Energia eólica

Actualmente, �� indiscut��vel a import��ncia das energias ditas renov��veis no contexto da produ����o mundial de energia, destacando-se, dentro destas, a energia eólica pelas suas in��meras vantagens. Neste artigo descrevem-se as vantagens e desvantagens deste tipo de energia e apresenta-se uma discuss��o da evolu����o da pot��ncia instalada de acordo com os dados fornecidos pelos organismos correspondentes. Pretende-se, al��m disso, explicar a evolu����o da pot��ncia instalada na Europa e, mais especificamente, no caso de Portugal, explicar a baixa pot��ncia instalada tendo em conta o elevado potencial e��lico dispon��vel. The importance of renewable energies in the context of the world energy production is nowadays unquestionable, namely in the case of the eolic energy, due to its specific advantages. In this paper, the advantages and disadvantages of this type of energy are described, and a discussion of the evolution of the wind power installed is presented according to the data published by the different organisms involved. It is intended to show and explain the evolution of the wind power capacity installed in the European Union. Finally, it is discussed the Portuguese specificity characterized by a low wind power installed despite the high eolic potential available.

A engenharia Civil e a produ����o industrial de energia eólica

Disserta����o para obten����o do grau de Engenharia Civil na ��rea de Especializa����o de Edifica����es

Ventos de Mudan��a ��� A Energia Eólica em Port

No contexto das energias renov��veis, a energia eólica em Portugal tem registado um forte incremento nos ��ltimos anos, sendo hoje uma refer��ncia incontorn��vel no panorama europeu e mundial. A depend��ncia externa de fontes energ��ticas f��sseis, o crescimento da procura interna e a actual pol��tica de protec����o ambiental, tornaram cada vez mais atractiva a explora����o de energias renov��veis. Entre as v��rias modalidades dispon��veis (solar, h��drica, eólica, geot��rmica, das mar��s e das ondas), a energia eólica tornou-se uma das mais exploradas, quer pelos avan��os tecnol��gicos entretanto obtidos na sua efici��ncia, quer pelos incentivos e maior rentabilidade a curto e m��dio prazo do investimento. O seu contributo para o desenvolvimento da economia nacional �� j�� not��rio e os seus efeitos podem medir-se por v��rios indicadores, nomeadamente pela redu����o da utiliza����o de petr��leo na produ����o de electricidade, pelos ganhos na redu����o da emiss��o de gases poluentes para a atmosfera ou pela cria����o de emprego e desenvolvimento econ��mico que lhe est�� directa e indirectamente associado. Este artigo pretende deste modo: (i) analisar a evolu����o de alguns indicadores da energia eólica em Portugal por compara����o com os de outros pa��ses; (ii) destacar os principais desafios, nomeadamente as metas definidas pelo Protocolo de Quioto; (iii) e suscitar alguma reflex��o sobre a import��ncia deste tipo de en

L'energia e��lica aplicada a l'extracci�� d'aigua : els molins aiguaders de les Piti��ses.'La energ��a eólica aplicada a la extracci��n de agua : los molinos aguaderos de las Pitiusas'.

Resumen tomado de la propia revista

Evolu����o tecnol��gica dos sistemas de convers��o de Energia Eólica para liga����o �� rede

Desde muito cedo, na hist��ria da humanidade, que a energia eólica �� aproveitada pelo homem, primeiro sob a forma de energia mec��nica e mais recentemente sob a forma de energia el��trica. O crescimento r��pido do consumo de eletricidade, no final do s��culo XIX, motivou a aplica����o do princ��pio de funcionamento dos tradicionais moinhos de vento �� convers��o da energia eólica em energia el��trica. No entanto, foi ap��s os choques petrol��feros da d��cada de 1970 que as atividade de Investiga����o e Desenvolvimento (I&D) se intensificaram de forma significativa conduzindo �� instala����o das primeiras turbinas eólicas comerciais no in��cio da d��cada de 1980 na Europa e nos EUA. Desde ent��o, as tecnologias de convers��o da energia eólica t��m registado um desenvolvimento consider��vel que se estende desde as t��cnicas de constru����o cada vez mais robustas at�� �� utiliza����o de sistemas de convers��o com possibilidade de serem explorados em velocidade vari��vel, com consequ��ncias refletidas ao n��vel do aumento progressivo da pot��ncia unit��ria instalada e da diminui����o do custo do kWh gerado.

Fontes energ��ticas sustent��veis : um estudo sobre a viabilidade do aproveitamento da energia eólica em tr��s localidades, no RS

O trabalho consiste no estudo da viabilidade t��cnico-econ��mica da utiliza����o da energia eólica em tr��s localidades no estado do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. A pesquisa inicia com uma revis��o bibliogr��fica acerca do assunto, situando o leitor no cen��rio e��lico mundial, brasileiro e riograndense. Seguindo-se a esta, s��o apresentados os levantamentos desenvolvidos nos munic��pios de Nova Hartz, S��o Louren��o do Sul e Tapes. A primeira localidade foi escolhida devido ao projeto do Centro Experimental de Tecnologias Habitacionais Sustent��veis (CETHS) ter sido l�� desenvolvido. Neste caso a pesquisa, por constituir-se em um provimento energ��tico consoante �� filosofia do projeto, integrou-se nas metas do mesmo. Nesta localidade, foi efetivamente desenvolvido o m��todo de medi����o da velocidade do vento, aplicando-se a metodologia mundialmente reconhecida do MEASNET, durante um prazo de 11 meses. Nas outras duas localidades, o levantamento dos dados de campo n��o foi realizado por esta pesquisadora, pois o Instituto de Geoci��ncias, dessa Universidade, especificamente, o Centro de Estudos de Geologia Costeira e Oce��nica, dispunha �� ��poca, de dados de medi����es da Lagoa dos Patos, ainda n��o tratados, e tinha interesse na promo����o de um estudo t��cnico acerca dos mesmos. A partir do tratamento estat��stico dos dados colhidos e disponibilizados, foi desenvolvido o estudo de viabilidade t��cnica dos locais com o emprego do Programa Alwin A disserta����o conclui com um estudo econ��mico preliminar, analisando-se o ��nico equipamento nacional em fabrica����o no momento, o aerogerador E-40/6,44, produzido pela tecnologia da alem�� Wobben atrav��s de sua subsidi��ria brasileira, a Empresa Enercon, frente a diferentes alturas, diferentes taxas de financiamento e sob as condi����es do Programa de Incentivo ��s Fontes Alternativas (PROINFA) do Minist��rio das Minas e Energia. Isto resultou em diferentes alternativas de gera����o de energia el��trica com o uso da energia eólica dispon��vel nas condi����es locais.Nestes cen��rios foram destacados os fatores condicionantes que determinaram a viabilidade de um empreendimento nestas localidades, sob os crit��rios do citado programa.

Rela����o entre stakeholders, recursos estrat��gicos e sustentabilidade em uma organiza����o atuante na cadeia de valor da ind��stria brasileira de energia eólica

This paper approaches the strategy in business management and aimed at identifying and outlining the interests and commitment of stakeholders in strategic resources management concerning production and implementation of wind turbine equipment of a Brazilian wind power company and also verifying if internal and external results deriving from such activities were sustainable, taking as main reference seminal publications and periodicals relevant to the research point that discuss the Resource Theory, Stakeholders and Sustainability. An analysis was carried out to assess how stakeholders, beyond the temporal context, intermediated the composition, development and management of the organization��s resources, as well as the social, environmental and economic results obtained from resources management in the production and supply of wind turbines to a Wind Power Plant located in the State of Ceara, in order to portray that Brazil sustainability can be an important competitive advantage source that creates value for shareholders and the community (Hart & Milstein, 2003). The strategy herein applied was the qualitative investigation using a single study case, which allowed for the thorough examination of an active organization operating in the Brazilian industry of wind power and also the resources used in the production and implementation of wind turbines supplied to the a Wind Power Plant in Ceara. Considering the content analysis and the triangulation principle, three qualitative data collection methods were applied to identify and characterize stakeholders��� interest and commitment in resource management of the organization operating in the Brazilian wind power industry, as follows, semistructured deep interview with managers of tactic-strategic level and analysts of organization��s value chain nine activities, analysis of public internal and external documents; and analysis of audio-visual material. Nonetheless, to identify the internal and external economic, social and environmental results of implementation and supply of wind turbines to the Wind Power Plant in Ceara, semistructured interviews were also carried out with the residents of the region. Results showed the BNDES (Brazilian Development Bank) and the organization head office were the stakeholders who exerted the strongest influence on resources related to production and implementation of the aerogenerator product at Trairi Wind Plant in Ceara. Concerning the organization resources, at the current stage of the Brazilian Wind Industry ,although the brand, reliability and reputation of the organization under study were valuable esources, rare, hard to imitate and exploited by the organization, it was noticed that opposed to RBV, they did not actually represent a source of competitive advantage . For the local community the social, economic and environmental results related to the wind turbines implementation were more positive than negative, despite the fact that the productive process caused negative environmental impacts such as the high emission of CO2 to transport wind turbines components to Trairi Wind Power Plant.

Precifica����o de energia eólica offshore no Brasil

Offshore wind power emits low amounts of gases, is renewable and has better performance than onshore due to its greater stability and higher wind power density, less visual and noise impact, among others. Brazil has a high capacity of generation, but has not yet developed any offshore projects. High costs are a strong impediment. This study is an effort towards pricing offshore resources through Livelized Cost of Energy - LCOE, which represents the minimum return to cover the costs of development, production and maintenance of a wind project. Initially LCOE was calculated for all Brazilian onshore wind farms listed at Bloomberg New Energy Finance R○, accounting for 71 farms. Then hypothetical offshore wind farms were created from the onshore farms, tripling the cost of generation, which is consistent with the literature, and estimating the offshore energy for two locations off the Brazilian coast using satellite data extracted from National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. The results demonstrate that offshore resources have the potential to significantly reduce the energy price due to the better performance of the wind at sea

Desenvolvimento energ��tico e energia eólica na ordem jur��dica do Brasil: aspectos Institucionais e Socioambientais

A conforma����o do desenvolvimento propugnado pela Constitui����o Federal de 1988 como objetivo fundamental da rep��blica, certamente perpassa pela racionaliza����o das quest��es energ��ticas e pela diversifica����o da matriz nacional enquanto estrat��gia de aprovisionamento. O desenvolvimento energ��tico em toda a sua complexidade deve ser alicer��ado n��o em uma rela����o de contraposi����o �� sustentabilidade, mas cooperativismo normativo e de projetos sociais que objetivam a melhorias para a popula����o nestes dois seguimentos. O advento das energias renov��veis nesse contexto se consolida como uma alternativa vi��vel, apesar do tratamento dado pela Lei Maior ao tema ter sido apenas com rela����o �� gera����o em pequena escala. A interpreta����o sistem��tica dos postulados da ordem econ��mica e as exig��ncias da sociedade estimulam o aproveitamento dos potenciais renov��veis em escala comercial e regional, al��m do fortalecimento nos segmentos de autoprodu����o e produ����o independente. Dentre as energias tratadas como priorit��rias neste contexto, a eólica revela-se como carecedora de aprofundamento das estruturas dogm��ticas de sua positiva����o, que envolve um vasto manancial de regras pulverizadas na regula����o econ��mica do setor el��trico e no controle ambiental. Esta textura submete os empreendimentos elioel��tricos aos instrumentos da pol��tica nacional do meio ambiente e ��s determina����es do poder concedente dos servi��os de energia el��trica, respons��vel pela pormenoriza����o da gera����o, transmiss��o, distribui����o e comercializa����o de energia, independentemente da fonte prim��ria utilizada no processo de transforma����o. Tratar destas quest��es com o compromisso na formula����o de racioc��nios cr��ticos e propositivos, especialmente acerca de temas como a liberdade energ��tica e controle de mercado, �� imperioso para superar juridicamente as limita����es presentes inclusive no discurso da delimita����o de marcos normativos adequados. Havendo vantagens ambientais, tecnol��gicas e comerciais na explora����o da energia cin��tica do vento como propulsora do desenvolvimento no modelo civilizat��rio estabelecido, cumpre tamb��m ao Estado dar a sua contribui����o setorial na forma de incentivos, desburocratiza����o e aprimoramento do modelo concorrencial. O estudo adota os m��todos hist��rico-evolutivo, dial��tico e sist��mico de abordagem, encarando as hip��teses formuladas no aspecto das consequ��ncias multilaterais que as solu����es encontradas apontam, exigindo que a estabiliza����o de expectativas sociais por parte do ordenamento jur��dico n��o ignorem o sentido material cognitivamente aberto do desenvolvimento. Hodiernamente, a perspectiva de desenvolvimento energ��tico alia tend��ncias econ��micas e tecnol��gicas em favor das fontes alternativas mais eficientes, revelando a energia eólica como uma representante adequada em termos pragm��ticos de normatiza����o e preserva����o ambiental

Medi����o de desempenho na cadeia de suprimentos da energia eólica: proposta de um conjunto de indicadores de desempenho

Performance measurement in highly competitive markets is a necessary measure for those who aim the top positions. The business performance measurement approach have reached relevant results in the literature, however, a different approach has recently appeared that broadened the perception of competition, where companies do not seek the competition among companies only, but also among supply chains. Brazilian Wind energy supply chain is living a structuring and expanding moment, with the major global players in the industry making investments in the country. This research aims to answer which are the key performance indicators that must be considered by the Brazilian wind energy sector companies, which are part in a broad perspective of supply chain competition. The research was executed in two steps: exploratory (literature review and a field research in the companies) and later a survey was conducted with the Brazilian Wind energy companies workers with the purpose to validate the performance indicators found in the exploratory step. The survey evaluated 40 performance indicators distributed among five major activities: Project prospection, building/execution, operation and maintenance, logistics and transverse processes, which summarize the performance of the entire supply chain, pointing the sinergy and the competitive level of the supply chain. The selected performance indicators reflect the high relevance of the costs dimension in the Brazilian energy companies performance, acting as a key performance indicator, is also indicates the limited performance management integration throughout the Brazilian wind energy supply chain

Otimiza����o de sistema de bombeamento com energia eólica: sistema de bombeamento de S��o Gabriel/BA

After the Protocol of Kyoto and of the ECHO 92 - Rio de Janeiro, the attentions of the world focus to the preservation of the environment and of the maintainable use of the natural resources. People were looking for preserving environment for the future generations. Ever since, solutions are looked for the supply of energy in its more acquaintances forms and the substitution of the use of fossil fuels for the such alternative forms as: Photovoltaics, solar heat systems for water, wind , bio-diesel, etc. and in this context the Company of Engineering of the State of Bahia - Cerb changed a diesel pumping system by an wind one, It��s the first community system of this nature in Bahia. Facing problems with the model, a Cerb involved the academic segment of the Federal Center of Technological Education of Bahia Cefetba looking for a solution. This work intends to demonstrate the possibilities of optimization of the pumping communit system that supply water to approximately 50 people in the place of Rom��o, municipal district of S��o Gabriel-Ba. Technical reports were published in AGRENERGD2004-Unicamp SP and Scientific Magazine ETC,Cefetba, 2005. A simulation of the increase of energy is presented for heights of 15 and 20m, considering the eletromecanical balance from the pumping energy to the wind turbine. From the accomplished bibliographical revision, we emphasized the mechanical aspects of the engineering once in UFRN, those studies concentrate on the Department of Mechanical Engineering while, in others eletroelectronic are more emphasized. Finally, documents that we judged important were enclosed for the perfect understanding of this work

Conhecimento sobre energia eólica: um estudo explorat��rio a partir das redes sem��nticas naturais de estudantes da cidade de Natal

The human being has a fundamental role in issues concerning scarcity of energy resources as well as in the success of technologies which favor the use of renewable sources, such as wind energy. But what does wind energy mean for people? What are the psychological meanings concerning this term? Aiming to answer these questions, the general objective of this dissertation was to identify and to analyze the knowledge about wind energy taking into account a network of psychological meanings. One hundred and ninety one (191) university students from Natal-RN participated in the study, being male the majority (53%); aged between 17 and 51 years old (M=23.3 years; SD=5.7). Participants responded to self reports using the Natural Semantic Networks (NSW) technique, as well as to several sociodemographic questions. The results showed a consistent, positive and useful general semantic network. In this semantic network, knowledge about wind energy was represented by words that correspond to the appeal of (pro) environmental stance (e.g., clean and nature), that evinced both the technological aspect (e.g., force) and the economic aspect (e.g., economy). Results from different groups were also analyzed. The first set of groups (non-environemental and environmental) was divided considering the course (e.g., ecology and economy). The second set of groups(non-caretaker and caretaker) was divided based on the practice of environmental care expressed. Subtle differences were observed in the semantic networks of caretakers, who emphasized environment, an attribute not mentioned by non-caretakes. This indicates a construction of knowledge that is influenced by the presence or absence of the environmental commitment. Such findings may be useful in the construction of instruments for surveys and in the development of public and educational policies. Additionally, they may assist the media towards a more objective performance concerning wind energy

Energia eólica: uma alternativa de energia renov��vel para a matriz energ��tica do Brasil?

O presente trabalho possui o intuito de analisar o panorama de energia eólica em ��mbito mundial, dando um enfoque maior para seu cen��rio no Brasil. Primeiramente, estudando a hist��ria da energia eólica, seu advento, para fins de solu����o ao vi��s ambiental e �� necessidade de diversifica����o da matriz energ��tica mundial, com a finalidade de assumir os compromissos firmados no Protocolo de Kyoto, e, no caso do Brasil, da menor depend��ncia do abastecimento externo