1000 resultados para Espectroscopia ótica


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O objetivo deste projeto é implementar e explorar um sistema de espectroscopia ótica de emissão para monitorizar e tentar correlacionar os espectros óticos de emissão da descarga produzida por mais que um cátodo com a composição de filmes finos com gradiente em profundidade obtidos por co-deposição utilizando dois cátodos magnetrão. O projeto foi desenvolvido Laboratório de Plasmas e Aplicações da Linha 2/CEFITEC. Numa primeira fase reativou-se o sistema de deposição de filmes binários (SIDEBI) e um dos cátodos magnetrão, para funcionar no modo de obtenção de filmes em codeposição com dois cátodos. O sistema foi reconfigurado, testado, detetando e corrigindo anomalias de funcionamento. Na segunda fase do projeto instalou-se o acoplamento da fibra ótica a câmara de vácuo. Para a aquisição dos espectros, adaptou-se um programa em LabView 13.0 de controlo simultâneo das fontes de tensão já existente, para que este possa controlar o espectrómetro ótico AvaSpec-3648-USB2 da Avantes e adquirir os espectros óticos de emissão da descarga obtida pelos cátodos. Na fase final dos trabalhos produziram-se filmes com gradiente de composição em profundidade e analisaram-se os espectros óticos obtidos em cada etapa da deposição para definir as linhas espectrais a serem monitorizadas e a sua relação com as taxas de deposição estimadas de cada metal. A composição dos filmes foi posteriormente analisada por RBS e os seus resultados comparados com os estimados a partir das curvas de calibração da potência da descarga em função das taxas de deposição dos materiais. O capítulo 1 apresenta uma introdução aos temas das descargas luminescentes anómalas, deposição catódica e espectroscopia ótica de emissão. No capítulo 2 são apresentados os diversos sistemas utilizados na realização do trabalho experimental. Numa primeira fase apresenta-se o sistema de deposição de filmes por pulverização catódica. Numa segunda fase são descritas as modificações efetuadas a este sistema de deposição necessárias para a implementação de um sistema de espectroscopia ótica de emissão. É também aqui descrito método de implementação deste sistema de espectroscopia e a sua constituição. O capítulo 3 descreve o método abordado para tratamento dos espectros de emissão obtidos nas descargas, e são apresentados os resultados obtidos e a respetiva análise. No capítulo 4 são apresentadas as conclusões referentes ao trabalho realizado.

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Dissertação para obtenção do Grau de Mestre em Engenharia Física

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O objetivo deste trabalho foi verificar a influência das tensões sobre o processo de nitretação a plasma/ difusão do nitrogênio. Amostras do aço AISI M2 e DIN CK45 foram nitretadas apresentando diferentes condições superficiais prévias. Amostras foram nitretadas a plasma a 5000C, com a composição gasosa de 5% de nitrogênio com o balanço em hidrogênio, variando-se o tempo do processo entre 30 e 60, e ainda, 120 minutos para as amostras do aço AISI M2. Estas condições foram produzidas por jateamento controlado e polimento mecânico. Adicionalmente, buscando comparar diferenças entre as tensões mecânicas e residuais, foi utilizado um dispositivo de flexão para promover tensões de carregamento na superfície de uma parte das amostras. As técnicas de análise envolveram medidas de tensões residuais e análise de fases por difração de raios X, caracterização microestrutural por microscopia ótica, perfis de microdurezas e perfis de composição química via espectroscopia ótica de descarga incandescente. Para as amostras do aço AISI M2 não foi detectada a formação da camada de compostos em nenhuma das condições utilizadas. Para amostras do aço DIN CK45, a formação da camada de compostos não pôde ser evitada. Tensões residuais da ordem de 1000 MPa foram medidas nas amostras do aço AISI M2, sendo mais altas para amostras jateadas e polidas que para amostras apenas polidas Os ensaios realizados demonstraram que o nível de tensões do material influencia significantemente a difusão do nitrogênio na matriz. Amostras nitretadas com tensões compressivas apresentaram profundidade de camada da ordem de 45µm, enquanto amostras com tensões zero ou tensões de tração apresentaram camadas da ordem de 50µm. Amostras polidas apresentaram em geral zonas de difusão mais profundas que as amostras jateadas e polidas previamente, obtendo-se uma diferença em profundidade de camada nitretada de até 100%, como se observou nas amostras do aço AISI M2 tratadas por 120 minutos.

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This work reports the influence of the poly (ethylene terephthalate) textile and films surface modification by plasmas of O2 and mixtures (N2 + O2), on their physical and chemical properties. The plasma surface polymeric modification has been used for many researchs, because it does not affect the environment with toxic agents, the alterations remains only at nanometric layers and this technique shows expressive results. Then, due to its good acceptance, the treatment was carried out in a vacuum chamber. Some parameters remained constant during all treatment, such as: Voltage 470 V; Pressure 1,250 Mbar; Current: 0, 10 A and gas flow: 10 cm3/min, using oxygen plasma alternating the treatment time 10 to 60 min with an increase of 10 min to each subsequent treatment. Also, the samples were treated with a gas mixture (nitrogen + oxygen) which was varied only the gas composition from 0 to 100% leaving the treatment time remaining constant to all treatment (10 min). The plasma treatment was characterized in-situ with Optics Emission Spectroscopy (OES), and the samples was characterized by contact angle, surface tension, Through Capillary tests, Raman spectroscopy, Infrared attenuated total reflection (IR-ATR) and atomic force microscopy, scanning electronic Microscopy (SEM) and X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS). The results showed that oxygen treated fabrics presented high wettability, due to the hydrophilic groups incorporation onto the surface formed through spputering of carbon atoms. For the nitrogen atmosphere, there is the a film deposition of amine groups. Treatment with small oxygen concentration in the mixture with nitrogen has a higher spputered species of the samples

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The competitiveness of the trade generated by the higher availability of products with lower quality and cost promoted a new reality of industrial production with small clearances. Track deviations at the production are not discarded, uncertainties can statistically occur. The world consumer and the Brazilian one are supported by the consumer protection code, in lawsuits against the products poor quality. An automobile is composed of various systems and thousands of constituent parts, increasing the likelihood of failure. The dynamic and security systems are critical in relation to the consequences of possible failures. The investigation of the failure gives us the possibility of learning and contributing to various improvements. Our main purpose in this work is to develop a systematic, specific methodology by investigating the root cause of the flaw occurred on an axle end of the front suspension of an automobile, and to perform comparative data analyses between the fractured part and the project information. Our research was based on a flaw generated in an automotive suspension system involved in a mechanical judicial cause, resulting in property and personal damages. In the investigations concerning the analysis of mechanical flaws, knowledge on materials engineering plays a crucial role in the process, since it enables applying techniques for characterizing materials, relating the technical attributes required from a respective part with its structure of manufacturing material, thus providing a greater scientific contribution to the work. The specific methodology developed follows its own flowchart. In the early phase, the data in the records and information on the involved ones were collected. The following laboratory analyses were performed: macrography of the fracture, micrography with SEM (Scanning Electron Microscope) of the initial and final fracture, phase analysis with optical microscopy, Brinell hardness and Vickers microhardness analyses, quantitative and qualitative chemical analysis, by using X-ray fluorescence and optical spectroscopy for carbon analysis, qualitative study on the state of tension was done. Field data were also collected. In the analyses data of the values resulting from the fractured stock parts and the design values were compared. After the investigation, one concluded that: the developed methodology systematized the investigation and enabled crossing data, thus minimizing diagnostic error probability, the morphology of the fracture indicates failure by the fatigue mechanism in a geometrically propitious location, a tension hub, the part was subjected to low tensions by the sectional area of the final fracture, the manufacturing material of the fractured part has low ductility, the component fractured in an earlier moment than the one recommended by the manufacturer, the percentages of C, Si, Mn and Cr of the fractured part present values which differ from the design ones, the hardness value of the superior limit of the fractured part is higher than that of the design, and there is no manufacturing uniformity between stock and fractured part. The work will contribute to optimizing the guidance of the actions in a mechanical engineering judicial expertise

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Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

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This work reports the influence of the poly (ethylene terephthalate) textile and films surface modification by plasmas of O2 and mixtures (N2 + O2), on their physical and chemical properties. The plasma surface polymeric modification has been used for many researchs, because it does not affect the environment with toxic agents, the alterations remains only at nanometric layers and this technique shows expressive results. Then, due to its good acceptance, the treatment was carried out in a vacuum chamber. Some parameters remained constant during all treatment, such as: Voltage 470 V; Pressure 1,250 Mbar; Current: 0, 10 A and gas flow: 10 cm3/min, using oxygen plasma alternating the treatment time 10 to 60 min with an increase of 10 min to each subsequent treatment. Also, the samples were treated with a gas mixture (nitrogen + oxygen) which was varied only the gas composition from 0 to 100% leaving the treatment time remaining constant to all treatment (10 min). The plasma treatment was characterized in-situ with Optics Emission Spectroscopy (OES), and the samples was characterized by contact angle, surface tension, Through Capillary tests, Raman spectroscopy, Infrared attenuated total reflection (IR-ATR) and atomic force microscopy, scanning electronic Microscopy (SEM) and X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS). The results showed that oxygen treated fabrics presented high wettability, due to the hydrophilic groups incorporation onto the surface formed through spputering of carbon atoms. For the nitrogen atmosphere, there is the a film deposition of amine groups. Treatment with small oxygen concentration in the mixture with nitrogen has a higher spputered species of the samples

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Mestrado em Engenharia Agronómica - Horto-fruticultura e Viticultura - Instituto Superior de Agronomia - UL

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Objetivo: Avaliar um protocolo de espectroscopia por ressonância magnética (ERM) do próton de hidrogênio (1H) bidimensional (2D) disponível comercialmente (Siemens Medical Systems; Erlangen, Alemanha), aplicado para nódulos adrenais e diferenciação das massas (adenomas, feocromocitomas, carcinomas e metástases). Materiais e Métodos: Um total de 118 pacientes (36 homens e 82 mulheres), apresentando-se com 138 nódulos/massas adrenais, foi avaliado prospectivamente (média de idade: 57,3 ± 13,3 anos). Uma sequência de ERM-1H-PRESS-CSI (espectroscopia por resolução de ponto-imagem por desvio químico) multivoxel foi utilizada. Análise espectroscópica foi realizada da esquerda-direita, sentido crânio-caudal, usando três sequências sagitais, além de sequências axiais e coronais T2-HASTE. Os seguintes índices foram calculados: colina (Cho)/creatina (Cr), 4,0–4,3 ppm/Cr, lipídio (Lip)/Cr, Cho/Lip e lactato (Lac)/Cr. Resultados: ERM-1H-2D foi bem sucedida em 123 (89,13%) lesões. Os valores de sensibilidade e especificidade encontrados para as proporções e pontos de corte avaliados foram: Cho/Cr ≥ 1,2, sensibilidade de 100% e especificidade de 98,2% (diferenciação de adenomas e carcinomas de feocromocitomas e metástases); 4,0–4,3 ppm/Cr ≥ 1,5, 92,3% de sensibilidade, especificidade de 96,9% (diferenciação de carcinomas e feocromocitomas de adenomas e metástases); Lac/Cr ≤ –7,449, sensibilidade de 90,9% e especificidade de 77,8% (diferenciação de feocromocitomas contra carcinomas e adenomas). Conclusão: Os dados da ERM-1H-2D foram eficazes e permitiram a diferenciação entre massas adrenais e nódulos na maioria das lesões com diâmetro > 1,0 cm.

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Many applications require that the plasma discharge is produced apart from the surface to be processed, thus preventing damage caused by bombardment and/or plasma radiation. In the post-discharge regime in various applications thermally sensitive materials can be used. In this work, active species produced by discharge and post-discharge hollow cathode were diagnosed by optical emission spectroscopy and mass spectrometry. The discharge was produced with the gases Ar and Ar - N2 gas flow ranging from 1 to 6 cm3/min and electric current between 150 to 600 mA. It was estimated that the ion density inside the hollow cathode, with 2 mm diameter ranged between 7.71 and 14.1 x 1015 cm-3. It was observed that the gas flow and the electric current changes the emission intensity of Ar and N2 species. The major ionic species detected by quadrupole mass spectrometry were Ar+ and N2+. The ratio of optical emission intensities of N2(1 +)/Ar(811 nm) was related to the partial pressure of N2 after the hollow cathode discharge at low pressure

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

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In this work we present the optogalvanic effect in ionized gases in an historical perspective. This effect was observed for the first time by Foote and Mohler in 1925, and explained by Penning in 1928 for mixtures (Ne-Ar) and pure gases (or vapours) in 1937. Also, we show some aspects of the contributions of Romenian authors for the development of optogalvanic spectroscopy, which was used as a new technique only after 1964.

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During the last five decades, as a result of an interaction between natural product chemistry, synthetic organic chemistry, molecular biology and spectroscopy, scientists reached an extraordinary level of comprehension about the natural processes by which living organisms build up complex molecules. In this context, 13C nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, allied with isotopic labeling, played a determinant role. Nowadays, the widespread use of modern NMR techniques allows an even more detailed picture of the biochemical steps by accurate manipulation of the atomic nuclei. This article focuses on the development of such techniques and their impact on biosynthetic studies.

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In this work a fast method for the determination of the total sugar levels in samples of raw coffee was developed using the near infrared spectroscopy technique and multivariate regression. The sugar levels were initially obtained using gravimety as the reference method. Later on, the regression models were built from the near infrared spectra of the coffee samples. The original spectra were pre-treated according to the Kubelka-Munk transformation and multiplicative signal correction. The proposed analytical method made possible the direct determination of the total sugar levels in the samples with an error lower by 8% with respect to the conventional methodology.

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Glass-ceramics are prepared by controlled separation of crystal phases in glasses, leading to uniform and dense grain structures. On the other hand, chemical leaching of soluble crystal phases yields porous glass-ceramics with important applications. Here, glass/ceramic interfaces of niobo-, vanado- and titano-phosphate glasses were studied by micro-Raman spectroscopy, whose spatial resolution revealed the multiphase structures. Phase-separation mechanisms were also determined by this technique, revealing that interface composition remained unchanged as the crystallization front advanced for niobo- and vanadophosphate glasses (interface-controlled crystallization). For titanophosphate glasses, phase composition changed continuously with time up to the equilibrium composition, indicating a spinodal-type phase separation.