Acción de tutela y derecho a gozar de un medio ambiente sano

A través de la investigación del concepto de derechos fundamentales, su protección constitucional, y del concepto de derecho a gozar de un medio ambiente sano, podemos establecer una teoría mediante la cual el derecho a gozar un medio ambiente sano es un derecho fundamental, y puede ser protegido a través de la acción de tutela.

Hidrocarbonetos policíclicos aromáticos no meio ambiente: diferenciação de fontes em sedimentos e metabólitos em bile de peixes

Many studies on environmental ecosystems quality related to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) have been carried out routinely due to their ubiquotus presence worldwide and to their potential toxicity after its biotransformation. PAH may be introduced into the environmet by natural and anthropogenic processes from direct runoff and discharges and indirect atmospheric deposition. Sources of naturally occurring PAHs include natural fires, natural oil seepage and recent biological or diagenetic processes. Anthropogenic sources of PAHs, acute or chronic, are combustion of organic matter (petroleum, coal, wood), waste and releases/spills of petroleum and derivatives (river runoff, sewage outfalls, maritime transport, pipelines). Besides the co-existence of multiples sources of PAH in the environmental samples, these compounds are subject to many processes that lead to geochemical fates (physical-chemical transformation, biodegradation and photo-oxidation), which leads to an alteration of their composition. All these facts make the identification of the hydrocarbons sources, if petrogenic, pyrolytic or natural, a challenge. One of the objectives of this study is to establish tools to identify the origin of hydrocarbons in environmental samples. PAH diagnostic ratios and PAH principal component analysis were tested on a critical area: Guanabara Bay sediments. Guanabara Bay is located in a complex urban area of Rio de Janeiro with a high anthropogenic influence, being an endpoint of chronic pollution from the Greater Rio and it was the scenario of an acute event of oil release in January 2000. It were quantified 38 compounds, parental and alkylated PAH, in 21 sediment samples collected in two surveys: 2000 and 2003. The PAH levels varied from 400 to 58439 ng g-1. Both tested techniques for origin identification of hydrocarbons have shown their applicability, being able to discriminate the PAH sources for the majority of the samples analysed. The bay sediments were separated into two big clusters: sediments with a clear pattern of petrogenic introduction of hydrocarbons (from intertidal area) and sediments with combustion characteristics (from subtidal region). Only a minority of the samples could not display a clear contribution of petrogenic or pyrolytic input. The diagnostic ratios that have exhibited high ability to distinguish combustion- and petroleum-derived PAH inputs for Guanabara Bay sediments were Phenanthrene+Anthracene/(Phenanthrene+Anthracene+C1Phenanthrene); Fluorantene/(Fluorantene+Pyrene); Σ (other 3-6 ring PAHs)/ Σ (5 alkylated PAH series). The PCA results prooved to be a useful tool for PAH source identification in the environment, corroborating the diagnostic indexes. In relation to the temporal evaluation carried out in this study, it was not verified significant changes on the class of predominant source of the samples. This result indicates that the hydrocarbons present in the Guanabara Bay sediments are mainly related to the long-term anthropogenic input and not directly related to acute events such as the oil spill of January 2000. This findings were similar to various international estuarine sites. Finally, this work had a complementary objective of evaluating the level of hydrocarbons exposure of the aquatic organisms of Guanabara Bay. It was a preliminary study in which a quantification of 12 individual biliar metabolites of PAH was performed in four demersal fish representing three different families. The analysed metabolites were 1-hydroxynaphtalene, 2-hidroxinaphtalene, 1hydroxyphenanthrene, 9-hydroxyphenanthrene, 2-hydroxyphenanthrene, 1hydroxypyrene, 3-hidroxibiphenil, 3- hydroxyphenanthrene, 1-hydroxychrysene, 9hydroxyfluorene, 4-hydroxyphenanthrene, 3-hydroxybenz(a)pyrene. The metabolites concentrations were found to be high, ranging from 13 to 177 µg g-1, however they were similar to worldwide regions under high anthropogenic input. Besides the metabolites established by the used protocol, it was possible to verified high concentrations of three other compounds not yet reported in the literature. They were related to pyrolytic PAH contribution to Guanabara Bay aquatic biota: 1-hydroxypyrine and 3-hydroxybenz(a)pyrine isomers

Políticas públicas de educação ambiental: a gestão do programa municipal de educação ambiental de Mossoró/RN

Study about environment education public policies, emphasizing the directress since the 1970 . It analyses the environment education administration of Mossoró city, indentifying its articulation with the international directresses and the Environment Education National Policy (PNEA), established according the law number 9.795/99. The text takes as empiric reference the Environment Education National Policy (PNEA) of Mossoró city, realized since 2006. In order to make the research, we employed as methodologic proceedings a bibliographical and documental revision from wich we developed a contextualization of the propolsals toward a environment Education policy and administration, the institution of the environment Education in Brazil, in the neoliberal context on the State reform ambit. We also employed a semi-structured interview, having as individuals two Environment Education Municipal Program Administration of Mossoró city / RN state administrators and nine Municipal Education System educators. The analysis was done from the historic and dialetic perspective, trying to understand the facts in its totallity. The results revealed that the environment Education has become to be emphasize as an environment crises superation strategy since the 1970 s. In this context, the environment Education administration directress, in the United Nations (UN) initiative ambit, emphasizes the participation and the partnership as a way to share responsabilities between the State and society. In the neoliberalism affirmation context, in the 1990 s, these directresses were fortified, once, since the State reform, their functions were redimensioned and the State turns into a stronger planner an controller, inducing the society to act as a public polcies executor. Therewith, a deconcentration action process is consolidated, rather than an administrative and pedagocgic decentralization, historically revendicated on Education by the progressist sectors. Even though the administrators interviewed have revealed the wish that the schools become autonomous on the PMEA execution, through the NEAs, we notice that the methods employed do not contribute to that, because of the decisions concentration on the associated managership ambit and the few human and financial resources. In spite of the difficulties, the research showed that the Mossoró municipality innovated on the environment Education field, by the institution of the NEAs, even though they demonstrate fragilities regarding their performance, revealed on the educators and adiminstration talk on the interviews. We verify that the main difficulties come from the politc culture installed on the municipality, ruled by a technocracy and power concentration wich brings difficulties to the implementation of a democratic and participative administration, even though it would not be totally impossible, even on the circumstances described

Gestão Sustentável da água: um estudo da conscientização ambiental em atividades residenciais urbanas

The search for sustainable solutions through an appropriate environmental administration of the available natural resources, that comes from encounter to the aspirations of preservation of the environment and of the human being, in way to diagnose and to solve the environmental and social problems with the smallest possible impact to the nature and the man, it is the great challenge, so much for that generation, as for the future generations. The study of the environmental problems of the water and the participation and the social actors' environmental understanding as a whole, interferes in the field of the thematic environmental international, contemplating the strategic need of an appropriate administration of that very natural one, through a program returned to the diagnosis of the problems and in the search of compatible maintainable solutions, in a social and environmental politics of planning and environmental education, centered above all in the citizen's voice , user of that system. The present thesis she seeks to study the problem of the maintainable administration of the water, focusing the participation and the citizen's environmental understanding in the use of that very natural one for urban residential activities, in what concerns the approach and analyses of variables that treat of the measurement of general knowledge and you adapt, sense of community of the access to the means of information and of the attitudes and environmental behaviors, besides the variables of partner-demographic characterization or personal identification of the interviewed ones of an exploratory research of the type " survey ", accomplished through a stratified aleatory sampling, being the strata each one of the 4 (four) Political-Administrative Areas of the Natal city, having happened the collection of the data in the period of february to april/2002. The methodology used in this work it constitutes in the application of questionnaires with scales of the type Likert to measure the echo-varied of the study, besides a partner-demographic scale for the characterization of the studied sample. For the analysis of the results, it was made an exploratory descriptive study initially, followed by the use of techniques statistical multivariate s, such as, factorial analysis through the application of main components, besides the accomplishment of studies of multiple lineal regression. To complement this study, the accomplishment of Tests of Independence was proceeded through the Qui-square of Pearson, in way to verify the dependence of the associations between the partner-demographic variables and the principal selected variables and presents in the resulting factors of the factorial analysis. The results appear for a low level of environmental knowledge, of access to the information and community's sense, besides the verification that the principal factors resultants send for the need of feeling emphasis in the programs and administration actions addressed for the environmental understanding, the behaviors and attitudes that approach the information and the environmental education, besides the reuse of the water

A transversalidade no processo de formação do educador patrimonial ambiental

O objetivo desta investigação é analisar as representações de Educadores Ambientais sobre questões de ambiente consideradas relevantes no contexto da Educação Patrimonial Ambiental. Busca compreender a Educação Patrimonial Ambiental como educação para a formação da consciência do sujeito ecológico na perspectiva de que o ambiente é patrimônio. Os dados da investigação foram obtidos durante a realização do Curso Formação de Educadores Ambientais, realizado em Vigia de Nazaré/Pará, por meio de questionário semiestruturado e manifestações dos sujeitos durante o curso. Os sujeitos participantes da pesquisa são professores do Ensino Médio e das Séries Iniciais, Representantes de ONGs e alunos do Ensino Médio. As discussões preliminares ocorrem de acordo com análise do discurso (Orlandi, 2007) e o Discurso do Sujeito Coletivo (Lefèvre; Lefèvre, 2005). Para as análises, os dados foram categorizados com base nas aproximações e similaridades e nas comunalidades dos discursos. As conclusões parciais apontam que há uma tendência crítica na maioria das concepções sobre Educação Ambiental, e as principais temáticas que desenvolvem nos trabalhos educativos estão relacionadas às ações do sujeito humano na sociedade e suas intervenções no meio ambiente. Os sujeitos da pesquisa compreendem que o ambiente é considerado patrimônio e suas concepções se aproximam da teoria da Educação Ambiental Crítica, adotada por Loureiro (2006) e Carvalho (2006).

Caracterização da sensibilidade ambiental da Baixada Santista no estado de São Paulo

This study aimed to perform the analysis and characterization of environmental sensitivity to oil from Baixada Santista in the State of São Paulo. The work was done by integrating data of physical environmet, socio-economic activities and the biological / ecological provided by the Research Group on Environmental Sensitivity to Oil Spill in the Institute of Geosciences and Exact Sciences of UNESP “Julio de Mesquita Filho” wich works in the conjunction with the Program of Human Resources Training in Geosciences and Environmental Sciences Applied to the Oil and Gas (PRH-05) of the National Petroleum Agency (ANP). Were also performed descriptive statistical analysis, based on dispersion and trend parameters, which allowed to answer questions related to environmental sensitivity index (ISL) prevalence, the predominance of the ISL by environment and the predominance of the environments of the area, thus providing an overview of Baixada Santista’s main towns about sensitivity to oil. Analyses performed in this study may also help mitigate the environmental and socioeconomic impacts and contribute to contingency plans development for Baixada Santista

Utilización de la investigación por los profesionales de enfermería que trabajan en los hospitales del Servicio Madrileño de Salud

Utilizar el conocimiento proveniente de investigación rigurosa en la práctica clínica, produce mejoras en los procesos de cuidados y en los resultados de los pacientes. Por ello la utilización de la investigación se puede definir como el proceso de comunicación y utilización del conocimiento científico con el fin de conseguir un cambio en el sistema de cuidados. La utilización de investigación ocurre cuando las enfermeras incorporan el conocimiento de la investigación en su práctica clínica. La tesis doctoral que se presenta a continuación tiene el objetivo de identificar los factores individuales y contextuales que se relacionan con la utilización de la investigación por parte de los profesionales de enfermería. A través de un estudio descriptivo, transversal y multicéntrico, la tesis desarrolla la validación de un instrumento para medir el constructo de utilización de la investigación en profesionales de enfermería que trabajan en el medio hospitalario y prestan cuidados directos al paciente en unidades médicas, quirúrgicas y de cuidados críticos, tanto de adultos como pediátricas. Además, se incluyen otras variables que en la literatura se han identificado como relacionadas con la utilización de la investigación, como son las actitudes hacia la investigación y el entorno laboral, ambas medidas con instrumentos validados en el contexto hospitalario español. Para medir la actitudes se ha utilizado el instrumento “Actitudes y concienciación de los profesionales de enfermería hacia la investigación y desarrollo en cuidados de salud” y para medir el entorno laboral el cuestionario “Practice environmet Scale”. También se ha puesto a prueba el contexto según el modelo PARISH (Cultura, liderazgo y evaluación). La utilización de la investigación se ha medido con el cuestionario “Research Utilization Survey”, para el que se ha realizado una validación analizando la fiabilidad test-retest, la validez de contenido y la validez de constructo. Entre los resultados más relevantes presentados en este trabajo, se pueden destacar: El Cuestionario muestra una validez de contenido, fiabilidad y validez de constructo aceptables y se puede utilizar en el contexto español. La media de la utilización general ajustada de la investigación de la muestra fue de 3,04 sobre una escala Likert de 5 puntos. La utilización directa de la investigación obtuvo una media de 3,44, la indirecta 3,33 y la persuasiva 2,82. Las características individuales que se relacionan con la utilización de la investigación son el género (mujeres vs. hombres), participación en actividades científicas (publicación de artículos con un coeficiente de correlación de Pearson r=0,3), la formación continuada, tener titulaciones adicionales nivel máster, hábitos altos de lectura de revistas científicas, las creencias hacia la investigación (actuar contra las propias creencias cuando contradicen algo aprendido antes de la escuela de enfermería, obtuvo un r=0,26 y en la escuela r=0,29) y las actitudes hacia la investigación: una mayor puntuación en el cuestionario de actitudes, se relaciona de manera significativa con una mayor puntuación en todos los tipos de utilización de la investigación (r=0,33). Teniendo en cuenta los factores organizativos, el apoyo de los supervisores, de los médicos y de los compañeros enfermeros se mostraron relacionados con una mayor utilización de la investigación (r entre 0,21-0,26). Por otro lado, teniendo en cuenta el entorno según el cuestionario “PES-NWI”, los hospitales con un entorno desfavorable obtienen menores puntuaciones para la utilización general ajustada que los mixtos y los favorables (F= 3,45; p=0,027). Si tenemos en cuenta el contexto según PARISH en general los valores medios obtenidos en todos los tipos de utilización de la investigación son menores en los contextos desfavorables que en los favorables (F=3,55; p=0,041 entre contexto adecuados e inadecuados). El estudio muestra que las creencias y las actitudes hacia la investigación son los aspectos más relacionados a nivel individual con el uso de la investigación. Por otro lado, los profesionales que tienen el apoyo de otros profesionales y que trabajan en contextos positivos utilizan más la investigación.