Effects of Sweetness and Energy in Drinks on Food Intake Following Exercise

Exercise is known to cause physiological changes that could affect the impact of nutrients on appetite control. This study was designed to assess the effect of drinks containing either sucrose or high-intensity sweeteners on food intake following exercise. Using a repeated-measures design, three drink conditions were employed: plain water (W), a low-energy drink sweetened with artificial sweeteners aspartame and acesulfame-K (L), and a high-energy, sucrose-sweetened drink (H). Following a period of challenging exercise (70% VO2 max for 50 min), subjects consumed freely from a particular drink before being offered a test meal at which energy and nutrient intakes were measured. The degree of pleasantness (palatability) of the drinks was also measured before and after exercise. At the test meal, energy intake following the artificially sweetened (L) drink was significantly greater than after water and the sucrose (H) drinks (p < 0.05). Compared with the artificially sweetened (L) drink, the high-energy (H) drink suppressed intake by approximately the energy contained in the drink itself. However, there was no difference between the water (W) and the sucrose (H) drink on test meal energy intake. When the net effects were compared (i.e., drink + test meal energy intake), total energy intake was significantly lower after the water (W) drink compared with the two sweet (L and H) drinks. The exercise period brought about changes in the perceived pleasantness of the water, but had no effect on either of the sweet drinks. The remarkably precise energy compensation demonstrated after the higher energy sucrose drink suggests that exercise may prime the system to respond sensitively to nutritional manipulations. The results may also have implications for the effect on short-term appetite control of different types of drinks used to quench thirst during and after exercise.

Major components of energy drinks (caffeine, taurine, and guarana) exert cytotoxic effects on human neuronal SH-SY5Y cells by decreasing reactive oxygen species production

Scope. To elucidate the morphological and biochemical in vitro effects exerted by caffeine, taurine, and guarana, alone or in combination, since they are major components in energy drinks (EDs). Methods and Results. On human neuronal SH-SY5Y cells, caffeine (0.125-2 mg/mL), taurine (1-16 mg/mL), and guarana (3.125-50 mg/mL) showed concentration-dependent nonenzymatic antioxidant potential, decreased the basal levels of free radical generation, and reduced both superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) activities, especially when combined together. However, guarana-treated cells developed signs of neurite degeneration in the form of swellings at various segments in a beaded or pearl chain-like appearance and fragmentation of such neurites at concentrations ranging from 12.5 to 50 mg/mL. Swellings, but not neuritic fragmentation, were detected when cells were treated with 0.5 mg/mL (or higher doses) of caffeine, concentrations that are present in EDs. Cells treated with guarana also showed qualitative signs of apoptosis, including membrane blebbing, cell shrinkage, and cleaved caspase-3 positivity. Flow cytometric analysis confirmed that cells treated with 12.5-50 mg/mL of guarana and its combinations with caffeine and/or taurine underwent apoptosis. Conclusion. Excessive removal of intracellular reactive oxygen species, to nonphysiological levels (or antioxidative stress), could be a cause of in vitro toxicity induced by these drugs. © 2013 Fares Zeidán-Chuliá et al.

Energy beverages: content and safety.

Exercise is making a resurgence in many countries, given its benefits for fitness as well as prevention of obesity. This trend has spawned many supplements that purport to aid performance, muscle growth, and recovery. Initially, sports drinks were developed to provide electrolyte and carbohydrate replacement. Subsequently, energy beverages (EBs) containing stimulants and additives have appeared in most gyms and grocery stores and are being used increasingly by "weekend warriors" and those seeking an edge in an endurance event. Long-term exposure to the various components of EBs may result in significant alterations in the cardiovascular system, and the safety of EBs has not been fully established. For this review, we searched the MEDLINE and EMBASE databases from 1976 through May 2010, using the following keywords: energy beverage, energy drink, power drink, exercise, caffeine, red bull, bitter orange, glucose, ginseng, guarana, and taurine. Evidence regarding the effects of EBs is summarized, and practical recommendations are made to help in answering the patient who asks, "Is it safe for me to drink an energy beverage when I exercise?"

Energy drinks in Ireland - a review

Energy drinks have risen in popularity in recent years and are now sold in over 165 countries worldwide. On the island of Ireland, energy drinks advertising accounted for 20% of the total soft drinks market advertising in 2014. In the United States, sales increased by 60% between 2008 and 2012, and in 2006, a staggering 500 new brands of energy drinks were released worldwide. In the UK, the energy drinks market is worth £491 million and is growing by 7% year on year. This report has found an eightfold increase in the number of energy drinks available in 2015 compared to 2002. While no standard definition of an energy drink is used in the scientific literature, it is commonly understood to be a non-alcoholic drink that contains caffeine (usually its main ingredient), taurine, vitamins and sometimes a combination of other ingredients (such as guarana and ginseng, among others), and it is marketed for its perceived or actual benefits as a stimulant, for improving performance and for increasing energy. As this report will highlight, there is some confusion amongst the public as to what the term "energy drink" means, as some soft and sports drinks, while containing little or no caffeine, use the term ‘energy’ in the product label, for example, Lucozade. Both the scientific community and the public have raised health concerns about the caffeine and calorie intakes associated with energy drinks and the use of these drinks as a mixer with alcohol. These concerns are disputed by the energy drinks industry.

Label-free SERS for natural product provenance

Introduction Natural product provenance is important in the food, beverage and pharmaceutical industries, for consumer confidence and with health implications. Raman spectroscopy has powerful molecular fingerprint abilities. Surface Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy’s (SERS) sharp peaks allow distinction between minimally different molecules, so it should be suitable for this purpose. Methods Naturally caffeinated beverages with Guarana extract, coffee and Red Bull energy drink as a synthetic caffeinated beverage for comparison (20 µL ea.) were reacted 1:1 with Gold nanoparticles functionalised with anti-caffeine antibody (ab15221) (10 minutes), air dried and analysed in a micro-Raman instrument. The spectral data was processed using Principle Component Analysis (PCA). Results The PCA showed Guarana sourced caffeine varied significantly from synthetic caffeine (Red Bull) on component 1 (containing 76.4% of the variance in the data). See figure 1. The coffee containing beverages, and in particular Robert Timms (instant coffee) were very similar on component 1, but the barista espresso showed minor variance on component 1. Both coffee sourced caffeine samples varied with red Bull on component 2, (20% of variance). ************************************************************ Figure 1 PCA comparing a naturally caffeinated beverage containing Guarana with coffee. ************************************************************ Discussion PCA is an unsupervised multivariate statistical method that determines patterns within data. Figure 1 shows Caffeine in Guarana is notably different to synthetic caffeine. Other researchers have revealed that caffeine in Guarana plants is complexed with tannins. Naturally sourced/ lightly processed caffeine (Monster Energy, Espresso) are more inherently different than synthetic (Red Bull) /highly processed (Robert Timms) caffeine, in figure 1, which is consistent with this finding and demonstrates this technique’s applicability. Guarana provenance is important because it is still largely hand produced and its demand is escalating with recognition of its benefits. This could be a powerful technique for Guarana provenance, and may extend to other industries where provenance / authentication are required, e.g. the wine or natural pharmaceuticals industries.

Qual é o risco do consumo combinado de bebidas energéticas e etanol? Efeitos comportamentais em camundongos adolescentes

O uso combinado de etanol e bebidas energéticas tem aumentado entre adolescentes. Além disso, estudos epidemiológicos indicam que o co-uso aumenta a probabilidade de consumo abusivo e dependência de etanol. Apesar disso, pouco se sabe sobre as consequências neurocomportamentais da co-exposição no cérebro adolescente. Este estudo tem como objetivo avaliar o curso temporal dos efeitos agudos da exposição à bebida energética e/ou etanol na atividade motora e ansiedade no teste de campo aberto, como também, os efeitos agudos ou prolongados sobre aprendizagem/memória e coordenação motora em camundongos adolescentes. Camundongos Suíços foram divididos em 4 grupos: bebidas energéticas e etanol, bebida energética, etanol e água. Três estudos separados foram conduzidos para avaliar cada um dos objetivos específicos deste trabalho. No primeiro estudo, realizado em PN40, os animais receberam a administração de bebida energética (8 ml/kg) e/ou etanol (4 g/kg) por gavagem e após 55 minutos foram submetidos ao teste do campo aberto (sessão 1). Outras duas sessões foram realizadas em sequência usando a metade da dose inicial (sessão 2 e 3). Nos estudos 2 e 3, estudamos os efeitos agudos (PN40) e crônicos (exposição de PN30-40) sobre o teste de esquiva passiva (0,3 mA, 3 s) e sobre o desempenho no teste do cilíndro giratório (sessão de treinamento e após 1 e 3 horas da gavagem das drogas). Em ambos os casos, a dose de bebida energética (8 ml/kg) e/ou etanol (4 g/kg) foi administrada. No teste da esquiva passiva, as sessões de treino e retenção foram realizadas 1 e 24 horas após a administração da droga, respectivamente. No teste do Rotarod, cada sessão foi constituída por 5 tentativas em modelo de aceleramento contínuo (4 a 40 rpm/min em uma tentativa de 2 min). Os nossos dados indicam que a exposição concomitante a bebida energética potencializa o efeito de hiperatividade induzido pelo etanol, como também, gera uma resposta ansiogênica no teste do campo aberto. A exposição aguda ao etanol induz déficit de memória/aprendizagem que não é revertida pela BE. A co-exposição aguda a bebida energética e etanol prolongou incoordenação motora induzida pelo etanol. No entanto, a bebda energética reverteu o comprometimento da coordenação motora gerada pela exposição crônica de etanol em camundongos fêmeas. O presente estudo fornece evidência experimental de que bebida energética e etanol interagem durante a adolescência, resultando em padrões de comportamento que poderiam aumentar o risco de desenvolvimento de abuso ou dependência de etanol. Além disso, os dados indicaram que a exposição aguda à bebida energética não atenuou as consequências negativas geradas pela etanol no desempenho do motor e cognitivo.

Avaliação do Clinpro XT® na redução da permeabilidade da dentina radicular e resistência a desafios ácidos, na obliteração de túbulos dentinários e rugosidade superficial da dentina

Pós-graduação em Odontologia - FOAR

Analysis of the erosive effect of different dietary substances and medications

Excessive consumption of acidic drinks and foods contributes to tooth erosion. The aims of the present in vitro study were twofold: (1) to assess the erosive potential of different dietary substances and medications; (2) to determine the chemical properties with an impact on the erosive potential. We selected sixty agents: soft drinks, an energy drink, sports drinks, alcoholic drinks, juice, fruit, mineral water, yogurt, tea, coffee, salad dressing and medications. The erosive potential of the tested agents was quantified as the changes in surface hardness (ΔSH) of enamel specimens within the first 2 min (ΔSH2-0 = SH2 min - SHbaseline) and the second 2 min exposure (ΔSH4-2 = SH4 min - SH2 min). To characterise these agents, various chemical properties, e.g. pH, concentrations of Ca, Pi and F, titratable acidity to pH 7·0 and buffering capacity at the original pH value (β), as well as degree of saturation (pK - pI) with respect to hydroxyapatite (HAP) and fluorapatite (FAP), were determined. Erosive challenge caused a statistically significant reduction in SH for all agents except for coffee, some medications and alcoholic drinks, and non-flavoured mineral waters, teas and yogurts (P < 0·01). By multiple linear regression analysis, 52 % of the variation in ΔSH after 2 min and 61 % after 4 min immersion were explained by pH, β and concentrations of F and Ca (P < 0·05). pH was the variable with the highest impact in multiple regression and bivariate correlation analyses. Furthermore, a high bivariate correlation was also obtained between (pK - pI)HAP, (pK - pI)FAP and ΔSH.

Análisis de la estructura del juego y parámetros morfológicos y fisiológicos en bádminton

En este trabajo se ha realizado un análisis de la estructura del juego y de los parámetros morfológicos y fisiológicos en jugadores de bádminton. Para ello se han realizado 4 estudios aplicados. Objetivo: Los objetivos del trabajo han sido: (1) comprobar si existen diferencias entre el lado dominante y no dominante de las medidas antropométricas en jugadores de bádminton de máximo nivel nacional, así como verificar si el lado del cuerpo donde se realiza la medición puede influir en el cálculo de la composición corporal y del somatotipo. (2) Comparar la estuctura temporal y notacional en partidos de individual masculino entre los Juegos Olímpicos de Pekín y de Londres para observar como ha evolucionado el bádminton de 2008 a 2012. (3) Medir la ocurrencia de daño muscular después de un partido simulado de bádminton y su influencia en parámetros físicos y hematológicos. (4) Investigar la efectividad de una bebida energética que contiene cafeína para mejorar el rendimiento físico y el rendimiento en un partido en jugadores de élite de bádminton. Metodología: Para caracterizar el bádminton participaron en esta tesis un total de 78 jugadores de bádminton de élite (63 hombres y 15 mujeres), distribuidos en tres estudios y se analizaron 40 sets de bádminton de individual masculino usando los videos oficiales de los Juegos Olímpicos de Pekín 2008 y Londres 2012. En el primer estudio se tomaron medidas de pliegues cutáneos, diámetros, longitudes y perímetros del lado dominante y no dominante de los jugadores. Se calculó la composición corporal y el somatotipo. En el segundo estudio se analizaron los factores temporales y los factores notacionales de los partidos. En el tercer estudio se midieron la fuerza máxima isométrica, la velocidad en test específicos de bádminton y se tomaron muestras de sangre antes y después de jugar un partido de bádminton de 45 minutos. En el cuarto estudio se realizó un experimento a doble ciego, aleatorizado y controlado con placebo, los jugadores ingirieron 3 mg de cafeína por kilógramo de masa corporal en forma de bebida energética, o la misma bebida sin cafeína (placebo). En este estudio se registraron diferente tests específicos de bádminton (tests de salto, fuerza máxima y test de agilidad) y se jugó un partido simulado de 45 minutos. Resultados y discusión: (1) El porcentaje óseo fue mayor calculado a partir de las mediciones del lado dominante (dominante = 16.37 ± 1.14 %, no dominante = 15.66 ± 1.12 %; P < 0.001), mientras que el porcentaje muscular fue mayor calculado a partir de las mediciones del lado no dominante (dominante = 49.39 ± 2.60 %, no dominante = 50.18 ± 2.69%; P < 0.001). (2) La duración del set (Pekín: 1124.6 ± 229.9 s vs Londres: 1260.3 ± 267.1 s.; P < 0.05), el tiempo real de juego (Pekín: 306.9 ± 45.7 s vs Londres: 354.7 ± 86.5 s; P < 0.05), tiempo de rally, golpeos por rally, tiempo de descanso en el punto 11, tiempo de descanso entre sets y golpeos por rally fueron significativamente mayores en Londres que en Pekín. (3) El partido simulado de bádminton no afectó a la fuerza isométrica máxima (Pre: 1263.6 ± 245.5, Post: 1290.8 ± 240.4 N) o a la velocidad específica de bádminton (Pre: 21.0 ± 1.7, Post: 20.9 ± 1.8 s), sin embargo las concentraciones de mioglobina y de creatina quinasa en sangre aumentaron de 26.5 ± 11.6 a 197.3 ± 70.2 μg • L-1 y de 258.6 ± 192.2 a 466.0 ± 296.5 U • L-1, respectivamente después del partido de bádminton. (4) En comparación con la bebida placebo, la ingesta de la bebida energética con cafeína incrementó la altura del SJ (34.5±4.7 vs. 36.4±4.3 cm; P < 0.05) y del CMJ (37.7 ± 4.5 vs. 39.5 ± 5.1 cm; P < 0.05) y aumentó el número de aceleraciones totales durante el partido (7395 ± 1594 vs. 7707 ± 2033 aceleraciones; P < 0.05). Conclusiones: (1) Existen asimetrías corporales en los jugadores de bádminton de alto nivel, al encontrarse diferencias en los diámetros óseos y en los perímetros entre el lado dominante y no dominante. Al calcular la composición corporal con el lado dominante de los jugadores de bádminton se está sobreestimando el porcentaje óseo e infraestimando el porcentaje muscular. (2) El bádminton está evolucionando hacía rallies más largos con intervalos de descanso mayores, lo que resulta en partidos más largos. (3) El partido de bádminton generó daño muscular, sin embargo, el nivel de daño muscular alcanzado después de un partido de bádminton no produjo una disminución del rendimiento muscular. (4) El uso de una bebida energética con cafeína puede ser una ayuda nutricional eficaz para aumentar el rendimiento en el salto y patrones de actividad durante el juego en jugadores de élite de bádminton. ABSTRACT: This study analyzes the structure of the game and the morphological and physiological parameters in badminton players, investigated in four applied studies. Purpose: The purposes of the study were: (1) To check if there are differences between the dominant and non-dominant side in the anthropometric measures of badminton players at the highest national level and verify if the side of the body where the measurements are performed can influence the calculation of the body composition and the somatotype. (2) To compare the temporal and notational structure in men’s singles matches between the Olympic Games in Beijing and London to observe the evolution of badminton between 2008 and 2012. (3) To asses the occurrence of muscle damage after a simulated badminton match and its influence on physical and haematological parameters. (4) To determine the effectiveness of a commercially available energy drink that contains caffeine to improve match performance in elite badminton players. Methods: A total of 78 elite badminton players (63 men and 15 women) participated in this thesis to characterize the sport of badminton distributed in three studies and 40 sets of men’s singles badminton analyzed using the official videos of the Olympic Games of Beijing 2008 and London 2012. In the first study skinfolds, diameters, lengths and perimeters of the dominant and non-dominant side of the players were measured and body composition and somatotype were calculated. In the second study the temporal and notational factors were analyzed. In the third study maximal isometric force and speed in badminton specific tests were measured and blood samples were taken before and after a badminton match of 45 minutes. In the fourth study, a double-blind, randomized placebo-controlled experiment, players ingested 3 mg of caffeine per kilogram of body mass in the form of an energy drink or an identical drink with no caffeine content (placebo). In this study different badminton specific tests (jump tests, handgrip force test and an agility test) were recorded and a simulated badminton match of 45 minutes was played. Results and discussion: (1) The percentage of bone was higher when calculated from measurements of the dominant body side (dominant = 16.37 ± 1.14 %, nondominant = 15.66 ± 1.12 %; P < 0.001), while the muscle percentage was higher when calculated from measurements of the non-dominant side (dominant = 49.39 ± 2.60 %, non-dominant = 50.18 ± 2.69%; P < 0.001). (2) Set duration (Beijing: 1124.6 ± 229.9 s vs. London: 1260.3 ± 267.1 s.; P < 0.05), real time played (Beijing: 306.9 ± 45.7 s vs. London: 354.7 ± 86.5 s; P < 0.05), rally time, shots per rally, rest time at point 11, rest time between sets and shots per rally were significantly higher in London than in Beijing. (3) A simulated badminton match did not affect maximal isometric force (Pre: 1263.6 ± 245.5, Post: 1290.8 ± 240.4 N) or specific badminton speed (Pre: 21.0 ± 1.7, Post: 20.9 ± 1.8 s), however, concentrations of myoglobin and creatine kinase in blood increased from 26.5 ± 11.6 to 197.3 ± 70.2 μg • L-1 and from 258.6 ± 192.2 to 466.0 ± 296.5 U • L-1, respectively after the badminton match. (4) In comparison to the placebo drink, the caffeinated beverage increased height in the SJ (34.5±4.7 vs. 36.4±4.3 cm; P < 0.05) and in the CMJ (37.7 ± 4.5 vs. 39.5 ± 5.1 cm; P < 0.05) and increased the number of total accelerations during the match (7395 ± 1594 vs. 7707 ± 2033 accelerations; P < 0.05). Conclusions: (1) Body asymmetries were found in high level badminton players, due to the differences found in bone diameters and perimeters between the dominant and non-dominant body side. When calculating body composition with the dominant side of the badminton players we are overestimating bone percentage and underestimating muscle percentage. (2) Badminton is evolving towards longer rallies with greater rest intervals, resulting in longer matches. (3) The badminton match generated muscle damage, however, the level of muscle damage reached after a badminton match did not produce a decrease in muscle performance. (4) The ingestion of an energy drink containing caffeine might be an effective ergogenic nutritional supplement to increase jump performance and activity patterns during the game in elite badminton players.

Placebo expectancy effect of consuming psychoactive beverages on cognition and mood

Energy drinks have become very popular over the past few years with over half the student population in colleges and universities consuming them at least once a month (Malinauskas et al., 2007). It has been reported that the most common reasons why students consume energy drinks are to maintain alertness, reduce symptoms of hangover, increase energy, to help with driving and to prevent sleepiness (Attila and Cakir, 2011; Malinauskas et al., 2007). Previous research has suggested that energy drinks enhance sensorimotor speed, behaviour, and reduce levels of fatigue (Alford et al., 2001; Horne and Reyner, 2001; Howard and Marczinski, 2010; Kennedy and Scholey, 2004; Smit et al., 2004). The two key ingredients found in energy drinks are caffeine and glucose which have been examined together and alone, which have indicated enhanced reaction times, improvement in both verbal memory and sustained attention and more recently there is evidence to show that expectancy may play a key role in predicting intentions of future consumption (Adan and serra-Grabulosa, 2010). According to Kirsch (1997) people have specific expectations when they consume psychoactive substances that trigger physiological and psychological reactions, which tend to be independent of the psychoactive substance ingested. The concept of expectancy effects can be unambiguous especially when the information provided to the participants prior to the experimental study is specific to a possible outcome response. This thesis investigated the extent of expectancy effect on cognition and mood when psychoactive drinks containing caffeine and glucose were consumed in comparison to non-psychoactive drinks. The investigation commenced with examining the independent effects of caffeine and glucose, followed by the combination of caffeine and glucose as an energy drink on mood and cognition. The investigation advanced by comparing drink presentation effects (i.e., consuming the experimental drink from a branded bottle versus from a glass) irrespective of drink content on mood and cognition. Finally, the investigation lead to exploring what factors may predict expectancy effects when participants’ consumed psychoactive drinks among healthy adults. This was done by applying the Theory of Planned Behaviour model (TPB) (Azjen, 1991) to explore the contribution of specific attitudes, subjective norms and perceived behavioural control to the extent of expectancy effects as well as to behavioural intention, with additional variables including; beliefs, habits, past-behaviour, selfidentity. Self-identity representing someone who drinks energy drinks regularly. The level of internal consistency for Cronbach’s alpha was conducted for each variable within the TPB model and for the additional variables included for test reliability. This thesis consisted of four studies, which found that consumption of caffeine and glucose independently and also in combination resulted in psychoactive effects on mood and cognition. Experiment 2 was the only study, which indicated an expectancy effect for immediate verbal recall task and the mood subscale tension. Conversely, for experiment 4 there was a reverse effect found for the immediate verbal recall task. However, there were significant expectancy and psychoactive effects found for mood subscales throughout the four studies. It was also found that the TPB model had two significant variables past-behaviour and self-identity predicted intentions suggesting that participants who regularly consume psychoactive beverages have salient beliefs about consuming psychoactive drinks and the TPB model can be utilised to predict their intentions. Furthermore, the Theory of planned behaviour model found that habit and self-identity significantly predicted participants’ expectancy effects on the vigour. Indicating consumers of energy drinks are familiar with expected outcome response. This model was unsuccessful in predicting expectancy response for cognitive performance. Thus, overall the findings from the four studies indicated that caffeine and glucose have cognitive enhancing properties, which also positively improve mood. However, expectancy effects have been identified for mood only, whereas the overall findings within this thesis were unable to identify significant predictors of expectancy effect and response.

Soporte nutricional perioperatorio en los pacientes programados para cirugía digestiva en el Hospital Mateu Orfila (Maó-Menorca)

La desnutrición se asocia con elevadas tasas de morbimortalidad postoperatoria. En este estudio piloto se ha evaluado la efectividad de un programa de apoyo nutricional perioperatorio a pacientes que iban a someterse a cirugía programada de cirugía mayor digestiva. Se administró de forma perioperatoria la formula enteral hipercalorica/hiperproteica (Fresubin® protein energy drink) al grupo de pacientes con riesgo nutricional/desnutrición (RN/DN). Con el objeto de valorar la efectividad de la intervención nutricional preoperatoria, se ha comparado los resultados respecto a un grupo control retrospectivo. Entre los dos grupos con RN/DN se encontraron diferencias estadísticamente significativas en incidencia de vómitos, infección herida, hiperglucemia, exitus hospitalario, estancia hospitalaria, estancia en UCI y administración de NPT. Se ha demostrado una mejor evolución tras la cirugía en el grupo de pacientes con RN/DS que han sido suplementados de forma preoperatoria con una fórmula de nutrición enteral.

Implementation of a better choice healthy food and drink supply strategy for staff and visitors in government owned health facilities in Queensland, Australia

Objective The present paper reports on a quality improvement activity examining implementation of A Better Choice Healthy Food and Drink Supply Strategy for Queensland Health Facilities (A Better Choice). A Better Choice is a policy to increase supply and promotion of healthy foods and drinks and decrease supply and promotion of energy-dense, nutrient-poor choices in all food supply areas including food outlets, staff dining rooms, vending machines, tea trolleys, coffee carts, leased premises, catering, fundraising, promotion and advertising. Design An online survey targeted 278 facility managers to collect self-reported quantitative and qualitative data. Telephone interviews were sought concurrently with the twenty-five A Better Choice district contact officers to gather qualitative information. Setting Public sector-owned and -operated health facilities in Queensland, Australia. Subjects One hundred and thirty-four facility managers and twenty-four district contact officers participated with response rates of 48·2 % and 96·0 %, respectively. Results Of facility managers, 78·4 % reported implementation of more than half of the A Better Choice requirements including 24·6 % who reported full strategy implementation. Reported implementation was highest in food outlets, staff dining rooms, tea trolleys, coffee carts, internal catering and drink vending machines. Reported implementation was more problematic in snack vending machines, external catering, leased premises and fundraising. Conclusions Despite methodological challenges, the study suggests that policy approaches to improve the food and drink supply can be implemented successfully in public-sector health facilities, although results can be limited in some areas. A Better Choice may provide a model for improving food supply in other health and workplace settings.

Associations of body mass index and waist circumference with: energy intake and percentage energy from macronutrients, in a cohort of Australian children

Background It is evident from previous research that the role of dietary composition in relation to the development of childhood obesity remains inconclusive. Several studies investigating the relationship between body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC) and/or skin fold measurements with energy intake have suggested that the macronutrient composition of the diet (protein, carbohydrate, fat) may play an important contributing role to obesity in childhood as it does in adults. This study investigated the possible relationship between BMI and WC with energy intake and percentage energy intake from macronutrients in Australian children and adolescents. Methods Height, weight and WC measurements, along with 24 h food and drink records (FDR) intake data were collected from 2460 boys and girls aged 5-17 years living in the state of Queensland, Australia. Results Statistically significant, yet weak correlations between BMI z-score and WC with total energy intake were observed in grades 1, 5 and 10, with only 55% of subjects having a physiologically plausible 24 hr FDR. Using Pearson correlations to examine the relationship between BMI and WC with energy intake and percentage macronutrient intake, no significant correlations were observed between BMI z-score or WC and percentage energy intake from protein, carbohydrate or fat. One way ANOVAs showed that although those with a higher BMI z-score or WC consumed significantly more energy than their lean counterparts. Conclusion No evidence of an association between percentage macronutrient intake and BMI or WC was found. Evidently, more robust longitudinal studies are needed to elucidate the relationship linking obesity and dietary intake.

In vitro assessment of dentin erosion after immersion in acidic beverages: Surface profile analysis and energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometry study

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of some acidic drinks on dentin erosion, using methods of surface profile (SP) analysis and energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometry (EDXRF). One hundred standardized dentin slabs obtained from bovine incisor roots were used. Dentin slabs measuring 5x5 mm were ground flat, polished and half of each specimen surface was protected with nail polish. For 60 min, the dentin surfaces were immersed in 50 mL of 5 different drinks (Gatorade®, Del Valle Mais orange juice®, Coca-Cola®, Red Bull® and white wine), 20 blocks in each drink. The pH of each beverage was measured. After the erosive challenge, the nail polish was removed and SP was analyzed. The mineral concentration of dentin surfaces was determined by means of EDXRF. Data were analyzed statistically by ANOVA and Tukey's test (α=0.05). SP analysis showed that Red-Bull had the highest erosive potential (p<0.05). EDXRF results exhibited a decrease in phosphate in the groups immersed in Red-Bull, orange juice and white wine (p<0.05), and no significant difference in calcium content between the reference surface and eroded surface. In conclusion, this study demonstrated that all studied beverages promoted erosion on root dentin and Red Bull had the highest erosive potential. There was no correlation between pH of beverages and their erosive potential and only the P content changed after erosive challenge.

Erosive potencial of energy drinks on the dentine surface

Coordenação de Aperfeicoamento de Pessoal de Nivel Superior (CAPES)