Ephrin-A5 induces rounding, blebbing and deadhesion of EphA3-expressing 293T and melanoma cells by CrkII and Rho-mediated signalling

Eph receptor tyrosine kinases and ephrins regulate morphogenesis in the developing embryo where they effect adhesion and motility of interacting cells. Although scarcely expressed in adult tissues, Eph receptors and ephrins are overexpressed in a range of tumours. In malignant melanoma, increased Eph and ephrin expression levels correlate with metastatic progression. We have examined cellular and biochemical responses of EphA3-expressing melanoma cell lines and human epithelial kidney 293T cells to stimulation with polymeric ephrin-A5 in solution and with surfaces of defined ephrin-A5 densities. Within minutes, rapid reorganisation of the actin and myosin cytoskeleton occurs through activation of RhoA, leading to the retraction of cellular protrusions, membrane blebbing and detachment, but not apoptosis. These responses are inhibited by monomeric ephrin-A5, showing that receptor clustering is required for this EphA3 response. Furthermore, the adapter CrkII, which associates with tyrosine-phosphorylated EphA3 in vitro, is recruited in vivo to ephrin-A5-stimulated EphA3. Expression of an SH3-domain mutated CrkII ablates cell rounding, blebbing and detachment. Our results suggest that recruitment of CrkII and activation of Rho signalling are responsible for EphA3-mediated cell rounding, blebbing and de-adhesion, and that ephrin-A5-mediated receptor clustering and EphA3 tyrosine kinase activity are essential for this response.

Dissecting the EphA3/ephrin-A5 interactions using a novel functional mutagenesis screen

The EphA3 receptor tyrosine kinase preferentially binds ephrin-A5, a member of the corresponding subfamily of membrane-associated ligands. Their interaction regulates critical cell communication functions in normal development and may play a role in neoplasia. Here we describe a random mutagenesis approach, which we employed to study the molecular determinants of the EphA3/ephrin-A5 recognition. Selection and functional characterization of EphA3 point mutants with impaired ephrin-A5 binding from a yeast expression library defined three EphA3 surface areas that are essential for the EphA3/ephrin-A5 interaction. Two of these map to regions identified previously in the crystal structure of the homologous EphB2-ephrin-B2 complex as potential ligand/receptor interfaces. In addition, we identify a third EphA3/ephrin-A5 interface that falls outside the structurally characterized interaction domains. Functional analysis of EphA3 mutants reveals that all three Eph/ephrin contact areas are essential for the assembly of signaling-competent, oligomeric receptor-ligand complexes.

Repelling class discrimination: ephrin-A5 binds to and activates EphB2 receptor signaling

The interactions between Eph receptor tyrosine kinases and their ephrin ligands regulate cell migration and axon pathfinding. The EphA receptors are generally thought to become activated by ephrin-A ligands, whereas the EphB receptors interact with ephrin-B ligands. Here we show that two of the most widely studied of these molecules, EphB2 and ephrin-A5, which have never been described to interact with each other, do in fact bind one another with high affinity. Exposure of EphB2-expressing cells to ephrin-A5 leads to receptor clustering, autophosphorylation and initiation of downstream signaling. Ephrin-A5 induces EphB2-mediated growth cone collapse and neurite retraction in a model system. We further show, using X-ray crystallography, that the ephrin-A5-EphB2 complex is a heterodimer and is architecturally distinct from the tetrameric EphB2-ephrin-B2 structure. The structural data reveal the molecular basis for EphB2-ephrin-A5 signaling and provide a framework for understanding the complexities of functional interactions and crosstalk between A- and B-subclass Eph receptors and ephrins.

Concurrent binding of anti-EphA3 antibody and ephrin-A5 amplifies EphA3 signaling and downstream responses: Potential as EphA3-specific tumor-targeting reagents

The Eph receptor tyrosine kinases and their membrane-bound ephrin ligands form a unique cell-cell contact-mediated system for controlling cell localization and organization. Their high expression in a wide variety of human tumors indicates a role in tumor progression, and relatively low Eph and ephrin levels in normal tissues make these proteins potential targets for anticancer therapies. The monoclonal antibody IIIA4, previously used to isolate EphA3, binds with subnanomolar affinity to a conformation-specific epitope within the ephrin-binding domain that is closely adjacent to the low-affinity ephrin-A5 heterotetramerization site. We show that similar to ephrin-A5, preclustered IIIA4 effectively triggers EphA3 activation, contraction of the cytoskeleton, and cell rounding. BIAcore analysis, immunoblot, and confocal microscopy of wild-type and mutant EphA3 with compromised ephrin-A5 or IIIA4-binding capacities indicate that IIIA4 binding triggers an EphA3 conformation which is permissive for the assembly of EphA3/ephrin-A5-type signaling clusters. Furthermore, unclustered IIIA4 and ephrin-A5 Fc applied in combination initiate greatly enhanced EphA3 signaling. Radiometal conjugates of ephrin-A5 and IIIA4 retain their affinity, and in mouse xenografts localize to, and are internalized rapidly into EphA3-positive, human tumors. These findings show the biological importance of EphA3/ ephrin-A5 interactions and that ephrin-A5 and IIIA4 have great potential as tumor targeting reagents.

Three distinct molecular surfaces in ephrin-A5 are essential for a functional interaction with EphA3

Eph receptor tyrosine kinases (Ephs) function as molecular relays that interact with cell surface-bound ephrin ligands to direct the position of migrating cells. Structural studies revealed that, through two distinct contact surfaces on opposite sites of each protein, Eph and ephrin binding domains assemble into symmetric, circular heterotetramers. However, Eph signal initiation requires the assembly of higher order oligomers, suggesting additional points of contact. By screening a random library of EphA3 binding-compromised ephrin-A5 mutants, we have now determined ephrin-A5 residues that are essential for the assembly of high affinity EphA3 signaling complexes. In addition to the two interfaces predicted from the crystal structure of the homologous EphB2 center dot ephrin-B2 complex, we identified a cluster of 10 residues on the ephrin-A5 E alpha-helix, the E-F loop, the underlying H beta-strand, as well as the nearby B - C loop, which define a distinct third surface required for oligomerization and activation of EphA3 signaling. Together with a corresponding third surface region identified recently outside of the minimal ephrin binding domain of EphA3, our findings provide experimental evidence for the essential contribution of three distinct protein-interaction interfaces to assemble functional EphA3 signaling complexes.

EphA receptors and ephrin-A ligands exhibit highly regulated spatial and temporal expression patterns in the developing olfactory system

The spatiotemporal expression patterns of the chemorepulsive EphA receptors, EphA4 and EphA7, and three ephrins-A2, A4 and A5, were examined in the developing rat primary olfactory system. Unlike the visual system that has simple and stable gradients of Ephs and ephrins, the olfactory system demonstrates complex spatiotemporal expression patterns of these molecules. Using immunohistochemistry, we demonstrate that expression of these molecules is dynamic and tightly regulated both within and between different cell types. We reveal restricted targeting of these proteins within subcellular compartments of some neurons. EphA4, ephrin-A2 and ephrin-A5 were expressed by primary olfactory axons during the embryonic formation of the olfactory nerve. There were no gradients in expression along the rostrocaudal or ventrodorsal axes in the nasal cavity and olfactory bulb. However, during the early neonatal period, axons expressing different levels of ephrin-A5 sorted out and terminated in a subpopulation of glomeruli that were mosaically dispersed throughout the bulb. The expression of EphA4 and ephrin-A2 was dramatically down-regulated on all axons during the early neonatal period of glomerular formation. The uniform co-expression of receptors and ligands before glomerular formation suggests they play a generic role in axon-axon interactions in the olfactory nerve and nerve fibre layer. In contrast, loss of EphA4 from axons during glomerular formation may facilitate the interaction of ephrin-A5 with Eph receptors on target cells in the bulb. While EphA4, EphA5 and EphA7 are not mosaically expressed by bulbar neurons, other Eph receptors may have expression patterns complementary to the ephrin-A5-positive subpopulation of glomeruli. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.

Eph/Ephrin memhrane proteins: A mammalian expression vector pTIg-BOS-Fc allowing rapid protein purification

There is an urgent need for high purity, single chain, fully functional Eph/ephrin membrane proteins. This report outlines the pTIg-BOS-Fc vector and purification approach resulting in rapid increased production of fully functional single chain extracellular proteins that were isolated with high purity and used in structure-function analysis and pre-clinical studies.

Over-expression of Eph and ephrin genes in advanced ovarian cancer: ephrin gene expression correlates with shortened survival

Background: Increased expression of Eph receptor tyrosine kinases and their ephrin ligands has been implicated in tumor progression in a number of malignancies. This report describes aberrant expression of these genes in ovarian cancer, the commonest cause of death amongst gynaecological malignancies. Methods: Eph and ephrin expression was determined using quantitative real time RT-PCR. Correlation of gene expression was measured using Spearman's rho statistic. Survival was analysed using log-rank analysis and ( was visualised by) Kaplan-Meier survival curves. Results: Greater than 10 fold over-expression of EphA1 and a more modest over-expression of EphA2 were observed in partially overlapping subsets of tumors. Over-expression of EphA1 strongly correlated ( r = 0.801; p < 0.01) with the high affinity ligand ephrin A1. A similar trend was observed between EphA2 and ephrin A1 ( r = 0.387; p = 0.06). A striking correlation of both ephrin A1 and ephrin A5 expression with poor survival ( r = - 0.470; p = 0.02 and r = - 0.562; p < 0.01) was observed. Intriguingly, there was no correlation between survival and other clinical parameters or Eph expression. Conclusion: These data imply that increased levels of ephrins A1 and A5 in the presence of high expression of Ephs A1 and A2 lead to a more aggressive tumor phenotype. The known functions of Eph/ephrin signalling in cell de-adhesion and movement may explain the observed correlation of ephrin expression with poor prognosis.

Signals from Eph and ephrin proteins: a developmental tool kit

Interactions between Eph receptors and their ligands the ephrin proteins are critically important in many key developmental processes. Emerging evidence also supports a role for these molecules in postembryonic tissues, particularly in pathological processes, including tissue injury and tumor metastasis. We review the signaling mechanisms that allow the 14 Eph and nine ephrin proteins to deliver intracellular signals that regulate cell shape and movement. What emerges is that the initiation of these signals is critically dependent on which Eph and ephrin proteins are expressed, the level of their expression, and, in some cases, which splice variants are expressed. Diversity at the level of initial interaction and in the downstream signaling processes regulated by Eph-ephrin signaling provides a subtle, versatile system of regulation of intercellular adhesion, cell shape, and cell motility.

The role of the Eph-ephrin signalling system in the regulation of developmental patterning

The Eph and ephrin system, consisting of fourteen Eph receptor tyrosine kinase proteins and nine ephrin membrane proteins in vertebrates, has been implicated in the regulation of many critical events during development. Binding of cell surface Eph and ephrin proteins results in bi-directional signals, which regulate the cytoskeletal, adhesive and motile properties of the interacting cells. Through these signals Eph and ephrin proteins are involved in early embryonic cell movements, which establish the germ layers, cell movements involved in formation of tissue boundaries and the pathfinding of axons. This review focuses on two vertebrate models, the zebrafish and mouse, in which experimental perturbation of Eph and/or ephrin expression in vivo have provided important insights into the role and functioning of the Eph/ephrin system.

Lipoprotein lipase activity and mass, apolipoprotein C-II mass and polymorphisms of apolipoproteins E and A5 in subjects with prior acute hypertriglyceridaemic pancreatitis

BACKGROUND Severe hypertriglyceridaemia due to chylomicronemia may trigger an acute pancreatitis. However, the basic underlying mechanism is usually not well understood. We decided to analyze some proteins involved in the catabolism of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins in patients with severe hypertriglyceridaemia. METHODS Twenty-four survivors of acute hypertriglyceridaemic pancreatitis (cases) and 31 patients with severe hypertriglyceridaemia (controls) were included. Clinical and anthropometrical data, chylomicronaemia, lipoprotein profile, postheparin lipoprotein lipase mass and activity, hepatic lipase activity, apolipoprotein C II and CIII mass, apo E and A5 polymorphisms were assessed. RESULTS Only five cases were found to have LPL mass and activity deficiency, all of them thin and having the first episode in childhood. No cases had apolipoprotein CII deficiency. No significant differences were found between the non-deficient LPL cases and the controls in terms of obesity, diabetes, alcohol consumption, drug therapy, gender distribution, evidence of fasting chylomicronaemia, lipid levels, LPL activity and mass, hepatic lipase activity, CII and CIII mass or apo E polymorphisms. However, the SNP S19W of apo A5 tended to be more prevalent in cases than controls (40% vs. 23%, NS). CONCLUSION Primary defects in LPL and C-II are rare in survivors of acute hypertriglyceridaemic pancreatitis; lipase activity measurements should be restricted to those having their first episode during childhood.

Karta öfver Finland (Sektionen A5)

1 kartta :, vär. ;, 50,8 x 42,9 cm, lehti 58 x 50,3 cm

Distribution of the a2, a3, and a5 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor subunits in the chick brain

Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) are ionotropic receptors comprised of a and ß subunits. These receptors are widely distributed in the central nervous system, and previous studies have revealed specific patterns of localization for some nAChR subunits in the vertebrate brain. In the present study we used immunohistochemical methods and monoclonal antibodies to localize the a2, a3, and a5 nAChR subunits in the chick mesencephalon and diencephalon. We observed a differential distribution of these three subunits in the chick brain, and showed that the somata and neuropil of many central structures contain the a5 nAChR subunit. The a2 and a3 subunits, on the other hand, exhibited a more restricted distribution than a5 and other subunits previously studied, namely a7, a8 and ß2. The patterns of distribution of the different nAChR subunits suggest that neurons in many brain structures may contain several subtypes of nAChRs and that in a few regions one particular subtype may determine the cholinergic nicotinic responses

The role of Microsomal prostaglandin synthase-1 (mPGES-1) and Ephrin B2 in Scleroderma

La sclérodermie (sclérose systémique, ScS) est une maladie auto-immune du tissu conjonctif caractérisée  par  l’épaississement  de  la  peau,  l’apparition  spontanée de lésions cicatricielles, des maladies   des   vaisseaux   sanguins,   divers   degrés   d’inflammation,   en   association   avec   un   système   immunitaire hyperactif. La pathogénèse exacte de cette maladie est inconnue et aucun traitement approprié   n’est   disponible.   La fibrose est un élément distinctif de la maladie de ScS et est considérée   résulter   d’une   incapacité   à   mettre   fin   de   façon   appropriée   à   la   réponse   normale   de   réparation   des   plaies.   L’analyse   histologique   du   stade   initial   de   la   ScS   révèle   une   infiltration   périvasculaire de cellules mononucléaires dans le derme, associée à une synthèse accrue de collagène dans les fibroblastes environnants. Ainsi, la compréhension des moyens de contrôler le stade inflammatoire de la ScS pourrait être bénéfique pour contrôler la progression de la maladie peu après son apparition. La mPGES-1 est une enzyme inductible qui agit en aval de la cyclo- oxygénase (COX) pour catalyser spécifiquement la conversion de la prostaglandine (PG) H2 en PGE2. La mPGES-1  joue  un  rôle  clé  dans  l’inflammation,  la  douleur  et  l’arthrite;;  toutefois,  le   rôle de la mPGES-1 dans les mécanismes de fibrose, spécifiquement en rapport avec la ScS humaine, est inconnu. Mon laboratoire a précédemment montré que les souris à mPGES-1 nulle sont résistantes à la fibrose   cutanée   induite   par   la   bléomycine,   à   l’inflammation,   à   l’épaississement  cutané,  à  la  production  de  collagène  et  à  la  formation  de  myofibroblastes.  Sur  la   base  de  ces  résultats,  j’ai  formulé  l’hypothèse  que  l’inhibition pharmacologique de la mPGES-1 régulera à la baisse la production de médiateurs pro-inflammatoires et pro-fibreux au cours de la maladie   de   ScS.   Afin   d’explorer   le   rôle   de   la   mPGES-1   dans   l’inflammation   et   la   fibrose   associées  à  la  maladie  de  ScS,  j’ai  d’abord  examiné  l’expression  de  la  mPGES-1 dans la peau normale comparativement à des biopsies de peau extraites de patients atteints de ScS. Mes résultats ont montré que la mPGES-1 est nettement élevée dans la peau de patients atteints de ScS en comparaison avec la peau humaine normale. De plus, les niveaux de PGE2 dérivés de la mPGES-1 étaient également significativement plus élevés dans les fibroblastes cutanés isolés de patients  atteints  de  ScS  comparativement  aux  fibroblastes  isolés  de  témoins  sains.  J’ai  également   étudié  l’effet  de  l’inhibition pharmacologique de la mPGES-1  sur  l’expression  de  marqueurs  pro- fibreux.   Mes   études   ont   montré   que   l’expression   de   médiateurs   pro-fibreux clés (α-SMA, endothéline-1, collagène de type 1 et facteur de croissance du tissu conjonctif (FCTC)) est élevée dans les fibroblastes cutanés ScS en comparaison avec les fibroblastes cutanés normaux. Un traitement avec un inhibiteur de la mPGES-1 a eu pour effet de réduire significativement l’expression  de  l’α-SMA,  de  l’endothéline-1, du collagène de type 1 mais pas du FCTC dans les fibroblastes  ScS,  sans  effet  significatif  sur  les  fibroblastes  normaux.  J’ai  en  outre  examiné  l’effet   de  l’inhibition  de  la  mPGES-1 sur des cytokines pro-inflammatoires clés impliquées dans la pathologie de la ScS, incluant IL-6, IL-8 et MCP-1.  L’inhibition  pharmacologique  de  la  mPGES- 1 a eu pour effet de réduire significativement les niveaux de production de cytokines pro- inflammatoires IL6, IL8 et MCP-1 dans les fibroblastes avec lésion ScS comparativement à des fibroblastes non traités. De plus, les patients atteints de ScS ont présenté des niveaux plus élevés de p-AKT, de p-FAK et de p-SMAD3 en comparaison avec les fibroblastes cutanés normaux. L’inhibiteur  de  la  mPGES-1 a pu réguler à la baisse cette expression accrue de p-AKT et de p- FAK, mais pas de p-SMAD3,  dans  les  fibroblastes  ScS.  Ces  résultats  ont  suggéré  que  l’inhibition   de la mPGES-1 pourrait être une méthode viable pour réduire le développement de sclérose cutanée et constituent une cible thérapeutique potentielle pour contrôler les mécanismes fibreux et inflammatoires associés à la pathophysiologie de la maladie de ScS. L’un   des   autres   processus   critiques   reliés   à   l’évolution de la réponse fibreuse associée à la maladie de ScS est la différenciation des fibroblastes en des cellules activées spécialisées iii iv appelées myofibroblastes, responsables de déclencher une signalisation adhésive excessive et le dépôt excessif de matrice extracellulaire,   conduisant   à   la   destruction   de   l’architecture   de   l’organe.   Ainsi,   l’identification   des   facteurs   endogènes   qui   initient/   favorisent   la   différenciation   fibroblaste-myofibroblaste peut mener à des stratégies thérapeutiques prometteuses pour contrôler  l’excès  de  signalisation  adhésive  et  de  fibrose  associé  à  la  maladie  de  ScS.  Des  études   antérieures  dans  le  domaine  de  la  biologie  du  cancer  ont  suggéré  que  l’éphrine  B2,  une  protéine   transmembranaire appartenant à la famille des éphrines, est impliquée dans la signalisation adhésive   et   le   remodelage   extracellulaire.   Cependant,   son   rôle   dans   la   fibrose   n’a   jamais   été   exploré.   Dans   la   deuxième   partie   de   mon   étude,   j’ai   donc   étudié   le   rôle   de   l’éphrine   B2   dans   la   fibrose.   Mes   études   montrent   que   l’expression   de   l’éphrine   B2   est   significativement   augmentée   dans la peau humaine ScS comparativement à la peau normale. Plus important encore, le traitement in vitro de   fibroblastes   de   la   peau   humaine   normale   avec   de   l’éphrine   B2   recombinante est capable de transformer des fibroblastes en cellules myofibroblastiques manifestant toutes les caractéristiques myofibroblastiques typiques, incluant la formation accrue de  fibres  de  tension,  des  adhérences  focales,  l’activation  accrue  de  la  FAK,  un  accroissement  de   l’expression  et  de  la  migration  de  fibroblastes  et  de  leur  adhérence  à  la  fibronectine  à  la  fois  chez   les   fibroblastes   cutanés   normaux   et   ScS.   En   outre,   j’ai   traité   des   souris   avec   de   l’éphrine   B2   recombinante et montré que ces souris ont développé une fibrose cutanée significative associée à une épaisseur dermique et à une synthèse de collagène augmentées, une teneur en hydroxyproline (teneur en collagène) accrue et un nombre accru de myofibroblastes exprimant de   l’α-SMA, une activation augmentée de la FAK et de marqueurs pro-fibreux incluant le collagène de type 1 et le FCTC. Dans  l’ensemble,  mes  études  ont  identifié  deux  médiateurs  endogènes  cruciaux  impliqués  dans  la   propagation  de  l’inflammation  et  de  la  fibrose  associées  à  la  maladie  de  ScS.  L’inhibition  de  la   mPGES-1   pourrait   représenter   une   bonne   stratégie   alternative   pour   contrer   l’inflammation   et   la   fibrose au moins durant les stades précoces de la maladie de ScS. De plus, une signalisation excessive   de   l’éphrine B2 favorise la signalisation adhésive et fibreuse en déclenchant la différenciation   de   fibroblastes   en   myofibroblastes   par   l’activation   de   la   voie   de   signalisation   de   la  FAK.  Ainsi,  l’inhibition  d’éphrine  B2  bloquera  la  formation  de  fibroblastes-myofibroblastes et régulera à la baisse la fibrose associée à la maladie de ScS. En somme, la mPGES-1  et  l’éphrine   B2 semblent toutes deux des cibles attrayantes pour le traitement de la ScS et des troubles fibreux qui y sont reliés.

CONTROL of THE CENTRAL CHEMOREFLEX BY A5 NORADRENERGIC NEURONS IN RATS

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)