Seismic Risk Scenarios in Puerto Principe (Haiti). A Tool for Reconstruction and Emergency Planning

The 12 January 2010, an earthquake hit the city of Port-au-Prince, capital of Haiti. The earthquake reached a magnitude Mw 7.0 and the epicenter was located near the town of Léogâne, approximately 25 km west of the capital. The earthquake occurred in the boundary region separating the Caribbean plate and the North American plate. This plate boundary is dominated by left-lateral strike slip motion and compression, and accommodates about 20 mm/y slip, with the Caribbean plate moving eastward with respect to the North American plate (DeMets et al., 2000). Initially the location and focal mechanism of the earthquake seemed to involve straightforward accommodation of oblique relative motion between the Caribbean and North American plates along the Enriquillo-Plantain Garden fault system (EPGFZ), however Hayes et al., (2010) combined seismological observations, geologic field data and space geodetic measurements to show that, instead, the rupture process involved slip on multiple faults. Besides, the authors showed that remaining shallow shear strain will be released in future surface-rupturing earthquakes on the EPGFZ. In December 2010, a Spanish cooperation project financed by the Politechnical University of Madrid started with a clear objective: Evaluation of seismic hazard and risk in Haiti and its application to the seismic design, urban planning, emergency and resource management. One of the tasks of the project was devoted to vulnerability assessment of the current building stock and the estimation of seismic risk scenarios. The study was carried out by following the capacity spectrum method as implemented in the software SELENA (Molina et al., 2010). The method requires a detailed classification of the building stock in predominant building typologies (according to the materials in the structure and walls, number of stories and age of construction) and the use of the building (residential, commercial, etc.). Later, the knowledge of the soil characteristics of the city and the simulation of a scenario earthquake will provide the seismic risk scenarios (damaged buildings). The initial results of the study show that one of the highest sources of uncertainties comes from the difficulty of achieving a precise building typologies classification due to the craft construction without any regulations. Also it is observed that although the occurrence of big earthquakes usually helps to decrease the vulnerability of the cities due to the collapse of low quality buildings and the reconstruction of seismically designed buildings, in the case of Port-au-Prince the seismic risk in most of the districts remains high, showing very vulnerable areas. Therefore the local authorities have to drive their efforts towards the quality control of the new buildings, the reinforcement of the existing building stock, the establishment of seismic normatives and the development of emergency planning also through the education of the population.

Dynamic evacuation analyses : independent assessments of evacuation times from the plume exposure pathway emergency planning zones of twelve nuclear power stations /

On cover: FEMA-REP-3.

Emergency planning guidelines for American businesses abroad.

Mode of access: Internet.

Emergency planning guidelines for American businesses abroad.

Mode of access: Internet.

Emergency worker training : participant manual : Quad Cities Station Emergency Planning Zone /

Cover title.

Emergency planning guide : an action plan for state agencies.

"January, 1992."

Emergency planning for drinking water systems -- Illinois.

"IEPA/PWS/83-011."

School emergency planning guide.

Intended to help school officials develop and implement plans and policies for responding to natural and technological disasters or civil disturbances.

Toxic chemical release inventory reporting forms and instructions : section 313 of the Emergency Planning and Right-to-Know Act : (Title III of the Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act of 1986).

"February 1999."

"The need obliged us" : culture as capacity during the Hurricane Stan emergency response. A case study from Tectitan, Huehuetenango, Guatemala

A major deficiency in disaster management plans is the assumption that pre-disaster civil-society does not have the capacity to respond effectively during crises. Following from this assumption a dominant emergency management strategy is to replace weak civil-society organizations with specialized disaster organizations that are often either military or Para-military and seek to centralize decision-making. Many criticisms have been made of this approach, but few specifically addresses disasters in the developing world. Disasters in the developing world present unique problems not seen in the developed world because they often occur in the context of compromised governments, and marginalized populations. In this context it is often community members themselves who possess the greatest capacity to respond to disasters. This paper focuses on the capacity of community groups to respond to disaster in a small town in rural Guatemala. Key informant interviews and ethnographic observations are used to reconstruct the community response to the disaster instigated by Hurricane Stan (2005) in the municipality of Tectitán in the Huehuetenango department. The interviews were analyzed using techniques adapted from grounded theory to construct a narrative of the events, and identify themes in the community’s disaster behavior. These themes are used to critique the emergency management plans advocated by the Guatemalan National Coordination for the Reduction of Disasters (CONRED). This paper argues that CONRED uncritically adopts emergency management strategies that do not account for the local realities in communities throughout Guatemala. The response in Tectitán was characterized by the formation of new organizations, whose actions and leadership structure were derived from “normal” or routine life. It was found that pre-existing social networks were resilient and easily re-oriented meet the novel needs of a crisis. New or emergent groups that formed during the disaster utilized social capital accrued by routine collective behavior, and employed organizational strategies derived from “normal” community relations. Based on the effectiveness of this response CONRED could improve its emergency planning on the local-level by utilizing the pre-existing community organizations rather than insisting that new disaster-specific organizations be formed.

Safe schools : unified emergency school contingency plan /

This contingency plan, a collaborative effort among the Illinois State Police, local law enforcement and public and private schools, is intended to stimulate emergency planning and provide an organizational tool for schools to use in development of their own emergency plans.

An operational research-based integrated approach for mass evacuation planning of a city

Large-scale disasters are constantly occurring around the world, and in many cases evacuation of regions of city is needed. ‘Operational Research/Management Science’ (OR/MS) has been widely used in emergency planning for over five decades. Warning dissemination, evacuee transportation and shelter management are three ‘Evacuation Support Functions’ (ESF) generic to many hazards. This thesis has adopted a case study approach to illustrate the importance of integrated approach of evacuation planning and particularly the role of OR/MS models. In the warning dissemination phase, uncertainty in the household’s behaviour as ‘warning informants’ has been investigated along with uncertainties in the warning system. An agentbased model (ABM) was developed for ESF-1 with households as agents and ‘warning informants’ behaviour as the agent behaviour. The model was used to study warning dissemination effectiveness under various conditions of the official channel. In the transportation phase, uncertainties in the household’s behaviour such as departure time (a function of ESF-1), means of transport and destination have been. Households could evacuate as pedestrians, using car or evacuation buses. An ABM was developed to study the evacuation performance (measured in evacuation travel time). In this thesis, a holistic approach for planning the public evacuation shelters called ‘Shelter Information Management System’ (SIMS) has been developed. A generic allocation framework of was developed to available shelter capacity to the shelter demand by considering the evacuation travel time. This was formulated using integer programming. In the sheltering phase, the uncertainty in household shelter choices (either nearest/allocated/convenient) has been studied for its impact on allocation policies using sensitivity analyses. Using analyses from the models and detailed examination of household states from ‘warning to safety’, it was found that the three ESFs though sequential in time, however have lot of interdependencies from the perspective of evacuation planning. This thesis has illustrated an OR/MS based integrated approach including and beyond single ESF preparedness. The developed approach will help in understanding the inter-linkages of the three evacuation phases and preparing a multi-agency-based evacuation planning evacuation

Uma percepção geográfica dos riscos do empreendimento termonuclear sobre a comunidade da Vila do Frade, Angra dos Reis, RJ

A comunidade da Vila do Frade encontra-se localizada a 5 km de distância em linha reta do reator da central Nuclear almirante Álvaro Alberto, angra dos Reis, RJ. Possui uma população heterogênea, miscigenada por intensos processos de migração ocorridos a partir da década de 1960 em busca das oportunidades de emprego oferecidos pela industrialização local. Ao longo do tempo, parte dessa população assumiu o risco de morar próximo a um reator nuclear, e por isso, migrou em direção as ofertas de emprego oferecidas pelas atividades da central nuclear. Porém, outra parte da população, já residente na região antes da instalação dos reatores nucleares, foi obrigada a conviver com os riscos ou a migrar. À medida que as transformações territoriais avançaram pelas diferentes áreas do município passaram a expor a sociedade local a riscos nunca antes experimentados. Entendido como um processo ou o produto da frequência de ocorrência de um evento no tempo, o risco pode ser assumido, gerenciado ou negligenciado. Dessa forma, a presente pesquisa buscou, através de um estudo empírico, compreender como os diferentes agentes sociais locais convivem com os riscos da atividade nuclear. Foi objetivo da pesquisa a análise da concepção do conceito e da condição de risco por parte dos diferentes agentes sociais constituintes da comunidade da Vila do Frade, Angra dos Reis. Além disso, foi discutido o papel do Estado no processo do ordenamento territorial local. Para tal, uma metodologia baseada no estudo da percepção ambiental dos diferentes agentes sociais locais foi elaborada. As atividades foram precedidas de um levantamento bibliográfico capaz de dar suporte as investigações, além disso, foram realizadas entrevistas quantitativas e qualitativas com as diferentes representações sociais local. As entrevistas quantitativas foram organizadas num banco de dados e utilizadas para compor uma caracterização da população local no que se refere aos conhecimentos necessários para a aplicação do plano de emergência externo da central nuclear. As entrevistas qualitativas foram organizadas num questionário semiestruturado, composto por perguntas abertas e fechadas, e tiveram como objetivo geral uma compreensão da influência da central nuclear nos processos de desenvolvimento humano local. Para a maioria dos entrevistados a falta de um instrumental metodológico capaz de abranger com maior eficiência todas as áreas, classes sociais da comunidade da Vila do Frade e levar com clareza as questões que se colocam dentro do plano de emergência externo são apontados como o principal fator de risco existente na região.