1000 resultados para Escoamento de meios granulares


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Nos últimos anos houve um grande aumento da atividade experimental e teórica no estudo das propriedades dos materiais granulares. Este artigo apresenta uma breve revisão da literatura sobre este tema e sugere experimentos simples que o professor de física pode fazer ou sugerir aos seus estudantes.

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Dissertação para obtenção do Grau de Mestre em Engenharia Civil – Perfil de Estruturas

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O envelhecimento do património edificado que constitui a maioria dos centros históricos e urbanos, não só em Portugal, como em toda a Europa, é uma realidade. Parcela significativa destes edifícios é constituída por paredes de alvenaria de pedra em mau estado de conservação. A necessidade crescente de intervenção no sentido de optimizar as respectivas condições de segurança destes edifícios é por isso prioritária. Uma das técnicas mais comuns, usadas na consolidação de alvenarias antigas e elementos arquitectónicos danificados, é a injecção de grouts. A utilização desta técnica tem como finalidade, não só o preenchimento de vazios existentes, de modo a aumentar a compacidade e resistência mecânica do núcleo da estrutura, mas também a criação de uma boa ligação com os panos exteriores, permitindo que a alvenaria recupere o seu comportamento monolítico. No entanto, é necessário ter em consideração, antes de qualquer intervenção de reabilitação, a compatibilidade entre os materiais originais e os materiais utilizados na intervenção. Deste modo, optou-se pela utilização de um ligante, cuja as propriedades mecânicas, físicas e químicas mais se assemelham aos materiais originais em alvenarias antigas, caso da cal hidráulica. Outro aspecto de grande importância a ter em conta, na injecção de grouts, é o poder de penetração da mistura. Assim, a necessidade de avaliação da eficiência da injecção em diferentes meios porosos conduziu à criação de modelos com diferentes composições que simulassem, com a maior fiabilidade possível, meios porosos encontrados no pano interior de alvenarias antigas. O presente trabalho incide principalmente na realização de ensaios de injecção, tendo como objectivo a análise da influência da variabilidade do meio poroso ao longo da altura de injecção de grout. Foram ainda realizados, de modo a avaliar a qualidade destas injecções, ensaios de velocidade de propagação de ultra-sons, assim como, a utilização da técnica de tomografia ultra-sónica. A combinação deste ensaio e técnica de análise não-destrutivas revelou-se de grande utilidade na avaliação da morfologia interna dos modelos criados. De forma a conhecer as resistências mecânicas e as respectivas relações com a qualidade de injecção dos meios porosos, realizaram-se ensaios de resistência à tracção por compressão diametral (também designados por Splitting Tensile Strength Test). Por fim, na última parte deste trabalho, de modo a simular os testes de injecção realizados anteriormente em laboratório, foi usado um modelo analítico tendo como ponto de partida a teoria de fluxo laminar viscoso através de meios porosos, com base na lei de Darcy.

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The multiphase flow occurrence in the oil and gas industry is common throughout fluid path, production, transportation and refining. The multiphase flow is defined as flow simultaneously composed of two or more phases with different properties and immiscible. An important computational tool for the design, planning and optimization production systems is multiphase flow simulation in pipelines and porous media, usually made by multiphase flow commercial simulators. The main purpose of the multiphase flow simulators is predicting pressure and temperature at any point at the production system. This work proposes the development of a multiphase flow simulator able to predict the dynamic pressure and temperature gradient in vertical, directional and horizontal wells. The prediction of pressure and temperature profiles was made by numerical integration using marching algorithm with empirical correlations and mechanistic model to predict pressure gradient. The development of this tool involved set of routines implemented through software programming Embarcadero C++ Builder® 2010 version, which allowed the creation of executable file compatible with Microsoft Windows® operating systems. The simulator validation was conduct by computational experiments and comparison the results with the PIPESIM®. In general, the developed simulator achieved excellent results compared with those obtained by PIPESIM and can be used as a tool to assist production systems development

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The present study provides a methodology that gives a predictive character the computer simulations based on detailed models of the geometry of a porous medium. We using the software FLUENT to investigate the flow of a viscous Newtonian fluid through a random fractal medium which simplifies a two-dimensional disordered porous medium representing a petroleum reservoir. This fractal model is formed by obstacles of various sizes, whose size distribution function follows a power law where exponent is defined as the fractal dimension of fractionation Dff of the model characterizing the process of fragmentation these obstacles. They are randomly disposed in a rectangular channel. The modeling process incorporates modern concepts, scaling laws, to analyze the influence of heterogeneity found in the fields of the porosity and of the permeability in such a way as to characterize the medium in terms of their fractal properties. This procedure allows numerically analyze the measurements of permeability k and the drag coefficient Cd proposed relationships, like power law, for these properties on various modeling schemes. The purpose of this research is to study the variability provided by these heterogeneities where the velocity field and other details of viscous fluid dynamics are obtained by solving numerically the continuity and Navier-Stokes equations at pore level and observe how the fractal dimension of fractionation of the model can affect their hydrodynamic properties. This study were considered two classes of models, models with constant porosity, MPC, and models with varying porosity, MPV. The results have allowed us to find numerical relationship between the permeability, drag coefficient and the fractal dimension of fractionation of the medium. Based on these numerical results we have proposed scaling relations and algebraic expressions involving the relevant parameters of the phenomenon. In this study analytical equations were determined for Dff depending on the geometrical parameters of the models. We also found a relation between the permeability and the drag coefficient which is inversely proportional to one another. As for the difference in behavior it is most striking in the classes of models MPV. That is, the fact that the porosity vary in these models is an additional factor that plays a significant role in flow analysis. Finally, the results proved satisfactory and consistent, which demonstrates the effectiveness of the referred methodology for all applications analyzed in this study.

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Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

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Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

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This paper seeks to show which impacts there are of the combined use of different modal for the coffee’s outflow. Nowadays is used, almost exclusively, the roadway to transport. How-ever, for this product with low added value, the types of transports best suited, in the litera-ture, are the railway and waterway. For this, is describe the development and spread of coffee throughout Brazil. Subsequently, is calculate the current cost of transporting two producing regions (Minas Gerais and Rondônia), using for that information about the freight, the social cost, and the level of losses along the way. After that is projected costs if utilizes the multi-modal model, when considering the same cost parameters used for the current model. Here-after, an analysis is made of the obtained cost, speed, consistency, capacity, availability and frequency of each transport model. Therefore, note that the multi-modal system is more ef-ficient and economical than current, based on transport by road

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Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

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The multiphase flow occurrence in the oil and gas industry is common throughout fluid path, production, transportation and refining. The multiphase flow is defined as flow simultaneously composed of two or more phases with different properties and immiscible. An important computational tool for the design, planning and optimization production systems is multiphase flow simulation in pipelines and porous media, usually made by multiphase flow commercial simulators. The main purpose of the multiphase flow simulators is predicting pressure and temperature at any point at the production system. This work proposes the development of a multiphase flow simulator able to predict the dynamic pressure and temperature gradient in vertical, directional and horizontal wells. The prediction of pressure and temperature profiles was made by numerical integration using marching algorithm with empirical correlations and mechanistic model to predict pressure gradient. The development of this tool involved set of routines implemented through software programming Embarcadero C++ Builder® 2010 version, which allowed the creation of executable file compatible with Microsoft Windows® operating systems. The simulator validation was conduct by computational experiments and comparison the results with the PIPESIM®. In general, the developed simulator achieved excellent results compared with those obtained by PIPESIM and can be used as a tool to assist production systems development