978 resultados para Ethylic biodiesel
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A simple, fast, and complete route for the production of methylic and ethylic biodiesel from tucum oil is described. Aliquots of the oil obtained directly from pressed tucum (pulp and almonds) were treated with potassium methoxide or ethoxide at 40 degrees C for 40 min. The biodiesel form was removed from the reactor and washed with 0.1 M HCl aqueous solution. A simple distillation at 100 degrees C was carried out in order to remove water and alcohol species from the biodiesel. The oxidative stability index was obtained for the tucum oil as well as the methylic and ethylic biodiesel at 6.13, 2.90, and 2.80 h, for storage times higher than 8 days. Quality control of the original oil and of the methylic and ethylic biodiesels, such as the amount of glycerin produced during the transesterification process, was accomplished by the TLC, GC-MS, and FT-IR techniques. The results obtained in this study indicate a potential biofuel production by simple treatment of tucum, an important Amazonian fruit.
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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)
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Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)
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Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)
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Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)
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Pós-graduação em Química - IBILCE
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No presente trabalho foi investigada a adição on pot de H2SO4 no processo de transesterificação do óleo de girassol com etanol e metanol empregando catalisador alcalino (NaOH e KOH). Após o processo, ocorreu uma eficiente separação tanto do biodiesel etílico como metílico de seus co-produtos. Com a adição on pot de H2SO4 todo sabão formado no meio reacional foi transformado em ácidos graxos livres e o catalisador em sal (Na2SO4 ou K2SO4). A esterificação dos ácidos graxos livres presentes no biodiesel foi aplicada para atingir os padrões de biocombustíveis. Os ácidos graxos contidos no biodiesel foram esterificados na presença de uma mistura com razão molar de 60:1 e 80:1 álcool:ácido graxo, com H2SO4 5 e 10 % em massa. Também foi avaliada a influência da quantidade de catalisador na reação paralela de saponificação. De acordo com os resultados observou-se que a quantidade de sabão formado no processo, variou entre 1,80 e 10,66 % para 1 e 2 % de catalisador, respectivamente. A adição on pot de H2SO4 permitiu aumentar o rendimento de obtenção de biodiesel, e reduziu a geração de efluentes provenientes das lavagens para remoção do sabão, quando comparado com o processo convencional. As análises foram realizadas para avaliar a qualidade do biodiesel, com exceção da estabilidade oxidativa, os demais parâmetros estão de acordo com as normas da ANP. A glicerina foi obtida com uma pureza de 95 % de glicerol com aspecto límpido e incolor, sendo seu principal contaminante o sal proveniente da neutralização do catalisador.
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O biodiesel produzido para ser comercializado no Brasil deve estar de acordo aos padrões de qualidade estabelecidos pela resolução de 4 de fevereiro de 2010 da Agência Nacional do Petróleo, Gás Natural e do Biocombustível (ANP, 04/2010). Neste trabalho, foi estudada a aplicação dos métodos ASTM D 6584 e EN 14105 para o biodiesel de mamona e biodiesel oriundo de rota etílica. Ambos os métodos empregam GC (Cromatografia Gasosa, do inglês Gas Chromatography) com FID (Detecção por Ionização em Chama, do inglês Flame Ionization Detection) e reação de sililação com N-metil-N-(trimetilsilil)trifluoracetamida (MSTFA). Os compostos foram identificados para quantificação pelos tempos de retenção, para os diglicerídeos e triglicerídeos foram utilizadas bandas de tempo de retenção. Os parâmetros de validação considerados foram: curva analítica, linearidade, sensibilidade, robustez, precisão e exatidão. Os métodos ASTM D 6584 e EN 14105 apresentaram sensibilidade semelhante para todos os compostos. Foram escolhidas as condições cromatográficas estabelecidas pelo método ASTM D 6584 por ser mais rápido que o EN14105 e ter sensibilidade semelhante. O método apresentou boa linearidade com todas as curvas analíticas com r maiores que 0,999. A reação de sililação com MSTFA foi otimizada para o biodiesel etílico de mamona em virtude da sua composição química. Um volume de 500 μL de MSTFA foi escolhido para realização dos ensaios de exatidão e precisão. Os valores de exatidão ficaram entre 67 e 145,9% com valores de precisão menores que 11%. Foi avaliada a ocorrência de efeito matriz para biodiesel etílico de mamona, sendo que esse efeito foi considerado baixo para glicerol, monooleína e dioleína e médio para trioleína. Mesmo havendo efeito de matriz o preparo das curvas analíticas em solvente conforme sugerido pelos métodos de referência foi mantido. O método foi robusto frente às variações da composição química da matriz. Na aplicação do método, esse se mostrou adequado para amostras de biodiesel etílico de mamona, de girassol e da mistura de sebo e soja.
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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)
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In this study, hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) and principal component analysis (PCA) were used to classify blends produced from diesel S500 and different kinds of biodiesel produced by the TDSP methodology. The different kinds of biodiesel studied in this work were produced from three raw materials: soybean oil, waste cooking oil and hydrogenated vegetable oil. Methylic and ethylic routes were employed for the production of biodiesel. HCA and PCA were performed on the data from attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, showing the separation of the blends into groups according to biodiesel content present in the blends and to the kind of biodiesel used to form the mixtures.
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Biodiesel is an alternative fuel, renewable, biodegradable and nontoxic. The transesterification of vegetable oils or animal fat with alcohol is most common form of production of this fuel. The procedure for production of biodiesel occurs most commonly through the transesterification reaction in which catalysts are used to accelerate and increase their income and may be basic, acid or enzyme. The use of homogeneous catalysis requires specific conditions and purification steps of the reaction products (alkyl ester and glycerol) and removal of the catalyst at the end of the reaction. As an alternative to improve the yield of the transesterification reaction, minimize the cost of production is that many studies are being conducted with the application of heterogeneous catalysis. The use of nano-structured materials as catalysts in the production of biodiesel is a biofuel alternative for a similar to mineral diesel. Although slower, can esterify transesterified triglycerides and free fatty acids and suffer little influence of water, which may be present in the raw material. This study aimed at the synthesis, characterization and application of nano-structured materials as catalysts in the transesterification reaction of soybean oil to produce biodiesel by ethylic route. The type material containing SBA-15 mesoporous lanthanum embedded within rightly Si / La = 50 was used catalyst. Solid samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction, thermogravimetric analysis, infrared spectroscopy, nitrogen adsorption and desorption. For the transesterification process, we used a molar ratio of 20:1 alcohol and oil with 0.250 g of catalyst at 60°C and times of 6 hours of reaction. It was determined the content of ethyl esters by H-NMR analysis and gas chromatography. It was found that the variable of conversion obtained was 80%, showing a good catalytic activity LaSBA-15 in the transesterification of vegetable oils via ethylic route
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Fuel is a material used to produce heat or power by burning, and lubricity is the capacity for reducing friction. The aim of this work is evaluate the lubricity of eight fossil and renewable fuels used in Diesel engines, by means of a HFRR tester, following the ASTM D 6079-04 Standard. In this conception, a sphere of AISI 52100 steel (diameter of 6,000,05 mm, Ra 0,050,005 μm, E = 210 GPa, HRC 624, HV0,2 63147) is submitted to a reciprocating motion under a normal load of 2 N and 50 Hz frequency to promote a wear track length of 1.10.1mm in a plan disc of AISI 52100 steel (HV0,05 18410, Ra 0,020,005 μm). The testing extent time was 75 minutes, 225,000 cycles. Each one test was repeated six times to furnish the results, by means of intrinsic signatures from the signals of the lubricant film percentage, friction coefficient, contact heating, Sound Pressure Level, SPL [dB]. These signal signatures were obtained by two thermocouples and a portable decibelmeter coupled to a data acquisition system and to the HFRR system. The wettability of droplet of the diesel fuel in thermal equilibrium on a horizontal surface of a virgin plan disc of 52100 steel, Ra 0,02 0,005 μm, were measured by its contact angle of 7,0 3,5o, while the results obtained for the biodiesel B5, B20 and B100 blends originated by the ethylic transesterification of soybean oil were, respectively, 7,5 3,5o, 13,5 3,5o e 19,0 1,0o; for the distilled water, 78,0 6,0o; the biodiesel B5, B20 and B100 blends originated by the ethylic transesterification of sunflower oil were, respectively, 7,0 4,0o, 8,5 4,5o e 19,5 2,5o. Different thickness of lubricant film were formed and measured by their percentage by means of the contact resistance technique, suggesting several regimes, since the boundary until the hydrodynamic lubrication. All oils analyzed in this study promoted the ball wear scars with diameters smaller than 400 μm. The lowest values were observed in the scar balls lubricated by mixtures B100, B20 and B5 of sunflower and B20 and B5 of soybean oils (WSD < 215 μm)
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The objective of this study was to evaluate the dynamic performance of an agricultural tractor utilizing distilled biodiesel (50% ethylic + 50% methylic) as a function of the proportion of biodiesel and diesel of petroleum (0 and 100%, 5 and 95%, 15 and 85%, 25 and 75%, 50 and 50%, 75 and 25% and 100 and 0%), respectively. This research was done in the area of the Department of Rural Engineering of the Paulista State University (UNESP), Jaboticabal Campus, SP, located in the latitude 21° 14′ 28″ S and longitude 48° 17′12″ W. A tractor 4 x 2 FWA was used, with a 73.6 kW (100 HP) motor and a ballast tractor. The biodiesel used was produced from spent oil from food frying. The experimental design was entirely randomized, with 7 treatments and 5 repetitions, totaling 35 observations. The results showed that the biodiesel and diesel blend significantly influenced the hourly volumetric consumption, hourly mass consumption, fuel consumption per worked area and specific fuel consumption variables. When the tractor operated with 100% of biodiesel (B100) the specific fuel consumption increased 18% on average in relation to diesel (B0).
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Pós-graduação em Microbiologia - IBILCE
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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)