814 resultados para Ensino fundamental - construção do conhecimento histórico


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This dissertation aims to analyze the relevant knowledge in countryside History teachers practice in high school and understand how these teachers themselves construct school knowledge in History, from the mobilization of different knowledge that make up teaching practice. Tree teachers from State Jacumauma High School and the researcher himself worked together in order to carry out this survey. The main theoretical-methodological elements of this research are based on assumptions of a qualitative research in cooperation. This approach was used to make possible to construct knowledge between teachers and researcher considering a less oppressive relationship as well as to help a continuous school upbringing of the individuals what can make them to understand the professional practice as an aspect in which one can exercise autonomy and criticism. The empirical research procedures were oral individual interviews, reflexive sessions and cooperative observations. Individuals speeches have presented, in some moments, teachers concerns about the educational fragmented system in which there are few opportunities to dialogic interactions among educationalists making still more difficult the dialog between school and reality surrounds it. Their assertions pointed out that relevant knowledge can be identified during the daily educational work and that they find proper reasons from the aim that each knowledge exerts in relation to the construction of professional practice. Classroom connections points out to more intense interactions between teachers and students, by recognizing affection as an important tool in order to make the interactions not so authoritarian at all. Regarding the countryside teachers understanding, the school knowledge in History is produced by sharing concerns and senses assigned by the individuals who are involved in the teaching-learning process. The referential science knowledge pervade History teaching, however they take another meaning according to specific features of the school environment. The intense and complex dynamic of the educational context makes that historical knowledge acquires specific characteristics that are constantly changing. As they change, there are some marks of elaborations and re-elaborations not only the new but also the traditional

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Pós-graduação em Educação - FFC

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Neste estudo, de caráter etnográfico, foi investigado o processo participativo enquanto tomada de decisão e condição para a construção do conhecimento no processo ensino-aprendizagem que ocorre na escola e especialmente no interior da sala de aula. Partindo de experiências participativas com os alunos, o autor (pesquisador), entende que é possível proporcionar condições para que os alunos participem ativa e efetivamente da construção de sua aprendizagem, e portanto, da construção do conhecimento. Neste trabalho dissertativo, fica claro que a participação ativa e efetiva do aluno no processo ensino-aprendizagem, só acontece, se for possível sua decisão a níveis de planejamento, de execução e de avaliação. Através da pesquisa de campo (observação participante e entrevistas), foi mostrada a compreensão que os sujeitos da pesquisa possuem sobre o significado da participação do aluno no processo ensino-aprendizagem. Este trabalho mostrou que os professores observados e entrevistados possuem um entendimento apolítico do que seja participar, e os alunos, possuem um desejo latente de participarem, de tomarem decisões significativas a níveis de planejamento, de execução e de avaliação. Na construção deste trabalho dissertativo, fica evidente que a escola precisa desenvolver o germe da participação, para que haja produção do conhecimento e para o desenvolvimento da competência política do aluno enquanto cidadão. É fundamental, à escola e aos/às professores/as, não só ensinar a participação e a democracia, mas ensinar pela participação e pela democracia.

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O presente trabalho tem como objetivo investigar se o uso de mídias digitais pode ou não contribuir para a progressão das ideias históricas dos jovens em idade de escolarização. A pesquisa tem seus pressupostos teóricos e metodológicos pautados na Educação Histórica, linha de pesquisa do Ensino de História que se preocupa com a busca de respostas concernentes ao desenvolvimento do pensamento histórico e a formação da consciência histórica de crianças e jovens. A dissertação é composta de três capítulos, o primeiro intitulado O Ensino de História em sua historicidade aborda a História do Ensino de História no Brasil desde seu surgimento no século XIX,até a primeira década do século XXI, e o modo como está estruturado enquanto disciplina escolar no ensino básico brasileiro, o surgimento e incorporação das mídias digitais no cotidiano dos sujeitos e a consequente produção de novos sentidos, e também a forma como a Educação Histórica se propõe enquanto campo teórico e metodológico para a aprendizagem de História intermediada por essas recentes tecnologias. No segundo capítulo denominado Ideias tácitas dos jovens a respeito do modo de vida e origem dos primeiros homens e mulheres foi investigado as ideias iniciais das duas turmas de 6° ano do ensino fundamental analisadas nesta pesquisa, com base na ideia substantiva, a origem e modo de vida dos primeiros homens e mulheres, o sentido que os jovens atribuem às experiências humanas ocorridas ao longo do tempo, bem como, a aplicação da Unidade Temática Investigativa a partir dos conhecimentos prévios dos educandos. O terceiro capítulo intitulado A construção do conhecimento histórico intermediado pelas mídias digitais, trata da análise dos dados da pesquisa de modo a investigara progressão das ideias históricas dos jovens, com base na comparação de suas narrativas iniciais e finais, elaboradas ao longo da aplicação da pesquisa.

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La investigación fue realizada con profesores de los años iniciales de la enseñanza básica, alumnos de la carrera de Pedagogía Licenciatura Plena del PROBÁSICA de Ceará-Mirim (RN). Tuvo como objetivo general el estudio de lo proceso de apropiación de esa habilidad, segundo las siguientes perspectivas teóricas: históricocultural, de L.S. Vygotsky, teoría de la actividad, de A.N. Leontiev, y la teoría de la asimilación por etapas mentales, de P. Ya Galperin. La metodología se desarrolló organizándose en tres etapas: el diagnóstico inicial, con el análisis del nivel de desarrollo de la habilidad de los profesores; el proceso formativo, con la orientación del aprendizaje, el control y la evaluación del desarrollo; y el diagnóstico final, con el análisis del nivel alcanzado en la experiencia. Los instrumentos utilizados fueron: un cuestionario, para la caracterización de los sujetos de la investigación, el planeamiento de enseñanza de los profesores y el diario de clase, donde se registraba lo que ocurrió en cada orientación y realización del proceso formativo. Los resultados referentes a los niveles iniciales del desarrollo de la habilidad han revelado un grado de espontaneidad en el planeamiento de enseñanza de los conceptos. Durante el proceso de enseñanza y aprendizaje, los profesores han expresado sus dificultades, pero también las posibilidades de mudanza para que alcanzaran un nuevo nivel de desarrollo. Para el análisis del nivel inicial y del desarrollo de las habilidades de los profesores para planificar situaciones de enseñanza con la definición y con la identificación, fueron utilizados los siguientes elementos: el dominio del concepto, el dominio de esos procedimientos lógicos y las categorías del planeamiento (objetivos, contenidos, estrategias de enseñanza, control y evaluación). En cada etapa surgieron obstáculos, pero también aspectos que han revelado la posibilidad para aprender una nueva forma de planear, con apropiación de nuevos fundamentos teóricos. La práctica docente se constituyó en un elemento que facilitó la comprensión y la apropiación de las habilidades de planear situaciones de enseñanza de conceptos mediante la definición y la identificación

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In the historical-cultural perspective, the drawing is processed by means of a shared and complex way, under diverse relations with the other and with the immersed signs of the culture. That is, something constituted by the social interactions and that can modify the structure of the psychological functions, therefore as socialized sign, propitiates the incorporation of the functions socially. In this way, the figuration carrier sensitive and established meanings historically disclosing the shared experiences and the ways of the subject to think and perceive the world. Such reflections gave shape to the main problem of this research: how to think over about the drawing at the school to incide in the reconstruction of the childs imaginative language? Under such perspective, this work deals with the interactions in the production process of the drawing of the children in a context of teach-Iearning of the elementary school having as goal to analyze the interactions established in the cIassroom in the process of production of the drawings; to propose situations of learnings that favor the advance graphical expression of the students; and to identify in the interactive games some relations between body expression and drawing. For its accomplishment, it was opted for the construction process based in the collaborative investigation by the fact to propitiate negotiations, sharing and confrontation of ideas, becoming possible a joint construction of the knowledge. For this research, the researcher and the collaborating teacher, as well as the involved children, become themselves into co-authors of the context studied. As locus of the research, it was chosen a first cycle class, with 30 students, from Municipal School Profª. Emília Ramos (Natal/RN - Brazil), whose election took in account the fact of this school to constitute in a promotional space of reflections and professional development of teachers in service and, at the same time, for presentinglimitations theoretic- methodological in the field of teaching for Arts. In the process of the research, it was perceived that the children with the support of the verbal language formulates meanings on the seen and imagined object, printing lines and forms that if overlap to the physiological aspects of the visual perception. That is, the drawing discloses a reality appraised, enriched for the picked up vision of the image, but the meanings established for the author, or observer who becomes it perceivable and identified. In the systemizing situations, it was observed that the teaching-Iearning process of the drawing, implies a co-construction between teachers and learners. And, moreover, the necessity to interlace emotion and cognition by means of plastic-corporal interactions that foment drawing experiences, whose process concurs for the imagenative reconstruct of the apprentices

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O objeto deste estudo foi a percepção dos discentes acerca do processo de ensinagem desenvolvido na abordagem do fenômeno das drogas. Os objetivos foram: 1) Descrever o processo de ensinagem desenvolvido na abordagem do fenômeno das drogas de acordo com a percepção dos discentes; 2) Analisar a construção do conhecimento dos discentes em relação ao fenômeno das drogas a partir das estratégias de ensinagem desenvolvidas; 3) Discutir os nexos entre a abordagem do fenômeno das drogas e a construção do conhecimento na perspectiva discente. Trata-se de uma pesquisa descritiva com abordagem qualitativa. Os dados foram coletados de dezembro/2008 a janeiro/2009, na Faculdade de Enfermagem da UERJ, utilizando-se três grupos focais, constituídos por 19 acadêmicos dos três últimos semestres do curso. O projeto foi aprovado pela Comissão de Ética em Pesquisa da UERJ conforme protocolo n 029.3.2008 e os participantes assinaram Termo de Consentimento Livre e Esclarecido. Os dados foram tratados por análise de conteúdo segundo Bardin, tendo sido selecionadas 142 Unidades de Registro. Estas foram agrupadas em doze unidades de significação, com suas respectivas quantificações. Em conseqüência formaram-se três categorias: Construindo conhecimento acerca do fenômeno das drogas; A condução docente na construção do conhecimento; O processo de ensinagem na percepção discente. Como o processo de ensinagem consiste em uma prática social que envolve o objeto de estudo, o docente e o discente, a primeira categoria engloba os assuntos pertinentes ao objeto abordado, a segunda se refere ao trabalho docente e a terceira ao discente, complementando as três interfaces do processo de construção do conhecimento. Os resultados evidenciaram que a instituição de ensino desempenha um papel fundamental no meio acadêmico ao utilizarem a metodologia crítica e problematizadora na abordagem do fenômeno das drogas, entretanto, há lacunas a serem preenchidas na construção do conhecimento sobre drogas.

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Este trabalho tem como objetivo principal estudar o processo de construção do saber ambiental no contexto escolar do ensino fundamental. Trata-se de um estudo realizado em três escolas de Porto Alegre onde buscamos identificar as ações desenvolvidas por professores e alunos no sentido de sensibilizar o contexto escolar para o estudo sobre o meio ambiente. A análise está centrada nos referenciais teóricos sobre a questão ambiental e a construção do conhecimento que buscaram verificar: como ocorre o processo de construção do saber sobre o meio ambiente, com professores e alunos do ensino fundamental de 6a a 8a séries em três escolas de Porto Alegre? As variáveis definidas neste trabalho para identificar as possibilidades e os limites deste processo levam em consideração as características sócio-econômicas de cada escola; o desenvolvimento das ações relacionadas ao tema diante das diretrizes estabelecidas para a educação ambiental; a repercussão ocorrida dentro da comunidade escolar e a participação de órgãos estatais. Os resultados obtidos mostraram o crescimento da preocupação com a problemática ambiental no contexto escolar no sentido de construir novos valores que possibilitem uma visão crítica dos problemas que ocorrem pela transformação da natureza e do meio ambiente pelo homem. Observou-se que as questões envolvendo a preocupação ambiental podem ser percebidas de diferentes formas, conforme as condições de vida de cada um. A repercussão do saber ambiental depende do grau de interesse e das percepções das pessoas quanto a questões ambientais. O tema meio ambiente ainda está desintegrado do currículo formal, porque as atividades de educação ambiental ocorrem no turno inverso ao das aulas. Verificou-se que a construção do saber ambiental ainda é um processo muito recente para que as mudanças necessárias no sistema de ensino sejam mais significativas.

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The rational construction necessary to systematize scientific knowledge in physics, introduces difficulties of understanding in some of its concepts. One of these concepts which exemplify properly this difficulty in learning or teaching is entropy. This thesis propose the construction of a didactic route which constitute itself a historical and epistemological course to entropy, intending to contribute for teaching this concept as well as other physics concepts. The basic assumption to build this route is that through the historical review of the development of this concept in the way suggested by Bachelard s (1884-1962) epistemology it is possible to make subjects, to be taught and learned, more meaningful. Initially I composed a brief biographical note to give the reader an idea about the issues, interests and reflections, related to science, and how I dealt with them in my private and professional life, as well as the role they played to lead me to write this thesis. The strategy to construct the route to entropy was to split the usual contents of basic thermodynamics in three moments in a way they can constitute epistemological units , which can be identified by the way of thinking in the corresponding moments of scientific knowledge production: a technical and empiricist moment, a rationalist and positivist moment and a post-positivist rationalist one. The transition between each moment is characterized by a rupture with the former way of thinking; however the progress in the construction of knowledge in the area is evident. As the final part of this work I present an analysis based on elements of Bachelard s epistemology that are present in each moment. This analysis is the basic component of the didactic route that I propose myself to build. The way I made this route guide to entropy could contribute to the construction of other didactic routes in physics and other sciences, in a way to unveil hidden meanings and as a tool to humanize scientific knowledge.

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This work is located at the shield of research that defends the use of Mathematics History, based on the utilization of historical artifacts at teaching activities, at Mathematics classrooms, and at graduation courses for teachers of Elementary School and of the first grades of High School. The general objective is to examine the possibility of the use of historical artifacts, at teaching activities, at graduation courses for teachers of Elementary School and of the first grades of High School. Artifact, at this work, is comprehended as objects, documents, monuments, images and other kinds of materials that make sense to the Human actions at the past and that represent what have been said and done at the Human history. At the construction of the theoretical-methodological way of the research we have based ourselves upon the ideas of the authors that are engaged at the teachers formation; at researchers adherents to the use of Mathematics History (MH) as a methodological resource, and at studies accomplished that elucidate the role of the artifacts at the history and as a mediatory element of learning. We defend the thesis that the utilization of historical artifacts at teaching activities enables the increasing of the knowledge, the development of competencies and essential abilities to the teacher acting, as well as interact at different areas of the knowledge, that provides a conception of formation where the teacher improves his learning, learning-doing and learning-being. We have adopted a qualitative research approach with a theoretical and pratic study disposition about the elements that contribute to the teachers works at the classroom, emphasizing the role of the Mathematics history at the teacher s formation and as a pedagogical resource at the mathematics classroom; the knowledge, the competencies and abilities of the historical artifacts as an integrative link between the different areas of the knowledge. As result, we emphasize that the proposition of using the MH, through learning activities, at the course of teacher graduation is relevant, because it allows the investigation of ideas that originate the knowledge generated at every social context, considering the contribution of the social and cultural, political and economical aspects at this construction, making easy the dialog among the areas and inside of each one The historical artifact represents a research source that can be deciphered, comprehended, questioned, extracting from it information about knowledge of the past, trace and vestiges of the culture when it was created, consisting of a testimony of a period. These aspects grant to it consideration to be explored as a mediatory element of the learning. The artifacts incorporated at teaching activities of the graduation courses for teachers promote changes on the view about the Mathematics teaching, in view of to privilege the active participation of the student at the construction of his knowledge, at the reflection about the action that has been accomplished, promoting stimulus so the teachers can create their own artifacts, and offer, either, traces linking the Mathematics with others knowledge areas.

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This thesis represents a didactic research linked to the Post-graduation Programme in Education of the Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte which aimed to approach the construction of the geometrical concepts of Volume of the Rectangular Parallelepiped, Area and Perimeter of the Rectangle adding a study of the Area of the Circle. The research was developed along with students from the 6th level of the Elementary School, in a public school in Natal/RN. The pedagogical intervention was made up of three moments: application of a diagnostic evaluation, instrument that enabled the creation of the teaching module by showing the level of the geometry knowledge of the students; introduction of a Teaching Module by Activities aiming to propose a reflexive didactic routing directed to the conceptual construction because we believed that such an approach would favor the consolidation of the learning process by becoming significant to the apprentice, and the accomplishment of a Final Evaluation through which we established a comparison of the results obtained before and after the teaching intervention. The data gathered were analyzed qualitatively by means of a study of understanding categories of mathematical concepts, in addition to using descriptive statistics under the quantitative aspect. Based on the theory of Richard Skemp, about categorization of mathematical knowledge, in the levels of Relational and Instrumental Understanding were achieved in contextual situations and varied proportions, thus enabling a contribution in the learning of the geometrical concepts studied along with the students who took part in the research. We believe that this work may contribute with reflections about the learning processes, a concern which remained during all the stages of the research, and also that the technical competence along with the knowledge about the constructivist theory will condition the implementation of a new dynamics to the teaching and learning processes. We hope that the present research work may add some contribution to the teaching practice in the context of the teaching of Mathematics for the intermediate levels of the Elementary School

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)