the determination of when a lane closure is permitted during the day, some state transportation agencies (STAs) have developed lane closure policies, or strategies, that they use as guidance in determining daily permitted lane closure times. Permitted lane closure times define what times of the day, week, or season a lane closure is allowed on a facility and at a specific location or segment. This research addresses the lane closure policies of several STAs that were reputed to have good lane closures policies or strategies and that were selected by the project advisory committee for further research.

Loanword Phonology, Lexical Exceptions, Morphologically Driven Underapplication, and the Nature of Positionally Biased Constraints

In this paper we provide a formal account for underapplication of vowel reduction to schwa in Majorcan Catalan loanwords and learned words. On the basis of the comparison of these data with those concerning productive derivation and verbal inflection, which show analogous patterns, in this paper we also explore the existing and not yet acknowledged correlation between those processes that exhibit a particular behaviour in the loanword phonology with respect to the native phonology of the language, those processes that show lexical exceptions and those processes that underapply due to morphological reasons. In light of the analysis of the very same data and taking into account the aforementioned correlation, we show how there might exist a natural diachronic relation between two kinds of Optimality Theory constraints which are commonly used but, in principle, mutually exclusive: positional faithfulness and contextual markedness constraints. Overall, phonological productivity is proven to be crucial in three respects: first, as a context of the grammar, given that «underapplication» is systematically found in what we call the productive phonology of the dialect (including loanwords, learned words, productive derivation and verbal inflection); second, as a trigger or blocker of processes, in that the productivity or the lack of productivity of a specific process or constraint in the language is what explains whether it is challenged or not in any of the depicted situations, and, third, as a guiding principle which can explain the transition from the historical to the synchronic phonology of a linguistic variety.

Management of Exceptions on Access Control Policies

Peer-reviewed

Étude exploratoire des facteurs de risque présents à différents moments dans la vie familiale de jeunes ayant des difficultés de comportements plus ou moins sévères : tendances ou exceptions?

Plusieurs recherches ont eu pour sujet les troubles de comportements chez les jeunes afin de mieux comprendre leur origine et impact dans nos sociétés. Ces études, majoritairement de nature quantitative, offrent peu d’espace de parole aux jeunes. Elles démontrent que les problèmes de comportements chez les enfants sont, semble-t-il, précurseurs de problèmes plus importants, chez l’adolescent et l’adulte. Ce mémoire a recours au discours des jeunes manifestant des troubles de comportements. Il a pour objectif d’explorer les facteurs de risque présents dans la vie familiale des jeunes, par le biais d’une analyse qualitative. Les situations vécues par 30 participants (filles et garçons), recrutés dans des écoles spéciales pour jeunes en difficultés de comportements, sont explorées. Quatre profils de comportement mettent en relation la sévérité des facteurs de risque familiaux avec celle des troubles de comportements. Les résultats révèlent deux profils de comportement qui sont en lien avec la littérature dans le domaine, correspondant aux relations usuellement rapportées ou attendues entre les facteurs de risque et les troubles de comportements. Deux autres profils présentent des relations non attendues. Ainsi, malgré la présence de facteurs de risque familiaux moins sévères, les troubles comportements de certains jeunes sont plus sévères. La présence de facteurs de risque distaux ou individuels, d’après nos observations, semble avoir une influence négative importante sur les comportements des jeunes. De même, certaines combinaisons défavorables de facteurs de risque proximaux et distaux, ou individuels accentuées par la transition vers l’adolescence influenceraient négativement les comportements. D’autre part, malgré la présence de facteurs de risque familiaux plus sévères, les troubles de comportements d’autres jeunes sont moins sévères. Nous constatons, à partir des résultats de cette étude, que la présence de facteurs de protection, distaux ou individuels, pourrait atténuer les impacts négatifs de facteurs de risque familiaux plus sévères. Aussi, certains facteurs de risque familiaux de moindre intensité, durée ou gravité, pourraient possiblement avoir des effets négatifs moins marqués sur les comportements des jeunes, contribuant ainsi à la moins grande sévérité des troubles de comportements des jeunes appartenant à ce profil.

Exceptions and Limitations to Intellectual Property Rights with Special Reference to Patent and Copyright Law

This thesis entitled Exceptions and limitations to intellectual property rights with special reference to patent and copyright law.The study on the limitations and exceptions to copyright and patent was mainly characterized by its diversity and flexibility. The unique feature of limited monopoly appended to intellectual property was always a matter of wide controversy.The historical analysis substantiated this instrumentalist philosophy of intellectual property.the study from a legal space characterized by diversity and flexibility and end up in that legal space being characterized by homogeneity and standardization. The issue of flexibility and restrictiveness in the context of TRIPS is the next challenging task. Before devising flexibility to TST, the question to be answered is whether such a mechanism is desirable in the context of TRIPS.In conclusion it is submitted to reorient the intellectual property framework in the context of the noble public interest objectives.

Attribute exploration with background implications and exceptions

Implications between attributes can represent knowledge about objects in a specified context. This knowledge representation is especially useful when it is not possible to list all specified objects. Attribute exploration is a tool of formal concept analysis that supports the acquisition of this knowledge. For a specified context this interactive procedure determines a miminal list of valid implications between attributes of this context together with a list of objects which are counterexamples for all implications not valid in the context. This paper describes how the exploration can be modified such that it determines a mimimal set of implications that fills the gap between previously given implications (called background implications) and all valid implications. The list of implications can be simplified further if exceptions are allowed for the implications.

Lectures 17 and 18 - Exceptions - when it all goes wrong

Exceptions An Example The Throws keyword Try and Catch The flow Multiple exceptions Finally How exceptions are thrown What the complier checks Handle or Defer Recovery Writing your own

Programming Principles: Exceptions

Slides for COMP1004 Lectures on Exceptions

Excluding exceptions: Housing non-affordability and the oppression of environmental sustainability?

This paper explores the provision of homes for less wealthy households in rural England. By allowing 'exceptions' to UK planning law to provide low-income housing for local residents, the national government seeks to secure dwellings for the less wealthy and so sustain socially mixed rural villages. This paper explores how the production of homes through the exception policy is not conducive to the construction of many new houses. The particular emphasis in the paper is on how responsible agents are discouraged from being more active in erecting new village homes for low-income households. Empirically, the paper draws on documents, interviews and a social survey in the counties of Bedfordshire, Cambridgeshire and Norfolk to investigate the process of delivering rural exception homes. It is concluded that, despite Government assertions that a socially mixed countryside is desirable, the decision-making criteria that dominate the worldviews of agents in social housing provision work against this outcome. (c) 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Copyright exceptions and contract in the UK: the impact of recent amendments

In June and October 2014 a number of amendments to the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 came into effect, introducing new copyright exceptions and amending several existing exceptions. Whilst following recent judicial review the private copying exception has been quashed, many of the remaining new exceptions significantly alter the relationship between copyright exceptions and contract, making contractual terms unenforceable where those terms restrict users from taking advantage of an exception. This paper explores the rationale for the UK amendments and considers whether the changes, as implemented, prevent rightsholders from contracting out of exceptions and whether they increase the clarity of the copyright system.

Library exceptions in the copyright laws of Ibero-American countries

The development of the digital setting has made it absolutely necessary to revise copyright legislation as a whole, including the exceptions that benefit libraries and similar institutions. Unfortunately, adaptation to the new technological reality is not taking place satisfactorily in most countries - the predominating trend is a refortification of copyright as opposed to user interests, and the maintenance of a certain pre-digital philosophy. In the case of Ibero-America the problem is twofold: aside from obsolescence or a lack of adaptation to the new technological setting, there are countries that have not yet included library-related exceptions in the national laws. Moreover, these happen to be developing countries, whose needs and interests do not coincide with those of the richer nations who paved the path to be followed by international treaties and copy- or copyright agreements. This study looks into the situation of exceptions to copyright to benefit libraries in the countries constituting Ibero-America, with a comparative analysis of the most significant characteristics of their national laws. It is concluded that it is crucial for these countries to take advantage of the options offered through the WIPO Copyright Treaty of 1996 and the results of the WIPO Development Agenda to update their legislation, in order that copyright will be respected, while at the same time making it easier for libraries to continue carrying out their social function in an adequate manner, always with the understanding of the developmental context of these countries.