Breaking New Ground: The First Generation of Women to Work as Professional Authors in English Canada (1880-1920)

In the later decades of the nineteenth century and the early decades of the twentieth, large numbers of Canadian women were stepping out of the shadows of private life and into the public world of work and political action. Among them, both a cause and an effect of these sweeping social changes, was the first generation of Canadian women to work as professional authors. Although these women were not unified by ideology, genre, or date of birth, they are studied here as a generation defined by their time and place in history, by their material circumstances, and by their collective accomplishment. Chapters which focus on E. Pauline Johnson (Tekahionwake), the Eaton sisters (Sui Sin Far and Onoto Watanna), Joanna E. Wood, and Sara Jeannette Duncan explore some of the many commonalities and interrelationships among the members of this generation as a whole. This project combines archival research with analytical bibliography in order to clarify and extend our knowledge of Johnson’s and Duncan’s professional lives and publishing histories, and to recover some of Wood’s “lost” stories. This research offers a preliminary sketch of the long tradition of the platform performance (both Native and non-Native) with which Johnson and others engaged. It explores the uniquely innovative ethnographic writings of Johnson, Duncan, and the Eaton sisters, among others, and it explores thematic concerns which relate directly to the experiences of working women. Whether or not I convince other scholars to treat these authors as a generation, with more in common than has previously been supposed, the strong parallels revealed in these pages will help to clarify and contextualize some of their most interesting work.

‘Close as a kiss’: Gyn/Affection in Margaret Atwood’s The Penelopiad

Margaret Atwood’s novella The Penelopiad (2005) seemingly celebrates Penelope’s agency in opposition to Homer’s myth in The Odyssey. However, the twelve murdered maids steal the book to suggest the possibility of what Janice Raymond calls gyn/affection, a female bonding based on the logic of emotion that, in Atwood’s revision, verges on Kristevan abjection, the sinister and the fantastic, and serves a cathartic effect not only in the maids but also in the reader. This essay aims to question the generally accepted empowerment of Atwood’s Penelope and celebrates the murdered maids as the locus of emotion, where marginal aspects of gender and class merge to weave a powerful metaphorical tapestry of popular and traditionally feminized literary genres that, in plunging into and embracing the semiotic realm, ultimately solidify into an eclectic but compact alternative tradition of women’s writing and myth-making.

Women’s Literary Club of St. Catharines Fonds

The Women's Literary Club of St. Catharines was founded in 1892 by a local author, Emma Harvey (Mrs. J.G.) Currie (1829-1913) and held its last official meeting on February 19, 1994. The Club developed, flourished and eventually waned. After more than one hundred successful years, the last members deposited the Club's archives at Brock University for the benefit of researchers, scholars and the larger community. The ‘object of the Club’ was established as “the promotion of literary pursuits.” The Club was a non-profit social organization composed of predominantly white, upper middle class women from the St. Catharines and surrounding areas. Club meetings were traditionally held fortnightly from March to December each year. The last meeting of the year was a celebration of their Club anniversary. The early meetings of the Club include papers presented and music performed by Club members. The literary pursuits that would dominate the agendas for the entire life of the Club reflected an interest in selected authors, national and local history, classical history, musical performances and current cultural and newsworthy events. For example in 1893 a typical meeting agendas would contain papers on Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, Hawaii, Brook Farm, Miss Louisa May Alcott and “Education of Women 100 years Ago.” Within the first year of the Club’s existence, detailed minute books became the norm and an annual agenda or program developed. The WLC collection contains a near complete set of meeting minutes from 1892 until 1995 and a comprehensive collection of yearly programs from 1983-1967 which members took great care to publish each year. Mrs. Currie brought together a group of women with a shared interest in literature and history, who wanted to pursue that interest in a formal and structured manner. She was well educated and influenced at an early age by her tutor and mentor William Kirby, local historian, writer and newspaper editor from Niagara-on-the-Lake. While Currie’s private education influenced her love of literature and history, the Club movement of the 1890’s offered a more public forum for her to share knowledge and learning with other women. Mrs. Currie was the wife of St. Catharines lawyer, James G. Currie, who also served as a Member of Parliament for the county of Lincoln. Mrs. W.H. McClive, who was also married to a St. Catharines lawyer, worked closely with Currie and they began research into the possibility of a literary Club in St. Catharines. Currie corresponded with a variety of literary Clubs across North America before she and Mrs.McClive tagged onto the momentum of the Club movement and published “A Clarion call for Women of St. Catharines To Form a Literary Club” in the local paper The St. Catharines Evening Journal. in 1892 and asked like Clubs to publish the news of their new Club. The early years of the WLC set the foundation of how the Club meetings and events would unfold for the next 80 plus years. Photos and minutes from the first ten years reveal an excitement and interest in organized Club outings. One particular event, an annual pilgrimage to the homestead of Laura Secord, became a yearly celebration for the Club. Club President, Mrs. Currie’s own personal work on Laura Secord amplified the Club’s interest in the ‘heroine of 1812’ and she allocated the profits from her publication on Secord in order to create a commemorative plaque/monument in the name of Laura Secord. The Club celebrated this event with a regular pilgrimage to this site. The connection felt by Club members and this memorial would continue until the Club’s last meetings. The majority of members in the early years were of the upper middle classes in the growing city of St. Catharines. Many of the charter members were the wives of merchants, business men, lawyers, doctors, even a hatter. Furthermore, the position of president was most often held by a woman with a comprehensive list of interests. This is particularly the case in Isabel Brighty McComb (1876-1941). Brighty who became a member in 1903, became Club president in 1932 and stayed in her post until her death in 1941. Similar to Mrs. Currie, Brighty was a local historian and published 2 booklets on local history. Her obituary indicates her position in the community as an author and involved community member committed to lifetime memberships in the Imperial Order of Daughters of Empire, I.O.D.E., the National Organization of Women, N.O.W. and the United Empire Loyalist Society, as well as the WLC. She was a locally known ‘teacher of elocution’ and a devoted researcher of Upper Canadian history. In a Club scrapbook dedicated to her, the biographical sketch illustrates the professionalism surrounding Brighty. There is very little personal history mentioned and the focus is on her literary works, her published essay, booklets and poetry. This professional focus, evident in both her obituary and the scrapbook, illustrate the diversity of these women, especially in their roles outside of the home. The WLC collection contains a vast array of essay, lectures clippings and scrapbooks from past meetings. Organized predominantly by topic or author, the folders and scrapbooks offer a substantial amount of research opportunity in the literary history of Canada. The dates, scope of topics and authors covered offer historians an exciting opportunity to examine the consumption of particular literary trends, artists and topics within the context of a midsized industrial city in English Canada. This is especially important because the agenda adhered to by the Club was bent on promoting, discussing and reviewing predominantly Canadian material. By connecting when and what these women were studying, scholars many gain a better understanding of the broader consumption and appreciation of literary and social trends of Canadian women outside of publishing and institutional records. Furthermore, because the agendas were set by and for these women, outside of the constructs of an institutionalized canon or agenda, they offer a fresh and on the ground examination of literary consumption over an extensive length of time.

L'oeuvre des orphelins à l'Hospice du Sacré-Cœur de Sherbrooke (1875-1965)

L'industrialisation et l'urbanisation de la ville de Sherbrooke débutent au milieu du 19e siècle grâce à l'énergie hydraulique que fournit la rivière Magog et à l'implication de la British American Land Company. Diverses industries s'installent provoquant ainsi l'arrivée de Canadiens français et d'Irlandais en quête de travail. La population, d'abord anglophone et britannique, devient, dès 1871. majoritairement canadienne-française et elle se répartit dans quatre quartiers distincts. Les conditions de vie à Sherbrooke sont alors difficiles, car la promiscuité, le manque d'hygiène, la maladie et la criminalité sévissent. De plus, le chômage frappe assez fréquemment les familles ouvrières dont la vie est façonnée par les cycles économiques. L'insécurité financière dans laquelle elles vivent les oblige à réclamer l'assistance de leur parenté ou de la charité publique. Pour venir en aide à ces familles démunies, l'évêque fondateur du diocèse de Sherbrooke, Mgr Antoine Racine, réclame, dès 1674, la fondation d'une institution de charité. L'année suivante, l'Hospice du Sacré-Coeur ouvre ses portes, sous la direction des Soeurs de la Charité de Saint-Hyacinthe, pour secourir les malades, les vieillards et les orphelins. Dans le cadre de ce mémoire, nous avons limité nos recherches à l’oeuvre des orphelins de l'Hospice du Sacré-Coeur, laissant dans l'ombre les autres oeuvres de cette institution. Il nous apparaissait impossible d'étudier les deux principales catégories de bénéficiaires, les vieillards et les orphelins, car elles relèvent de circonstances et de phénomènes différents. L'Hospice du Sacré-Cœur n'a jamais fait l'objet d'une analyse historique, seules Louise Brunelle-Lavoie et Jovette Dufort-Caron lui ont consacré quelques pages dans leur livre sur l'Hôpital Saint-Vincent-de-Paul de Sherbrooke. Notre mémoire est donc consacré à un sujet jusqu'à présent inexploité par l'historiographie québécoise. Étant située au carrefour de l'histoire de l'enfance, de l'assistance sociale et de la famille, notre étude contribue à une meilleure connaissance de l'ensemble de la société québécoise. L'historiographie de la protection de l'enfance au Canada anglais est dominée par quatre auteurs : Neil Sutherland, Joy Parr, Patricia T. Rooke et Rodolph L. Schnell, le pionnier dans ce domaine. Neil Sutherland a publié en 1976 Children in English-Canadian Society; Framing the Twentieth-Century Consensus. Cet ouvrage présente les différentes réformes concernant la santé des enfants, le traitement des délinquants et l'éducation dans la communauté anglophone du Canada de 1870 à 1920. Sutherland estime que ces réformes témoignent de l'émergence d'une nouvelle conception de l'enfant à l'aube du 20e siècle. S'intéressant davantage au vécu des enfants qu'à l'organisation de l'assistance, Labouring Children; British immigrant Apprentices to Canada, 1869-1924 de Joy Parr, paru en 1980, retrace les conditions de vie des enfants démunis d'Angleterre qui ont été envoyés au Canada pour être mis en apprentissage chez des cultivateurs. Il faut aussi noter que plusieurs autres historiens et historiennes ont traité ce sujet mais d'une façon plus fragmentaire. En 1982, Childhood and Family in Canadien History, un ouvrage collectif sous la direction de Joy Parr, aborde les questions suivantes : l'enfance en Nouvelle-France, l'éducation en milieu rural, l'exil des jeunes néo-écossais, la (délinquance juvénile et le recours à l'orphelinat comme stratégie familiale en milieu ouvrier. On y retrouve, entre autres, un article de Bettina Bradbury dont nous reparlerons plus loin. Patricia Rooke et Rodolph L. Schnell travaillent en collaboration depuis plusieurs années. Ce sont, sans contredit, les auteurs les plus prolifiques en histoire de la protection de l'enfance. Ils ont étudié, dans quelques articles, les Protestant Orphan Homes, mais ils ne se sont jamais arrêtés sur les institutions catholiques. En 1982, ils ont publié Studies in Childhood History; A Canadien Perspective, un recueil d'articles, mais leur oeuvre majeur demeure Discarding the Asvlum: From Child Rescue to the Welfare State in English-Canada(1800-1950), paru un an plus tard. Fruit de cinq années de recherches, cette monographie retrace l'histoire de l'assistance institutionnelle de l'enfance, ses transformations et finalement son abandon comme méthode d'aide sociale [...].

Les relations interethniques dans la Grande Guerre ; regards sur le mythe du soldat canadien-français opprimé

Au Québec, la mémoire de la Grande Guerre renvoie automatiquement à une vision douloureuse de l’événement. Créée et alimentée par des souvenirs à forte charge émotive tels la crise de la conscription, les émeutes de Pâques et l’inhospitalité de l’Armée canadienne envers les combattants canadiens-français, cette mémoire est non seulement négative, mais également victimisante. Dans leur récit du conflit, les Québécois ont pris pour vérité une version qui les dépeint comme boucs émissaires des Canadiens anglais. Acceptée et intégrée autant dans l’historiographie que dans la croyance collective, cette thèse du Canadien français opprimé n’a jamais été questionnée. Ce mémoire entend donc revisiter cette version en la confrontant aux sources laissées par les contemporains. En utilisant la presse anglophone et les témoignages de combattants, il lève le voile sur le regard anglo-saxon envers les Canadiens français et dans une plus large mesure, sur les relations interethniques pendant la guerre. Il témoigne de la réalité du front intérieur comme de celle du champ de bataille pour ainsi proposer une réinterprétation de cette victimisation si profondément ancrée dans le souvenir québécois.

Les relations interethniques dans la Grande Guerre ; regards sur le mythe du soldat canadien-français opprimé

Au Québec, la mémoire de la Grande Guerre renvoie automatiquement à une vision douloureuse de l’événement. Créée et alimentée par des souvenirs à forte charge émotive tels la crise de la conscription, les émeutes de Pâques et l’inhospitalité de l’Armée canadienne envers les combattants canadiens-français, cette mémoire est non seulement négative, mais également victimisante. Dans leur récit du conflit, les Québécois ont pris pour vérité une version qui les dépeint comme boucs émissaires des Canadiens anglais. Acceptée et intégrée autant dans l’historiographie que dans la croyance collective, cette thèse du Canadien français opprimé n’a jamais été questionnée. Ce mémoire entend donc revisiter cette version en la confrontant aux sources laissées par les contemporains. En utilisant la presse anglophone et les témoignages de combattants, il lève le voile sur le regard anglo-saxon envers les Canadiens français et dans une plus large mesure, sur les relations interethniques pendant la guerre. Il témoigne de la réalité du front intérieur comme de celle du champ de bataille pour ainsi proposer une réinterprétation de cette victimisation si profondément ancrée dans le souvenir québécois.

American and English corporation cases ; a collection of all corporation cases, both private and municipal (excepting railway cases), decided in the courts of last resort in the United States, England, and Canada [1883-1894] ..

Editors : Vols. 1-8, L. Lewis, jr., and J. H. Merrill.--v. 9-16, A. Hamilton.--v. 17-18, J. H. Merrill.--v. 19-20, 31-48, W. M. McKinney.--v. 21-23, J. M. Kerr and W. M. McKinney.--v. 24-30, J. C. Thomson and W. M. McKinney

The American and English railroad cases. a collection of all cases affecting railroads of every kind, decided by the courts of appellate jurisdiction in the United States, England, and Canada.

Includes index.

Defining plausible migration rates based on historical tagging data: a Bayesian mark-recapture model applied to English sole (Parophrys vetulus)

A generalized Bayesian population dynamics model was developed for analysis of historical mark-recapture studies. The Bayesian approach builds upon existing maximum likelihood methods and is useful when substantial uncertainties exist in the data or little information is available about auxiliary parameters such as tag loss and reporting rates. Movement rates are obtained through Markov-chain Monte-Carlo (MCMC) simulation, which are suitable for use as input in subsequent stock assessment analysis. The mark-recapture model was applied to English sole (Parophrys vetulus) off the west coast of the United States and Canada and migration rates were estimated to be 2% per month to the north and 4% per month to the south. These posterior parameter distributions and the Bayesian framework for comparing hypotheses can guide fishery scientists in structuring the spatial and temporal complexity of future analyses of this kind. This approach could be easily generalized for application to other species and more data-rich fishery analyses.