Improving English as a Second Language (ESL) Pedagogy in One University in Ontario

In this paper, theoretical pedagogical approaches and practical pedagogical approaches are investigated by drawing on English as a Second Language (ESL) teachers’ pedagogical principles and practices, and ESL Chinese students’ second language acquisition and learning needs as they related to improving ESL pedagogy in one university ELP in Ontario. Three experienced ESL teachers were inquired by interviews and 30 ESL Chinese students were surveyed by questionnaires. Based on the mix-method exploratory research design, communicative, task-based, and content-based language teaching approaches are identified and discussed in the light of the interview and questionnaire data.

The power of literature : A literature review on the incorporation of children’s literature in the lower-elementary English as a Second- Language classroom.

The use of children’s literature in the English as a Second language (ESL) classroom is a widely used teaching method. This study aims to find research relating to the incorporation of children’s literature in the lower elementary English as a secondlanguage classroom. The main questions are how children’s literature can be used in the classroom and what potential benefits it has. A systematic literature review was carried out and research from six studies was included. The included studies, analyzed in this thesis, involved children aged 6-9, who are learning a second language. The results reveal multiple benefits with the use of children’s literature in the lower elementary ESL classroom, such as vocabulary gains, improved speaking and listening skills, increased motivation and better pronunciation. The results also present a few suggestions on how to incorporate the literature in the classroom, where reading aloud to the students appears to be the most common practice. It also appears common to have post-reading sessions that include discussions about what has been read.

English as a Second Language and Children’s literature : An empirical study on Swedish elementary school teachers’ methods and attitudes towards the use of children’s literature in the English classroom

Previous research has shown multiple benefits and challenges with the incorporation of children’s literature in the English as a Second language (ESL) classroom. In addition, the use of children’s literature in the lower elementary English classroom is recommended by the Swedish National Agency for Education. Consequently, the current study explores how teachers in Swedish elementary school teach ESL through children’s literature. This empirical study involves English teachers from seven schools in a small municipality in Sweden. The data has been collected through an Internet survey. The study also connects the results to previous international research, comparing Swedish and international research. The results suggest that even though there are many benefits of using children’s literature in the ESL classroom, the respondents seldom use these authentic texts, due to limited time and a narrow supply of literature, among other factors. However, despite these challenges, all of the teachers claim to use children’s literature by reading aloud in the classroom. Based on the results, further research exploring pupils’ thoughts in contrast to teachers would be beneficial. In addition, the majority of the participants expressed that they wanted more information on how to use children’s literature. Therefore, additional research relating to beneficial methods of teaching English through children’s literature, especially in Sweden, is recommended.

An investigation into the comparable effectiveness of two tests of writing administered to college-level English as a Second Language students: The Computerized Placement Test and holistically scored essay exams

This dissertation describes the findings and implications of a correlational analysis. Scores earned on the Computerized Placement Test (CPT), sentence skills, were compared to essay scores of advanced English as a Second Language (ESL) students. As the CPT is designed for native speakers of English, it was hypothesized that it could be an invalid or unreliable instrument for non-native speakers. Florida community college students are mandated to take the CPT to determine preparedness, as are students at many other U.S. and Canadian colleges. If incoming students score low on the CPT, they may be required to take up to three semesters of remedial coursework. It is essential that scores earned by non-native speakers of English accurately reflect their ability level. They constitute a large and growing body of non-traditional students enrolled at community colleges.^ The study was conducted at Miami-Dade Community College, Wolfson Campus, fall 1997. Participants included 106 advanced ESL students who took both the CPT sentence skills test and wrote final essay exams. The essay exams were holistically scored by trained readers. Also, the participants took the Placement Articulation Software Service (PASS) exam, an alternative form of the CPT. Scores on the CPT and essays were compared by means of a Pearson product-moment correlation to validate the CPT. Scores on the CPT and the PASS exam were compared in the same manner to verify reliability. A percentage of appropriate placements was determined by comparing essay scores to CPT cutoff score ranges. Finally, the instruments were evaluated by means of independent-samples t-tests for performance differences between gender, age, and first language groups.^ The results indicate that the CPT sentence skills test is a valid and reliable placement instrument for advanced- level ESL students who intend to pursue community college degrees. The correlations demonstrated a substantial relationship between CPT and essay scores and a marked relationship between CPT and PASS scores. Appropriate placements were made in 86% of the cases. Furthermore, the CPT was found to discriminate equally among the gender, age, and first language groups included in this study. ^

Predicting the in-term persistence of community college English-as-a-second-language students

The English-as-a-second-language (ESL) community college student population has increased notably in the past decade, but a decreasing number of these students are completing courses, programs, or degrees (Erisman & Looney, 2008). These students come to college with unique background experiences, and once in college, deal with challenging linguistic, academic, and social integration issues. Though they are not linguistically homogenous, and they do not have a common purpose, ESL students share the common goal of attending community college to learn to speak English (Szelényi & Chang, 2002). Course completion is a primary measure of progress toward that goal, and is therefore an issue of concern for both ESL students and community colleges, which continue to be the access point for language-minority students progressing into higher education (Laden, 2004).^ The purpose of this study was to investigate the factors that predict in-term persistence of community college ESL students. A mixed methods research design consisting of two phases was utilized, and participants in this study were ESL students enrolled in a large community college in south Florida. Phase 1 students completed the Community College ESL Student Questionnaire (CCSEQ), which collected demographic data and data on entry characteristics, academic integration, and social integration. Discriminant and descriptive analyses were used to report the data collected in Phase I. Phase 2 students were a matching cohort of completing and non-completing students who participated in semi-structured interviews at the end of the term. Data collected in the interviews were analyzed thematically, using a constant comparative method as described by Glaser and Strauss (1967).^ Students’ self reported demographic data, background characteristics, goal commitment, and integration factors on the CCSEQ showed no significance between the students who completed the term and the students who did not complete the term. However, several differentiating themes emerged from the interview data, which indicated differences in goal commitment and integration between the two groups. The focus of non-completers on getting good grades rather than completing the course, and the commitment of completers to the goal of finishing the class in order to go forward, both raise questions for future research studies.^

Assessment of online reflections : engaging English second language (ESL) students

Online discussion boards are being used increasingly by tertiary educators as a tool for encouraging greater student interaction and developing learning communities. In particular, educators who have adopted a learner centered, socio-constructivist approach to teaching have sought to facilitate collaborative learning in which students reflect upon and share their experiences and perspectives, and construct knowledge together through developing shared meanings. This paper presents the findings of an electronic survey of the perceptions of 70 distance education EFL and ESL students concerning a compulsory assessment item involving contribution to an online course discussion board. The study revealed that the majority of the students enjoyed the assessment item and agreed that posting to the online course discussion board had allowed them to achieve a range of cognitive and social learning outcomes, as well as to develop some important graduate skills. In particular, ESL students reported the benefits of posting to the discussion board in terms of sharing their experiences with others and reducing the feeling of isolation. Further, when considering social outcomes, ESL students perceive the discussion board provided them with an opportunity to meet and develop a closer relationship with other students in the course and encouraged them to keep up with their studies.

Effects of computer-mediated communication and face-to-face communication on the quantity and quality of discourse produced by English as a second language students /

The effects oftwo types of small-group communication, synchronous computer-mediated and face-to-face, on the quantity and quality of verbal output were con^ared. Quantity was deiSned as the number of turns taken per minute, the number of Analysis-of-Speech units (AS-units) produced per minute, and the number ofwords produced per minute. Quality was defined as the number of words produced per AS-unit. In addition, the interaction of gender and type of communication was explored for any differences that existed in the output produced. Questionnaires were also given to participants to determine attitudes toward computer-mediated and face-to-face communication. Thirty intermediate-level students fi-om the Intensive English Language Program (lELP) at Brock University participated in the study, including 15 females and 15 males. Nonparametric tests, including the Wilcoxon matched-pairs test, Mann-Whitney U test, and Friedman test were used to test for significance at the p < .05 level. No significant differences were found in the effects of computer-mediated and face-to-face communication on the output produced during follow-up speaking sessions. However, the quantity and quality of interaction was significantly higher during face-to-face sessions than computer-mediated sessions. No significant differences were found in the output produced by males and females in these 2 conditions. While participants felt that the use of computer-mediated communication may aid in the development of certain language skills, they generally preferred face-to-face communication. These results differed fi-om previous studies that found a greater quantity and quality of output in addition to a greater equality of interaction produced during computer-mediated sessions in comparison to face-to-face sessions (Kern, 1995; Warschauer, 1996).

English as a second language. Workbook 2 : IGCSE.

Recurso para estudiantes de IGCSE inglés como segundo idioma. Tiene como objetivo ayudarlos a mejorar sus respuestas de examen y la calificación global. Las explicaciones y ejemplos hacen que también sea muy útil para estudiantes que se preparan para otros exámenes avanzados. Cubre todos los aspectos de la prueba y esta dividido en cuatro partes temáticas. Cada parte se subdivide en unidades basadas en las áreas de habilidades específicas del plan de estudios para que los alumnos practiquen su lectura, escritura y audición.

English as a second language. Coursebook 2 : IGCSE.

Recurso para estudiantes del International General Certificate of Secondary Education (IGCSE) inglés como segundo idioma. Tiene como objetivo ayudar a mejorar las respuestas de examen y la calificación global. Las explicaciones y ejemplos hacen que también sea muy útil para alumnos que se preparan para otros exámenes avanzados. Cubre todos los aspectos de la prueba y esta dividido en cuatro partes temáticas. Cada parte se subdivide en unidades basadas en las áreas de habilidades específicas del plan de estudios para practicar lectura, escritura y audición.

English as a second language. Teacher's book : IGCSE.

Recurso que proporciona al profesor orientación y apoyo práctico para preparar a los alumnos de IGCSE inglés como segundo idioma. Tiene como objetivo ayudarlos a mejorar sus respuestas de examen y la calificación global. Las explicaciones y ejemplos hacen que también sea muy útil para estudiantes que se preparan para otros exámenes avanzados. Ofrece respuestas y asesoramiento acerca de las actividades en cada una de las unidades del curso.

English as a second language. Coursebook 1 : IGCSE.

Recurso para estudiantes del International General Certificate of Secondary Education (IGCSE) inglés como segundo idioma. Tiene como objetivo ayudar a mejorar las respuestas de examen y la calificación global. Las explicaciones y ejemplos hacen que también sea muy útil para alumnos que se preparan para otros exámenes avanzados. Cubre todos los aspectos de la prueba y está estructurado en dieciocho unidades agrupadas en dos en partes temáticas: el mundo que nos rodea; la actividad humana, para practicar lectura, escritura y escucha. Tiene un apéndice con transcripciones del CD audio.

English as a second language. Workbook 1 : IGCSE.

Recurso para estudiantes del International General Certificate of Secondary Education (IGCSE) inglés como segundo idioma. Tiene como objetivo ayudar a mejorar las respuestas de examen y la calificación global. Las explicaciones y ejemplos hacen que también sea muy útil para alumnos que se preparan para otros exámenes avanzados. Cubre todos los aspectos de la prueba y está estructurado en dieciocho unidades agrupadas en dos en partes temáticas: el mundo que nos rodea; la actividad humana, para practicar lectura, escritura y escucha. Tiene un apéndice con transcripciones del CD audio.

IGCSE English as a second language. Focus on writing.

Recurso para la preparación de exámenes avanzados como el First Certificate in English (FCE), el Certificate in Advanced English (CAE) y IGCSE First Language English, que ofrece la University of Cambridge International Examinatios. Incluye unidades de lectura, escritura, comprensión auditiva y expresión oral; así como los diferentes tipos de escritura que recoge el programa que incluye cartas, artículos de revistas, reseñas de libros y resúmenes, sin olvidar la importancia del estilo y el contenido, junto con la precisión y el uso correcto de los diferentes registros.

Practice tests for IGCSE English as a second language : reading and writing book 1.

El libro contiene 4 test prácticos completos con formato de examen para los ejercicios 1 y 2 de la prueba Cambridge IGCSE (International General Certificate of Secondary Education) de inglés como segundo idioma. Los test permiten desarrollar las técnicas de examen de los alumnos familiarizándose con el formato de los ejercicios de lectura y redacción, y con el tipo de temas y textos que pueden encontrar en el examen oficial. El nivel de la prueba es intermedio e intermedio-alto.

Practice tests for IGCSE English as a second language : reading and writing book 1 with key.

El libro contiene 4 test prácticos completos con formato de examen para los ejercicios 1 y 2 de la prueba Cambridge IGCSE (International General Certificate of Secondary Education) de inglés como segundo idioma. Los test permiten desarrollar las técnicas de examen de los alumnos familiarizándose con el formato de los ejercicios de lectura y redacción, y con el tipo de temas y textos que pueden encontrar en el examen oficial. El nivel de la prueba es intermedio e intermedio-alto. Incluye respuestas y redacciones de ejemplo.