Influencia de la introducción de Eragrostis lehmanniana sobre la comunidad de gramíneas en la Reserva de Ñacuñán (Mendoza, Argentina)

En 1976 se sembró E. lehmanniana Nees en la Reserva de Ñacuñán. Se evaluaron, después de 24 años de la siembra, la tasa lineal de dispersión, la abundancia y el impacto de esta especie exótica sobre la comunidad de gramíneas perennes nativas. Se compararon sitios dominados por la especie exótica con otros que incluían sólo vegetación nativa. Para comparar la cobertura de la canopia de las gramíneas, la cantidad de especies por parcela y la abundancia de la especie exótica se usó la prueba de Mann- Whitney. La especie exótica se dispersó 32 m año-1. Ella estaba presente en los caminos internos de la Reserva donde la vegetación nativa leñosa había sido eliminada y en el 45 % de los sitios ubicados en áreas no disturbadas adyacentes a los caminos. La cobertura total de las gramíneas nativas se redujo significativamente en los sitios donde la especie exótica estaba presente. La cantidad total de gramíneas por parcela no fue afectada por la presencia de E. lehmanniana. Pappophprum caespitosum, la gramínea dominante en Ñacuñán, y Sporobolus cryptandrus presentaron cobertura más baja en los sitios dominados por la especie exótica que en aquéllos no disturbados. La introducción de E. lehmanniana tuvo un impacto negativo en la composición de la comunidad de gramíneas perennes nativas en los sitios disturbados de la Reserva.

Polimorfismos genéticos y plasticidad fenotípica en Eragrostis, Festuca y Amaranthus

La existencia de variabilidad genética y plasticidad fenotípica entre y dentro de los genotipos de Eragrostis curvula (Schrad.) Nees s. Latinoamericana y Amaranthus spp., permitirá cuantificar la asociación entre ambos descriptores poblacionales proporcionando conocimientos de interés teórico y práctico relacionados con el mejoramiento genético y la conservación del germoplasma de ambas especies. Un manejo eficiente de un banco de germoplasma depende del conocimiento que se tenga sobre la magnitud y la distribución intra e inter poblacional de la diversidad genética, conocimiento que además resulta imprescindible para desarrollar programas de mejoramiento. La caracterización de las colecciones consiste en el registro de caracteres altamente heredables que se expresan en todos los ambientes. Los caracteres morfológicos y las isoenzimas han sido ampliamente usados en estudios taxonómicos, genéticos y evolutivos. Actualmente utilizando los RAPDs obtenidos con el PCR se puede estudiar con más detalle la diversidad genética y conocer algunos genes que están implicados en caracteres agronómicos más complejos o loci de caracteres cuantitativos (QTLs). La magnitud de la respuesta de los genotipos a las condiciones ambientales puede ser considerada en términos de plasticidad fenotípica. La plasticidad fenotípica es un fenómeno poco estudiados en plantas, aunque existen evidencias que indican que es una respuesta rápida del individuo a cambios ambientales transcurridos en períodos de tiempo cortos. Este tipo de respuesta está directamente relacionada con procesos de adaptación de las plantas a la heterogeneidad ambiental y aparentemente estaría bajo control genético. (...) Objetivos Generales: - Determinar la asociación entre la diversidad observada en los caracteres cualitativos y la plasticidad fenotípica de los caracteres cuantitativos. Objetivos Específicos: - Caracterizar los diferentes genotipos de una colección de Amaranthus spp. mediante marcadores morfológicos y bioquímicos. - Aplicar y comparar distintas metodologías para el análisis de la interacción genotipo-ambiente y la plasticidad fenotípica en Festuca arundinacea scheb. - Evaluar la interacción genético-ambiental en Eragrostis curvula (Schrad.) Nees s. Latinoamericana. y en Amaranthus spp. y cuantificar la plasticidad fenotípica utilizando la metodología óptima seleccionada en base a los resultados de Festuca arudinacea.

Controle de capim-annoni-2 (Eragrostis plana) com herbicidas pré-emergentes em associação com diferentes métodos de manejo do campo nativo

A planta daninha capim-annoni-2 (Eragrostis plana) é um dos principais limitantes ao desenvolvimento da pecuária extensiva no Sul do Brasil. Vários fatores dificultam o controle dessa espécie em condições de pastagem natural. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o controle de capim-annoni-2 por meio de herbicidas aplicados em pré-emergência que possam apresentar seletividade de posição no solo à pastagem nativa. Dois experimentos foram realizados neste estudo. O primeiro foi conduzido em casa de vegetação, onde sementes de capim-annoni-2 foram semeadas em vasos. O delineamento utilizado foi o completamente casualizado com seis repetições. Os herbicidas avaliados foram alachlor, ametryne, ametryne + tebuthiuron, atrazine, clomazone, diuron, flumioxazin, imazaquin, mesotrione, metribuzin, oxadiazon, S-metolachlor, sulfentrazone, terbuthylazine e trifluralin. Todos os produtos controlaram satisfatoriamente o capim-annoni-2. O segundo experimento foi conduzido em campo nativo com alta infestação de capim-annoni-2, em delineamento de blocos completamente casualizados, em esquema de parcelas subsubdivididas. Nas parcelas principais foram alocados os tratamentos de manejo da vegetação em antecedência a aplicação dos herbicidas: fogo técnico e roçada em altura alta e baixa; nas subparcelas, as doses dos herbicidas: 75 e 100% da dose de rótulo; e, nas subsubparcelas, os herbicidas atrazine, flumioxazin, mesotrione, S-metolachlor, sulfentrazone, trifluralin e testemunha não tratada. Nenhum dos herbicidas testados controlou efetivamente o capim-annoni-2 em campo, provavelmente devido à grande presença de plantas perenizadas. No entanto, os efeitos dos herbicidas foram mais pronunciados quando associados a fogo técnico e roçada baixa.

Padrões de distribuição geográfica dos táxons brasileiros de Eragrostis (Poaceae, Chloridoideae)

O gênero Eragrostis está representado por 53 táxons no Brasil, 38 dos quais nativos e que podem ser reunidos nos seguintes padrões de distribuição geográfica: tropical, tropical/subtropical (táxons mais abundantes na área tropical mas que se estendem até a região sul), tropical e subtropical (tão abundantes na região tropical quanto na subtropical), subtropical, e subtropical/tropical (o oposto do segundo padrão). Uma análise destes padrões é apresentada juntamente com mapas representativos dos mesmos.

Potencial alelopático do capim-annoni-2 (Eragrostis plana Nees) na germinação de sementes de gramíneas perenes estivais

Das estratégias adotadas pelas plantas invasoras para dominância em comunidades vegetais a liberação de aleloquímicos se sobressai. Estes compostos encontram-se em qualquer parte vegetal, principalmente em exsudatos de raízes, folhas e seus degradados sendo liberados no ambiente através de emanações voláteis ou solúveis, translocados em água. O capim-annoni-2, Eragrostis plana Nees, é uma Poaceae exótica, invasora de pastagens e com potencial alelopático. Para testar este efeito coletaram-se caules e folhas da parte mediana da planta de capim-annoni-2, que foram cortados em pedaços de 0,5cm e dispostos em três níveis de cobertura 0%, 50% e 100% em caixas gerbox, usando papel germitest como substrato sobre o material picado de capim-annoni-2. Foram colocadas para germinar 100 sementes das espécies: Paspalum notatum Flüggé, P. regnellii Mez, Megathyrsus maximus B. K. Simon e S. W. L. Jacobs, Setaria sphacelata (Schumach) Staff e C. E. Hubb ex Chipp e Lactuca sativa L. como testemunha. O delineamento foi em blocos casualizados com quatro repetições. Observou-se o efeito alelopático na germinação das sementes após o início da decomposição do tecido vegetal do capim-annoni-2. Sementes com rápida germinação, como as de M. maximus e P. regnellii bem como a L. sativa, escaparam do efeito alelopático. As espécies mais prejudicadas nos seus processos germinativos foram o P. notatum e S.sphacelata. O dano à germinação foi proporcional ao gradiente crescente do nível de cobertura do capim-annoni-2 com exceção do P. regnellii que apresentou no nível de 50% de cobertura do capim-annoni-2, aumento na germinação, porém com queda significativa da mesma no nível de 100% de cobertura. O efeito alelopático do capim-annoni-2 se dá durante a decomposição dos seus tecidos vegetais. Sementes com germinação precoce escapam destes efeitos. A germinação tardia de P. notatum e S. sphacelata as expôs ao efeito alelopático do capim-annoni-2. A germinação de P. regnellii é estimulada no nível de cobertura com capim-annoni-2 de 50%, contudo, na cobertura máxima há queda significativa na germinação de suas sementes.

Genetic and phenotypic diversity in selected genotypes of tef [Eragrostis tef (Zucc.)] Trotter

Tef [Eragrostis tef (Zucc.) Trotter] is an important staple food crop, especially in Ethiopia where it is annually grown on 2.8 million hectares of land. It is important for food security in the region, in spite of having a low yield, mainly due to lodging. In this study, 15 representative landraces as well as three improved varieties have been selected for in-depth characterization of many parameters, especially those implicated in yield. The genotypes were clustered into six groups, mainly based on agronomic traits and about 80% of the diversity in the genotypes could be explained on the basis of four principal components. In general, all traits investigated showed substantial diversity among genotypes, offering high chances for improving tef through direct selection or intra-specific hybridization. Moreover, in view of climatic changes, breeding with early maturing landraces such as Red dabi or Karadebi would be advantageous to cope with moisture scarcity during the later stage of crop maturity.

Semi-dwarfism and lodging tolerance in tef (Eragrostis tef) is linked to a mutation in the α-Tubulin 1 gene

Genetic improvement of native crops is a new and promising strategy to combat hunger in the developing world. Tef is the major staple food crop for approximately 50 million people in Ethiopia. As an indigenous cereal, it is well adapted to diverse climatic and soil conditions; however, its productivity is extremely low mainly due to susceptibility to lodging. Tef has a tall and weak stem, liable to lodge (or fall over), which is aggravated by wind, rain, or application of nitrogen fertilizer. To circumvent this problem, the first semi-dwarf lodging-tolerant tef line, called kegne, was developed from an ethyl methanesulphonate (EMS)-mutagenized population. The response of kegne to microtubule-depolymerizing and -stabilizing drugs, as well as subsequent gene sequencing and segregation analysis, suggests that a defect in the α-Tubulin gene is functionally and genetically tightly linked to the kegne phenotype. In diploid species such as rice, homozygous mutations in α-Tubulin genes result in extreme dwarfism and weak stems. In the allotetraploid tef, only one homeologue is mutated, and the presence of the second intact α-Tubulin gene copy confers the agriculturally beneficial semi-dwarf and lodging-tolerant phenotype. Introgression of kegne into locally adapted and popular tef cultivars in Ethiopia will increase the lodging tolerance in the tef germplasm and, as a result, will improve the productivity of this valuable crop.

Genetic diversity in tef [Eragrostis tef (Zucc.) Trotter]

Tef Eragrostis tef (Zucc.) Trotter is a cereal crop resilient to adverse climatic and soil conditions, and possessing desirable storage properties. Although tef provides high quality food and grows under marginal conditions unsuitable for other cereals, it is considered to be an orphan crop because it has benefited little from genetic improvement. Hence, unlike other cereals such as maize and wheat, the productivity of tef is extremely low. In spite of the low productivity, tef is widely cultivated by over six million small-scale farmers in Ethiopia where it is annually grown on more than three million hectares of land, accounting for over 30% of the total cereal acreage. Tef, a tetraploid with 40 chromosomes (2n=4x=40), belongs to the Family Poaceae and, together with finger millet (Eleusine coracana Gaertn), to the Subfamily Chloridoideae. It was believed to have originated in Ethiopia. There are about 350 Eragrostis species of which E. tef is the only species cultivated for human consumption. At the present time, the gene bank in Ethiopia holds over five thousand tef accessions collected from geographical regions diverse in terms of climate and elevation. These germplasm accessions appear to have huge variability with regard to key agronomic and nutritional traits. In order to properly utilize the variability in developing new tef cultivars, various techniques have been implemented to catalog the extent and unravel the patterns of genetic diversity. In this review, we show some recent initiatives investigating the diversity of tef using genomics, transcriptomics and proteomics and discuss the prospect of these efforts in providing molecular resources that can aid modern tef breeding.

Genome and transcriptome sequencing identifies breeding targets in the orphan crop tef (Eragrostis tef)

Background: Tef (Eragrostis tef), an indigenous cereal critical to food security in the Horn of Africa, is rich in minerals and protein, resistant to many biotic and abiotic stresses and safe for diabetics as well as sufferers of immune reactions to wheat gluten. We present the genome of tef, the first species in the grass subfamily Chloridoideae and the first allotetraploid assembled de novo. We sequenced the tef genome for marker-assisted breeding, to shed light on the molecular mechanisms conferring tef's desirable nutritional and agronomic properties, and to make its genome publicly available as a community resource. Results: The draft genome contains 672 Mbp representing 87% of the genome size estimated from flow cytometry. We also sequenced two transcriptomes, one from a normalized RNA library and another from unnormalized RNASeq data. The normalized RNA library revealed around 38000 transcripts that were then annotated by the SwissProt group. The CoGe comparative genomics platform was used to compare the tef genome to other genomes, notably sorghum. Scaffolds comprising approximately half of the genome size were ordered by syntenic alignment to sorghum producing tef pseudo-chromosomes, which were sorted into A and B genomes as well as compared to the genetic map of tef. The draft genome was used to identify novel SSR markers, investigate target genes for abiotic stress resistance studies, and understand the evolution of the prolamin family of proteins that are responsible for the immune response to gluten. Conclusions: It is highly plausible that breeding targets previously identified in other cereal crops will also be valuable breeding targets in tef. The draft genome and transcriptome will be of great use for identifying these targets for genetic improvement of this orphan crop that is vital for feeding 50 million people in the Horn of Africa.

The origins and progress of genomics research on Tef (Eragrostis tef)

Tef, Eragrostis tef (Zucc.) Trotter, is the most important cereal in Ethiopia. Tef is cultivated by more than five million small-scale farmers annually and constitutes the staple food for more than half of the population of 80 million. The crop is preferred by both farmers and consumers due to its beneficial traits associated with its agronomy and utilization. The genetic and phenotypic diversity of tef in Ethiopia is a national treasure of potentially global importance. In order for this diversity to be effectively conserved and utilized, a better understanding at the genomic level is necessary. In the recent years, tef has become the subject of genomic research in Ethiopia and abroad. Genomic-assisted tef improvement holds tremendous potential for improving productivity, thereby benefiting the smallholder farmers who have cultivated and relied on the crop for thousands of years. It is hoped that such research endeavours will provide solutions to some of the age-old problems of tef's husbandry. In this review, we provide a brief description of the genesis and progress of tef genomic research to date, suggest ways to utilize the genomic tools developed so far, discuss the potential of genomics to enable sustainable conservation and use of tef genetic diversity and suggest opportunities for the future research.

Grain yield variation and association of major traits in brown-seeded genotypes of tef [Eragrostis tef (Zucc.)Trotter]

Background Tef [Eragrostis tef (Zucc.) Trotter] is the major cereal crop of Ethiopia where it is annually cultivated on more than three million hectares of land by over six million small-scale farmers. It is broadly grouped into white and brown-seeded type depending on grain color, although some intermediate color grains also exist. Earlier breeding experiments focused on white-seeded tef, and a number of improved varieties were released to the farming community. Thirty-six brown-seeded tef genotypes were evaluated using a 6 × 6 simple lattice design at three locations in the central highlands of Ethiopia to assess the productivity, heritability, and association among major pheno-morphic traits. Results The mean square due to genotypes, locations, and genotype by locations were significant (P < 0.01) for all traits studied. Genotypic and phenotypic coefficients of variations ranged from 2.5 to 20.3 % and from 4.3 to 21.7 %, respectively. Grain yield showed significant (P < 0.01) genotypic correlation with shoot biomass and harvest index, while it had highly significant (P < 0.01) phenotypic correlation with all the traits evaluated. Besides, association of lodging index with biomass and grain yield was negative and significant at phenotypic level while it was not significant at genotypic level. Cluster analysis grouped the 36 test genotypes into seven distinct classes. Furthermore, the first three principal components with eigenvalues greater than unity extracted 78.3 % of the total variation. Conclusion The current study, generally, revealed the identification of genotypes with superior grain yield and other desirable traits for further evaluation and eventual release to the farming community.

Efficiency of In Vitro Regeneration is Dependent on the Genotype and Size of Explant in Tef [Eragrostis tef (Zucc.) Trotter]

Tef [Eragrostis tef (Zucc.) Trotter] is the major cereal crop in the Horn of Africa particularly in Ethiopia where it is staple food for about 50 million people. Its resilience to extreme environmental conditions and high in nutrition makes tef the preferred crop among both farmers and consumers. The efficiency of in vitro regeneration plays significant role in the improvement of crops. We investigated the efficiency of regeneration in 18 tef genotypes (15 landraces and three improved varieties) using three sizes of immature embryos (small, intermediate and large) as an explant. In vitro regeneration was significantly affected by the genotype and the size of the immature embryo used as a donor. Intermediate-size immature embryos which were 101-350 µm long led to the highest percentage of regeneration. Interestingly, the three improved varieties presented very low regeneration efficiencies whereas the landrace Manyi resulted in consistently superior percentage of in vitro regeneration from all three sizes of explants. The findings of this work provide useful insight into the tef germplasm amenable for the regeneration technique which has direct application in techniques such as transformation. It also signifies the importance of using tef landraces instead of improved varieties for in vitro regeneration.

Efeito de extratos de capim-annoni (Eragrostis plana) na germinação de cornichão (Lotus corniculatus).

O capim-annoni (E. plana Nees), devido a sua rápida reprodução e suposto potencial alelopático, tornou-se a invasora mais agressiva dos campos sulinos.