Diagnósticos de enfermagem em pacientes submetidos à hemodiálise: semelhanças entre o modelo de adaptação e a NANDA internacional

The nurses in the hemodialysis has an important role in the nursing process implementation, in the context of a theoretical referential. Among the nursing theories, highlights the Roy´s adaptations model, who considers a person as an holistic adaptive system that aims to adapt customers to different living conditions. Thus, it is believed that the Roy´s nursing process will guide nursing care to patients on dialysis. Therefore, the study aimed to analyze the nursing diagnosis present in patients with chronic kidney disease on hemodialysis based on the theoretical model of Roy and NANDA-International. Descriptive and cros-sectional study, performed at a dialysis center in a city in northeastern Brazil. Sample of 178 patients and consecutive sampling by convenience. Data collection ocurred from October/2011 until February/2012, through interview and physical examination forms. Data analysis was initiated by clinical reasoning, diagnosis judgment and similarity relation. Then, the data were entered into SPSS program, 16.0 version, generating descriptive statistics. The project was approved by the Ethics Research Committee (protocol nº 115/11) with a Presentation Certificate for Ethics Appreciation (in 0139.0.051.000-111) and was funded by the Universal edict MCT / CNPq 14/2010. The results revealed that most patients were male (52.2%), married (62.9%) and residents in the Natal´s metropolitan region (54.5%). The mean age was 46.6 years and the years of study, 8,5. Regarding nursing diagnosis obtained an average of 6.6, especially: Risk of Infection (100%), excessive fluid volume (99.4%) and hypothermia (61.8%). On the other hand the adaptive problems average was 6.4, and the most common: intracellular fluid retention (99.4%); Hyperkalemia (64.6%); Hypothermia (61.8%) and edema (53.9%). Were established 20 similarity relations between the NANDA-International nursing diagnosis and adaptive problems of Roy, namely: risk of falls / injury risk and potential for injury, impaired physical mobility and walking mobility and / or restricted coordination, dressing self-care deficit and loss of self-care ability; hypothermia and hypothermia; impaired skin integrity and impaired skin integrity; excessive fluid volume and intracellular fluid retention / Hyperkalemia / Hypocalcemia / edema; imbalanced nutrition: less than body requirements and Nutrition less than the body's needs; constipation and constipation, acute pain and acute pain, chronic pain and chronic pain, sensorial perception disturbed: visual, tactile and auditory disabilities and a primary sense: sight, hearing and tactile; sleep deprivation and insomnia, fatigue and intolerance to activities; ineffective self health and fails in the role; sexual dysfunction and sexual dysfunction; situational low self-esteem and low self-esteem, and diarrhea and diarrhea. We conclude that there is similarity between the typologies and was required a model´s analysis, because they present different ways to establish the nursing diagnosis. Moreover, the nursing process use, under the context of a theory and a classification system, subsidizes the care and contributes to the strengthening of nursing science

Validação do conteúdo do diagnóstico de enfermagem proteção ineficaz para pacientes submetidos à hemodiálise

Methodological study, in order to validate the content of the nursing diagnosis protection ineffective in patients undergoing hemodialysis. The research took place in two stages, namely: concept analysis and content analysis of the instrument by experts. T he first step was operationalized through an integrative review of the databaes LILACS, CINAHL, PubMed, Scopus and Cochrane, with the key words protection and hemodialysis, in October and November 2013. The sample consisted of 32 articles, which were analyz ed by a c areful reading to identify the sections that correspond ed to the defining attributes , antecedents and consequences of protection in patients undergoing hemodialysis. T he interpretation for the diagnosis of effective protection was made by transpos ing the components of the diagnosis (definition, defining characteristics and related factors) to the denial form . In the second stage, we elaborated an instrument with the components of the nursing diagnostic s studied and proceeded to the analysis conduct ed in April 2014 by 22 specialists in nephrology and in the terminology of the NANDA International, selected by means of th e Lattes Platform . We used the binomial test to assess the proportion of experts who rated each item as appropriate, considering a si gnificance level of 5%. The project was approved by the Ethics Committee of the institution responsible for the research, an opinion on num b er 387 837 and CAAE 18486413.0.0000.5537. The results show that the proposal for the nursing diagnosis of ineffectiv e protection in patients undergoing hemodialysis is: definition - the same as that presented in the NANDA International Taxonomy II, location - domain safety / protection and class injury. Related factors are: Absence of routine vaccines; Non - adherence to care related to vascular access; Non - adherence to infection control measures; Non - adherence to prescribed diet; Non - adherence to drug therapy; Presence of comorbidities; Drug abuse; Immune disorders; Extremes of age; Abnormal blood profiles; Drugs that red uce immunity; and side effects and adverse treatment - related. The defining characteristics are: Presence of invading the bloodstream; Nutritional disorders; Increase in the number of hospitalizations; Uncontrolled dry weight; Infected vascular access; Vasc ular inadequate access; Increased blood pressure; fever; Bleeding disorder; Disability immunity; fatigue; weakness; itching; and maladaptive response to stress. It follows that the identification of the defining attributes, antecedents and consequences inc reased the wealth of vocabulary, allowing the construction of theoretical and empirical definitions for a broader understanding of the concept protection. Furthermore, the study contributed to the enrichment of nursing specific body of knowledge, as well a s in the direction of nursing care for patients undergoing hemodialysis.

Análise de conteúdo e validação clínica do diagnóstico de enfermagem autocontrole ineficaz da saúde

The study aims to analyze the content and measures of accuracy of the nursing diagnosis Ineffective Self Health in patients undergoing hemodialysis. Study of nursing diagnosis validation carried out in two stages, namely: content analysis by judges and accuracy of clinical indicators. In the first stage, 22 judges evaluated the setting and location of the diagnosis, clinical indicators and etiological factors and their conceptual and empirical definitions. We used the binomial test to determine the proportion of the judges of the relevance of the components of the nursing diagnosis. In the second stage, we used the Latent Class Analysis for the diagnostic accuracy by evaluating 200 patients in a hemodialysis clinic in northeastern Brazil. Research approved by the Ethics Committee, under the Opinion No 387 837 and CAAE 18486413.0.0000.5537. The results show that the judges evaluated as pertinent clinical indicators 12 and 22 etiological factors. Proposed amendment of the nomenclature of five indicators and six factors and the implementation of a clinical indicator for etiology and three etiological factors for clinical indicators. In conceptual and empirical definitions, judges judged as not relevant the conceptual and empirical definitions of a clinical indicator, the conceptual definitions of two etiological factors and empirical definitions four etiological factors. Still, changes were suggested in the conceptual and empirical definitions of two clinical indicators, the conceptual definitions of 12 etiological factors and empirical definitions of 11 etiological factors. Clinical indicators analyzed in the first stage were validated clinically in patients undergoing hemodialysis. The most frequent clinical indicators were Changes in laboratory tests (100%) and daily life choices ineffective to achieve health goals (81%); and three etiological factors had a higher frequency, they are: unfavorable demographic factors (94.5%), beliefs (79%) and comorbidities (77.5%). From Latent class analysis, diagnosis prevalence was estimated at 66.28%. Clinical indicators that showed the best sensitivity measures for the nursing diagnosis Ineffective Self Health were: daily life choices ineffective to achieve health goals and Expression of difficulty with prescribed regimens. In turn, the clinical indicators of inappropriate medication use, no expression of desire to control the disease, irregular attendance to the dialysis sessions and infection were more specific as to that diagnosis. Non-adherence to treatment was the only indicator that showed confidence intervals with values for sensitivity and specificity, statistically above 0.5, being the one who has better diagnostic accuracy as the inference of the nursing diagnosis Ineffective Self Health in hemodialysis clientele. Thus, it is believed that the improvement of the components of diagnosis in question will contribute to the development of more reliable nursing interventions to the health status of the individual in hemodialysis, providing a more scientifically qualified care.

Análise de conteúdo e validação clínica do diagnóstico de enfermagem autocontrole ineficaz da saúde

The study aims to analyze the content and measures of accuracy of the nursing diagnosis Ineffective Self Health in patients undergoing hemodialysis. Study of nursing diagnosis validation carried out in two stages, namely: content analysis by judges and accuracy of clinical indicators. In the first stage, 22 judges evaluated the setting and location of the diagnosis, clinical indicators and etiological factors and their conceptual and empirical definitions. We used the binomial test to determine the proportion of the judges of the relevance of the components of the nursing diagnosis. In the second stage, we used the Latent Class Analysis for the diagnostic accuracy by evaluating 200 patients in a hemodialysis clinic in northeastern Brazil. Research approved by the Ethics Committee, under the Opinion No 387 837 and CAAE 18486413.0.0000.5537. The results show that the judges evaluated as pertinent clinical indicators 12 and 22 etiological factors. Proposed amendment of the nomenclature of five indicators and six factors and the implementation of a clinical indicator for etiology and three etiological factors for clinical indicators. In conceptual and empirical definitions, judges judged as not relevant the conceptual and empirical definitions of a clinical indicator, the conceptual definitions of two etiological factors and empirical definitions four etiological factors. Still, changes were suggested in the conceptual and empirical definitions of two clinical indicators, the conceptual definitions of 12 etiological factors and empirical definitions of 11 etiological factors. Clinical indicators analyzed in the first stage were validated clinically in patients undergoing hemodialysis. The most frequent clinical indicators were Changes in laboratory tests (100%) and daily life choices ineffective to achieve health goals (81%); and three etiological factors had a higher frequency, they are: unfavorable demographic factors (94.5%), beliefs (79%) and comorbidities (77.5%). From Latent class analysis, diagnosis prevalence was estimated at 66.28%. Clinical indicators that showed the best sensitivity measures for the nursing diagnosis Ineffective Self Health were: daily life choices ineffective to achieve health goals and Expression of difficulty with prescribed regimens. In turn, the clinical indicators of inappropriate medication use, no expression of desire to control the disease, irregular attendance to the dialysis sessions and infection were more specific as to that diagnosis. Non-adherence to treatment was the only indicator that showed confidence intervals with values for sensitivity and specificity, statistically above 0.5, being the one who has better diagnostic accuracy as the inference of the nursing diagnosis Ineffective Self Health in hemodialysis clientele. Thus, it is believed that the improvement of the components of diagnosis in question will contribute to the development of more reliable nursing interventions to the health status of the individual in hemodialysis, providing a more scientifically qualified care.

Diagnósticos de enfermagem do domínio nutrição em pacientes submetidos à hemodiálise

The study aimed to analyze the nursing diagnoses of the nutrition domain from NANDA International in patients undergoing hemodialysis. This is a transversal study conducted in a university hospital in northeastern Brazil, with 50 hemodialysis patients. The data collection instrument was an interview form and a physical examination, in digital format, applied between the months of December 2013 to May 2014. Data analysis was divided into two stages. In the first, defining characteristics, related factors and risk factors were judged as to their presence by the researcher, according to the data collected. In the second stage, based on data from the first, diagnostic inference by experts was held. The results were organized in tables and analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics for the diagnoses that showed higher frequencies than 50%. The project was approved by the Ethics Committee responsible for the research institution (protocol number 392 535), with Certificate Presentation to Ethics Assessment 18710613.4.00005537 number. The results indicate a median of 7 (± 1.51) nursing diagnoses of the nutrition domain per patient. Six diagnoses with greater frequency than 50% were identified, namely: Risk for electrolyte imbalance, Risk for unstable blood glucose level, Excess fluid volume, Readiness for enhanced fluid balance, Readiness for enhanced nutrition and Risk for deficient fluid volume. The defining characteristics, related and risk factors presented an average of 34.78 (± 6.86), 15.50 (± 3.40) and a median of 4 (± 1.93), respectively, and 11 of these components had statistically significant association with the respective diagnoses. Were identified associations between adventitious breath sounds, edema and pulmonary congestion with the diagnosis Excess fluid volume; Expressed desire to increase fluid balance with the nursing diagnosis Readiness for enhanced fluid balance; It feeds regularly, Attitude to food consistent with the health goals, Consume adequate food, expresses knowledge about healthy food choices, expresses desire to improve nutrition, expresses knowledge about liquid healthier choices and following appropriate standard supply with diagnosis Readiness for enhanced nutrition. It is concluded that the diagnosis of the nutrition domain related to electrolyte problems are prevalent in customer submitted to hemodialysis. The identification of these diagnoses contributes to the development of a plan of care targeted to the needs of these clients, providing better quality of life and advance in the practice of care

Adenosina deaminase no diagnóstico de rejeição aguda após o transplante renal Ana Lúcia Livi

O transplante renal representa atualmente a melhor opção terapêutica e de reabilitação para o paciente com insuficiência renal crônica terminal. As rejeições são as principais causas de perda dos rins transplantados e, entre essas, as rejeições agudas são as que apresentam maior relevância clínica. Desta maneira, a monitorização do transplante renal com vistas ao diagnóstico precoce da rejeição e seu rápido tratamento é de grande relevância no manejo adequado desses pacientes. Como a rejeição celular aguda é mediada predominantemente por linfócitos T e, visto que, a enzima adenosina deaminase (ADA) é encontrada principalmente, a nível de sangue periférico, em linfócitos, objetivou-se com esse estudo, verificar a possível associação entre atividade sérica da ADA e a rejeição aguda do enxerto renal. Buscou-se, também, determinar a sua utilidade como método diagnóstico de rejeição celular aguda. Foram acompanhados até 1 mês de internação 35 pacientes transplantados renais. Dosagens da atividade de ADA sérica foram feitas cinco vezes por semana e sempre que houvesse suspeita clínica de rejeição aguda. O diagnóstico de rejeição aguda foi estabelecido por 2 nefrologistas, aos quais foram omitidos os resultados dos níveis séricos ADA. Estes médicos tinham todas informações clínicas e laboratoriais, incluindo valores séricos de creatinina e ciclosporina, cintilografias, ecografias, citologia aspirativa, punção biópsia renal quando esta era realizada e resposta aos diferentes tratamentos imunossupressores usados. A análise estatística foi feita utilizando-se testes de Mann-Whitney e Qui-quadrado. O nível p menor do que 0,05 foi considerado como significativo. A mediana dos episódios de rejeição celular aguda ficou entre o sexto e sétimo dia pós-transplante, havendo diferença estatisticamente significativa nos valores de ADA no sexto dia de seguimento entre os pacientes com rejeição (60.16), em relação aos que não tiveram rejeição celular aguda (24,55) (p=0,021 MW). Para se avaliar a eficácia da atividade sérica de ADA com método diagnóstico de rejeição aguda, empregou-se pontos de corte de valores de ADA>35,>40,>45, >50 e > que 30% dos valores do período pré-rejeição. Houve associação estatisticamente significativa entre ADA>30% e rejeição celular aguda (p=0.035 MW). Verificou-se, também, aumento significativos da atividade sérica de ADA em pacientes anti-HCV positivos e com necrose tubular aguda, sem interferência sobre os resultados dos episódios de rejeição celular aguda. Usando esses pontos de corte como parâmetros de diagnóstico para rejeição aguda observou-se: sensibilidade = 55,5%, especificidade = 82,3%, valor preditivo positivo = 76,9%, valor preditivo negativo = 63,6% e acurácia = 69,0%. Conclui-se que há um aumento significativo da atividade sérica da ADA durante os episódios de rejeição aguda de enxertos renais humanos, encontrando-se associação significativa entre o aumento de 30% dos valores de ADA pré-rejeição e o diagnóstico de rejeição celular aguda.

Acurácia dos indicadores clínicos do diagnóstico de enfermagem volume de líquidos excessivo em pacientes submetidos à hemodiálise

Trasnversal study, with the objective of evaluating the accuracy of clinical indicators of nursing diagnosis excessive fluid volume in patients undergoing hemodialysis. The study occurred in two stages, the first consisted of the evaluation of the diagnostic indicators in study; and the second, the diagnostic inference conducted by nurse diagnosticians. The first stage occurred from december 2012 to april 2013, in a University Hospital and a Hemodialysis Clinic in Northeastern of Brazil, with a sample of 100 chronic renal failure patients on hemodialysis. The data were selected through an interview form and a physical examination, organized into spreadsheets and analyzed as to the presence or absence of the indicators of diagnosis excessive fluid volume. In the second step, the spreadsheets were sent to three nurses diagnosticians, who judged the presence or absence of diagnosis in the clientele searched. This step was conducted from july to september 2013. For analysis of the data, we used descriptive and inferential statistics. In the descriptive analysis, we used measures of central tendency and dispersion. In inferential analysis, we used the tests Chi- square, Fisher and prevalence ratios. The accuracy of the clinical indicators pertaining to the diagnosis were measured as to the specificity, sensitivity, predictive values, likelihood ratios and Diagnostic Odds Ratio. Also developed a logistic regression. The results were organized in tables and discussed with literature. This study was approved by the Ethics Committee in Research of the Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, with Presentation Certificate for Ethics Appreciation nº 08696212.7.0000.5537. The results revealed that the diagnosis studied was present in 82% of patients. The characteristics with prevalence above 50 % that stood out were: azotemia, decreased hematocrit, electrolyte imbalance, intake exceeds output, anxiety, edema, decreased hemoglobin, oliguria and blood pressure changes. Eight defining characteristics were presented statistically significant association with the nursing diagnosis investigated: pulmonary congestion, intake exceeds output, electrolytes imbalance, jugular vein distension, edema, weight gain over short period of time, agitation and adventitious breath sounds. Among these, the 10 characteristics which showed higher prevalence ratios were: edema and weight gain over short period of time. The features with the highest sensitivity were edema, electrolytes imbalance and intake exceeds output and the standing out with greater specificity were: anasarca, weight gain over short period of time, change in respiratory pattern, adventitious breath sounds, pulmonary congestion, agitation and jugular vein distension. The indicators jugular vein distension, electrolytes imbalance, intake exceeds output, increased central venous pressure and edema, together, were identified in the logistic regression model as the most significant predictors. It is concluded that the identification of accurate clinical indicators allow a good prediction of the nursing diagnosis of excessive fluid volume in patients undergoing hemodialysis in order to assist the nurse in the inference process, which will contribute to the success of patient care. In addition, nurses will consider for diagnostic inference not only his clinical experience, but also scientific evidence of the occurrence of excessive fluid volume, contributing to the control of volemia in these patients

Necessidades de orientação de enfermagem para o autocuidado visando a qualidade de vida de clientes em terapia de hemodiálise

Pressupondo que o conhecimento sobre a doença renal crônica (DRC) e seu tratamento, possibilita ao cliente entendimento e aceitação para conviver com esse agravo, favorecendo comportamentos de autocuidado, delimitou-se os problemas: Qual é a qualidade de vida de clientes com DRC submetidos à hemodiálise? Quais são as necessidades de orientação de enfermagem para o autocuidado desses clientes visando à promoção de sua qualidade de vida? Objetivos específicos: Identificar as características sóciodemográficas e nosológicas de clientes com DRC, em hemodiálise, associando às suas necessidades de orientação de enfermagem para o autocuidado; Identificar a qualidade de vida desses clientes, aplicando o questionário de Kidney Disease Quality of Life Short Form (KDQOL-SF); Relacionar as necessidades de orientação de enfermagem para o autocuidado com a qualidade de vida dos clientes com DRC em terapia de hemodiálise. Descreve-se como marco referencial a Teoria do Autocuidado de Orem, concepções de autocuidado e de qualidade de vida. Pesquisa descritiva, quantitativa, através da entrevista individual realizada na Unidade de Diálise da Enfermaria de Nefrologia do Hospital Universitário Pedro Ernesto da Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, no período de agosto de 2008 a maio de 2009. Foram sujeitos de pesquisa 43 clientes. Foram utilizados: formulário para caracterização da clientela e levantamento das necessidades de autocuidado e o questionário KDQOL-SF para mensurar a qualidade de vida dos sujeitos. Resultados: Os clientes com doença renal crônica em terapia de hemodiálise são, em sua maioria, do sexo masculino (55%) e mantém união estável (81%); situando-se 39,53%, na faixa etária de 45 a 65 anos e 79,07% na categoria de aposentados. 37,54% têm ensino fundamental. Quanto às características nosológicas, 74,42% possuem hipertensão arterial, encontrando-se 83,72% em hemodiálise, há menos de um ano. A qualidade de vida desses clientes, avaliada pelo KDQOL-SF, obteve os menores escores nas dimensões: limitações causadas por problemas da saúde física; condição de trabalho; limitações causadas por problemas da saúde emocional; capacidade funcional e sobrecarga imposta pela doença renal. Relacionando esse resultado com o obtido no questionário para avaliação das necessidades de orientação de enfermagem para o autocuidado tem-se: problemas da saúde física relacionado com terapia nutricional, ingestão de líquidos, complicações da hemodiálise, anticoagulação e prática de atividade física; relacionadas a problemas de saúde emocional tem-se a associação a grupos e a atividades de lazer; e relacionada à capacidade funcional e sobrecarga da doença renal tem-se a prática de atividade física. Conclui-se que a enfermagem, além de administrar a realização das sessões de hemodiálise, tem papel fundamental na educação à saúde dos clientes, familiares e/ou acompanhantes. O apoio do enfermeiro ao cliente no processo de enfrentamento e tratamento da DRC, contribui para que este adquira habilidade nas ações de autocuidado e consequentemente favoreça sua qualidade de vida.

História oral de vida de pacientes transplantados renais: novos caminhos a trilhar

The therapeutic possibilities for chronic renal failure closely are related to the biological and social condition, and in this perspective the renal transplant is considered the best option, for providing quality of life better. This study it objectified to apprehend, by means of the rescue of the verbal history of life of the kidney transplant patients, the experiences lived since the diagnosis of the renal to the current with the current therapeutic modality. One is about a study of qualitative boarding, exploratory and descriptive, having the verbal history of life as a technique and method. The colony was formed with the ten first kidney transplant patients of the Rio Grande of the North, taken care of in the clinic of the Nephrology in the University Hospital Onofre Lopes-UFRN, located in the city of Christmas-RN. The net was composed for collaborators of both the sex, in the age band between 21 and 56 years of age, submitted it more than has one year to the renal transplant and that, in some cases, together of its familiar ones, they had voluntarily accepted to participate of the study. The first collaborator interviewed for this was excluded not to desire to participate the study more than. After approval for the Committee of Ethics in Search of the UFRN, we carry through the collection of data, by means of a halfstructuralized interview, recorded individually, in environment chosen for the collaborators. We carry through the transcription of the interviews and later we return to the interviewed ones so that the same ones made the conference, what it made possible in them to carry through the transcriation, after consecutive readings. We analyze the stories by means of the analysis of content of Bardin. Guiding the analysis of the stories of the collaborators, we find three axles thematic: Impact in the social relations, Impact in the social condition and Behavior front the illness and treatment. We conclude in this study that the loss of the renal function reed-echo drastically in the life of the collaborators, but that the acceptance of the pathological condition emerged, mainly for the support of the family and in the belief in God. The renal transplant was seen as the chance for a new life, however, so that they reach an improvement in the quality of life, other questions must be optimized, as the guarantee of constitutional laws, the rescue of the citizenship and offer of bigger support of the professionals of the health, family and society for the confrontation of the problems generated for the chronic renal illness and its treatments

Patients' experiences of peritoneal dialysis at home: a phenomenological approach

O objetivo deste estudo foi compreender a experiência da diálise peritoneal domiciliar, a partir da narrativa dos pacientes. A abordagem do estudo inspirou-se na fenomenologia hermenêutica de Paul Ricoeur. Foram entrevistados 19 pacientes na unidade de hemodiálise de um hospital público brasileiro, de março a setembro de 2009. As entrevistas foram orientadas pela questão: descreva sua experiência na diálise peritoneal. Os resultados desvelaram a percepção dos participantes sobre o significado da doença em suas vidas e as drásticas transformações pessoais sofridas nesse processo. Sentimentos de angústia e dor física foram acompanhados por importantes limitações pessoais e sociais, impostas pelo tratamento. Eles esperam por um futuro incerto, reconhecendo sua dependência da ajuda dos familiares e dos profissionais da saúde. Os resultados desvelam as dificuldades e a falta de perspectivas vividas pelos pacientes em diálise, demonstrando o papel crucial que cabe aos profissionais que os acompanham. Ajudá-los a desenvolver o autocuidado e maximizar sua qualidade de vida é prioridade na assistência a esses pacientes.

Functional independence in patients with chronic kidney disease being treated with haemodialysis

Purpose: This study has described and analysed the functional independence of the patients served in the haemodialysis services of a countryside town in the State of Sao Paulo, Brazil, using the Functional Independence Measure (FIM). Method: The population considered was that of 214 patients being treated with haemodialysis, assessed in 2011, by means of a social, demographic and clinical report, a Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) and also the FIM. Results: The mean age of the population under study was 58.01 years, while the mean FIM point score was 118.38 points, showing a level of complete or modified independence within this population. Even though the level of dependence found has been low, this can be highlighted, within the locomotion domain, in the activity of going up and down stairs (10.28%). Age, complications arising from haemodialysis, and comorbidities show a negative correlation with FIM. Conclusion: Awareness of the level of functional independence of the patients being subjected to treatment with haemodialysis is essential in order to back up intervention for the improvement of nursing assistance provided to this population.

Functional independence in patients with chronic kidney disease being treated with haemodialysis¹

PURPOSE: This study has described and analysed the functional independence of the patients served in the haemodialysis services of a countryside town in the State of São Paulo, Brazil, using the Functional Independence Measure (FIM). METHOD: The population considered was that of 214 patients being treated with haemodialysis, assessed in 2011, by means of a social, demographic and clinical report, a Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) and also the FIM. RESULTS: The mean age of the population under study was 58.01 years, while the mean FIM point score was 118.38 points, showing a level of complete or modified independence within this population. Even though the level of dependence found has been low, this can be highlighted, within the locomotion domain, in the activity of going up and down stairs (10.28%). Age, complications arising from haemodialysis, and comorbidities show a negative correlation with FIM. CONCLUSION: Awareness of the level of functional independence of the patients being subjected to treatment with haemodialysis is essential in order to back up intervention for the improvement of nursing assistance provided to this population.

O espaço de hemodiálise na ótica de usuários com insuficiência renal crônica

Pesquisa qualitativa, de caráter descritivo-exploratório, realizada em uma clínica de hemodiálise, no interior do Paraná. A coleta de dados ocorreu com pacientes que se encontravam em tratamento hemodialítico, no período entre setembro e novembro de 2003, totalizando quinze sujeitos. O objetivo consistiu em conhecer situações significativas para o paciente renal crônico vivenciadas no espaço de hemodiálise. A coleta de dados ocorreu por meio de entrevistas semi-estruturadas e o material foi submetido à análise de conteúdo. Quatro categorias principais apontam os resultados do estudo: início do tratamento; possibilidade de vida; estar com o(s) outro(s) e organização do ambiente físico. Nos relatos, sobressaíram dificuldades associadas ao processo de comunicação, sendo que a falta de informações e o desconhecimento de aspectos que envolvem o tratamento resultam em um fator de insatisfação, no cotidiano vivenciado na clínica. O tratamento hemodialítico é apreendido como uma possibilidade de continuar vivendo, mas esta condição é iluminada e sustentada pela esperança de acessar o transplante renal, como única forma de libertação do próprio tratamento. Ainda ficou patente a atribuição de importância à família, à relação com os demais usuários e com os membros da equipe de saúde, como forma de contribuir para o processo de recuperação e de adaptação, em meio às adversidades impostas pela doença, mas também àquelas requeridas pelo tratamento. Aspectos relacionados à apresentação e estética do ambiente, como limpeza, temperatura e conforto das instalações, emergiram nas falas como fatores que também interferem na satisfação dos pacientes, amenizando o sofrimento e colaborando para o enfrentamento de condições adversas a que estão submetidos.

Utilidade da ultra-sonografia e cintilografia da paratireóide no diagnóstico do hiperparatireoidismo secundário em pacientes com insuficiência renal crônica em hemodiálise

A osteodistrofia renal é uma complicação comum da insuficiência renal crônica. A biópsia óssea continua sendo o melhor método para o diagnóstico das doenças ósseas metabólicas. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a utilidade da ultra-sonografia e da cintilografia com Tc-99m-sestamibi da paratireóide, como métodos diagnósticos não invasivos em pacientes com osteodistrofia renal em hemodiálise. Foram investigados 30 pacientes com insuficiência renal crônica, em tratamento com hemodiálise por no mínimo 6 meses, com sintomas e/ou com alterações bioquímicas sugestivas de doença óssea renal, sendo 19 mulheres e 11 homens, com média de idade de 43,9  9,17 anos. Quinze pacientes (50%) apresentaram diagnóstico de hiperparatireoidismo secundário, 5 (16,7%) de doença óssea mista, 3 (10%) de osteomalácia e 3 (10%) de doença óssea adinâmica. Glândulas aumentadas da paratireóide foram observadas em 12 (40%) pacientes na ultra-sonografia e em 15 (50%) na cintilografia com Tc-99m-sestamibi. O grupo de pacientes com glândulas aumentadas da paratireóide na ultra-sonografia, comparado com o grupo com glândulas não detectadas, apresentaram níveis séricos de PTHi aumentados (1536,6  881,8 x 811,7  705,5 pg/ml, p<0,05) e níveis séricos de albumina menores (3,690,24 x 4,030,44 g/dl, p<0,05). Todos os pacientes com níveis séricos de PTHi inferiores a 280 pg/ml apresentaram ecografias da paratireóide com resultados normais. Nove de 12 pacientes (83,3%), com ultra-sonografia com glândulas aumentadas da paratireóide, apresentavam níveis de PTHi superiores a 720 pg/ml. Ultra-sonografia mostrando glândulas aumentadas da paratireóide apresentou uma sensibilidade de 50%, uma especificidade de 66% e um valor preditivo positivo de 83% para o diagnóstico de doenças de alto remanejamento ósseo. Em relação aos resultados das cintilografias de paratireóide com Tc-99m-sestamibi, não houve diferenças nas médias dos níveis de PTHi entre os pacientes com ou sem glândulas aumentadas da paratireóide, assim como para os outros exames bioquímicos. Quando comparado aos níveis de PTHi, 2 pacientes apresentaram resultados positivos na cintilografia com PTHi inferior a 280 pg/ml e 8 (53,4%) acima de 720 pg/ml. Semelhante aos resultados das ultra-sonografias, a sensibilidade, a especificidade e o valor preditivo positivo da cintilografia para o diagnóstico das doenças de alto remodelamento ósseo foram baixos, 50%, 33% e 71%, respectivamente. Podemos concluir que a ultra-sonografia e a cintilografia com Tc-99m-sestamibi da paratireóide não foram bons métodos para o diagnóstico de doenças ósseas com alto remodelamento, no entanto, a ultra-sonografia da paratireóide foi superior a cintilografia com Tc-99m-sestamibi na detecção de glândulas aumentadas, sugerindo ser um marcador mais útil de gravidade em pacientes sintomáticos com hiperparatireoidismo secundário severo.