997 resultados para Efecto genotypic


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Con el objeto de detectar la influencia del genotipo en la presencia de anormalidades morfológicas, se tomó una muestra de 200 bulbillos de cada uno de los 7 clones de ajo colorado, incluidos en un ensayo experimental en bloques completamente aleatorizados con 4 repeticiones, en un solo ambiente de expresión. En cada clon se computaron las proporciones de bulbos normales, pera, cebollón y doble. En los bulbos normales se midió la distribución de calibres. Se compararon las proporciones de anormalidades entre los clones. Un clon se diferenció (p < 0,05) de los restantes por no poseer malformaciones y presentar un calibre promedio bajo. Utilizando en conjunto la información obtenida, se realizó un análisis de componentes principales y de conglomerado. Se utilizó la distancia euclidiana promedio y el método de ligamiento promedio. Los dos primeros ejes del análisis de componentes principales representaron el 74% de la variación de los datos. La información obtenida permitió reunir 3 grupos de clones por su asociación a calibres y anormalidades morfológicas. El primer grupo formado por un clon sin anormalidades y con mayor proporción de calibre 4 y 5; el segundo, de cuatro clones con presencia de ajo cebollón y el tercero, de dos clones asociados a los bulbos pera, dobles y de calibres 6. Se demostró la influencia del genotipo en la frecuencia de anormalidades morfológicas.

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[es]En sus habitas naturales, los microorganismos están en un estado constante de adaptación a cambios tanto bióticos como abióticos. Ante situaciones de estré s, como por ejemplo cambios en nutriente s, temperatura o de osmolar idad , la s estrategias de supervivencia o adapta ción se puede n manifestar como cambios fenotípicos y genotípicos . En este estudio se analizaron algunos mecanismos de cambio asociados a la supervivencia y la composición proteica de membrana en Escherichia coli (bact eria mesófila), al ser expuesta a condiciones de ayuno y a temperaturas subó ptimas (4 y 20ºC). Al realizar un análisis comparativ o del subproteoma de membrana entre estas dos temperaturas, se observó que ante la ausencia de nutrientes, E. coli respondía de forma diferen te en la expresió n de proteí nas as ociadas a estructura (lipoproteínas), conservación de la energía y transporte, con un aumento en el nú mero de proteí nas expresadas a 20 o C. Se observó, además, una importante diferencia en la supervivencia a estas dos temperaturas, donde el número de células en el estado viable no cultivable (VNC) representaron un porcentaje importante a 20ºC

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AIMS: To examine pigs at slaughter in New Zealand for the presence of Pasteurella multocida, and to determine for isolates, their biochemical profi les, somatic and capsular types, and the presence or absence of the HSB and toxA genes, associated with haemorrhagic septicaemia (HS) and progressive atrophic rhinitis (PAR), respectively. METHODS: Swabs from 173 lungs, 158 palatine tonsils and 82 nasal passages of pigs at two abattoirs in New Zealand were cultured for P. multocida using conventional techniques, and isolated colonies were subjected to biochemical tests for identi- fi cation of biovars. Somatic serotyping was conducted using an agar gel immunodiffusion (AGID) test. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays were used to confi rm phenotypic identifi cation of colonies using species-specifi c primers, capsule type using serogroup-specifi c primers and multiplex PCR, and to test for the presence of HSB and toxA genes. RESULTS: Pasteurella multocida was isolated from 11/173 (6.4%) lung, 32/158 (20.2%) palatine tonsil and 5/82 (6.1 %) nasal swab samples, a total of 48 isolates from 413 samples (11.6%). Isolation rates per farm ranged from 1–53% of tissue samples collected from pigs 5–6 months of age. On phenotypic characterisation, isolates were allocated to seven main biovars, viz 1, 2, 3, 5, 9, 12, and a dulcitol-negative variant of Biovar 8, the majority (30/48) being Biovar 3. Of the 42 isolates for which somatic serotyping was conducted, 10% were Serovar 1, 79% were Serovar 3, 2% were Serovar 6,1, 2% were Serovar 12, and 7% could not be typed. All 48 isolates were confi rmed as P. multocida using a species-specifi c PCR. In the capsular multiplex PCR, 92% of isolates were Capsular (Cap) type A, 2% were Cap D, and 6% could not be typed. None of the samples were positive for the HSB or toxA genes. CONCLUSION: Serovars or capsular types of P. multocida associated with HS or PAR in pigs were not detected. Establishment of species-specifi c, capsular and toxin PCR assays allowed the rapid screening of isolates of P. multocida, while serotyping provided an additional tool for epidemiological and tracing purposes.

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Root system characteristics are of fundamental importance to soil exploration and below-ground resource acquisition. Root architectural traits determine the in situ space-filling properties of a root system or root architecture. The growth angle of root axes is a principal component of root system architecture that has been strongly associated with acquisition efficiency in many crop species. The aims of this study were to examine the extent of genotypic variability for the growth angle and number of seminal roots in 27 current Australian and 3 CIMMYT wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) genotypes, and to quantify using fractal analysis the root system architecture of a subset of wheat genotypes contrasting in drought tolerance and seminal root characteristics. The growth angle and number of seminal roots showed significant genotypic variation among the wheat genotypes with values ranging from 36 to 56 (degrees) and 3 to 5 (plant-1), respectively. Cluster analysis of wheat genotypes based on similarity in their seminal root characteristics resulted in four groups. The group composition reflected to some extent the genetic background and environmental adaptation of genotypes. Wheat cultivars grown widely in the Mediterranean environments of southern and western Australia generally had wider growth angle and lower number of seminal axes. In contrast, cultivars with superior performance on deep clay soils in the northern cropping region, such as SeriM82, Baxter, Babax, and Dharwar Dry exhibited a narrower angle of seminal axes. The wheat genotypes also showed significant variation in fractal dimension (D). The D values calculated for the individual segments of each root system suggested that, compared to the standard cultivar Hartog, the drought-tolerant genotypes adapted to the northern region tended to distribute relatively more roots in the soil volume directly underneath the plant. These findings suggest that wheat root system architecture is closely linked to the angle of seminal root axes at the seedling stage. The implications of genotypic variation in the seminal root characteristics and fractal dimension for specific adaptation to drought environment types are discussed with emphasis on the possible exploitation of root architectural traits in breeding for improved wheat cultivars for water-limited environments.

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Kernel weight is an important factor determining grain yield and nutritional quality in sorghum, yet the developmental processes underlying the genotypic differences in potential kernel weight remain unclear. The aim of this study was to determine the stage in development at which genetic effects on potential kernel weight were realized, and to investigate the developmental mechanisms by which potential kernel weight is controlled in sorghum. Kernel development was studied in two field experiments with five genotypes known to differ in kernel weight at maturity. Pre-fertilization floret and ovary development was examined and post-fertilization kernel-filling characteristics were analysed. Large kernels had a higher rate of kernel filling and contained more endosperm cells and starch granules than normal-sized kernels. Genotypic differences in kernel development appeared before stamen primordia initiation in the developing florets, with sessile spikelets of large-seeded genotypes having larger floret apical meristems than normal-seeded genotypes. At anthesis, the ovaries for large-sized kernels were larger in volume, with more cells per layer and more vascular bundles in the ovary wall. Across experiments and genotypes, there was a significant positive correlation between kernel dry weight at maturity and ovary volume at anthesis. Genotypic effects on meristem size, ovary volume, and kernel weight were all consistent with additive genetic control, suggesting that they were causally related. The pre-fertilization genetic control of kernel weight probably operated through the developing pericarp, which is derived from the ovary wall and potentially constrains kernel expansion.

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Drought during the pre-flowering stage can increase yield of peanut. There is limited information on genotypic variation for tolerance to and recovery from pre-flowering drought (PFD) and more importantly the physiological traits underlying genotypic variation. The objectives of this study were to determine the effects of moisture stress during the pre-flowering phase on pod yield and to understand some of the physiological responses underlying genotypic variation in response to and recovery from PFD. A glasshouse and field experiments were conducted at Khon Kaen University, Thailand. The glasshouse experiment was a randomized complete block design consisting of two watering regimes, i.e. fully-irrigated control and 1/3 available soil water from emergence to 40 days after emergence followed by adequate water supply, and 12 peanut genotypes. The field experiment was a split-plot design with two watering regimes as main-plots, and 12 peanut genotypes as sub-plots. Measurements of N-2 fixation, leaf area (LA) were made in both experiments. In addition, root growth was measured in the glasshouse experiment. Imposition of PFD followed by recovery resulted in an average increase in yield of 24 % (range from 10 % to 57 %) and 12 % (range from 2 % to 51 %) in the field and glasshouse experiments, respectively. Significant genotypic variation for N-2 fixation, LA and root growth was also observed after recovery. The study revealed that recovery growth following release of PFD had a stronger influence on final yield than tolerance to water deficits during the PFD. A combination of N-2 fixation, LA and root growth accounted for a major portion of the genotypic variation in yield (r = 0.68-0.93) suggesting that these traits could be used as selection criteria for identifying genotypes with rapid recovery from PFD. A combined analysis of glasshouse and field experiments showed that LA and N-2 fixation during the recovery had low genotype x environment interaction indicating potential for using these traits for selecting genotypes in peanut improvement programs.

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Experiments at 2 sites in subtropical eastern Australia investigated the variation in agronomic attributes, quality and genetic structure existing within: naturally-occurring populations of kikuyu ( Pennisetum clandestinum) from within Australia; selections produced from the treatment of Whittet seed with mutagenic chemicals; and available cultivars. Runners were collected from coastal areas extending from Western Australia to the Atherton Tableland in north Queensland. One experiment evaluated 10 mutagenic selections and 4 cultivars in a lattice design and the other evaluated 12 ecotypes and 3 cultivars in a randomised block design. The experimental unit was single plants, which were sown on a 1.5 m grid into a weed-free seed-bed (Mutdapilly) or a killed kikuyu stand (Wollongbar), both of which were kept clear of weeds and other kikuyu plants for the duration of the experiments. Foliage height, forage production and runner yield were assessed. Leaf material was analysed for concentrations of crude protein (CP), acid detergent fibre (ADF) and neutral detergent fibre (NDF) and for in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDDM) in autumn, winter and spring. DNA was extracted from each plant in the ecotype comparison and subjected to a modified DAF (DNA amplification fingerprinting) analysis to determine the level of genetic relatedness. In the first experiment, none of the mutagenic lines derived from Whittet yielded significantly more or was more digestible than commercial Whittet material, although some selections were superior to the other commercial kikuyu cultivars, Noonan and Crofts, and 'common' kikuyu. However, there were significant differences in plant height and runner expansion. In the second experiment, significant differences in plant height, foliage yield, runner development, and leaf CP, ADF, NDF and IVDDM concentrations were demonstrated between the ecotypes, mutagenic selections and cultivars. There was a 4- to 6-fold difference in plant yield and a 6- to 10-fold difference in runner production between the ecotypes at the 2 sites. Quality of the leaf ranged from 200 to 270 g/kg (CP), from 700 to 770 g/kg (IVDDM), from 170 to 250 g/kg (ADF) and from 470 to 550 g/kg (NDF). Improvements in quality and agronomic attributes were not mutually exclusive. Genetic fingerprint analysis of the kikuyu lines indicated that they formed 2 broad groupings. Most of the regional ecotypes were grouped with 'common' kikuyu as represented by the material collected from Wollongbar, and the Beechmont, Atherton Tableland and Gympie ecotypes were grouped with the registered cultivars Whittet, Noonan and Crofts. Two lines produced by mutagenesis from Whittet remained closely linked to Whittet. These results suggest that there was variation between populations of kikuyu in yield, quality and genetic diversity but that mutagenesis by treating seed with sodium azide and diethylene sulphide did not achieve a significant change in the digestibility of leaf over cv. Whittet.

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For zygosity diagnosis in the absence of genotypic data, or in the recruitment phase of a twin study where only single twins from same-sex pairs are being screened, or to provide a test for sample duplication leading to the false identification of a dizygotic pair as monozygotic, the appropriate analysis of respondents' answers to questions about zygosity is critical. Using data from a young adult Australian twin cohort (N = 2094 complete pairs and 519 singleton twins from same-sex pairs with complete responses to all zygosity items), we show that application of latent class analysis (LCA), fitting a 2-class model, yields results that show good concordance with traditional methods of zygosity diagnosis, but with certain important advantages. These include the ability, in many cases, to assign zygosity with specified probability on the basis of responses of a single informant (advantageous when one zygosity type is being oversampled); and the ability to quantify the probability of misassignment of zygosity, allowing prioritization of cases for genotyping as well as identification of cases of probable laboratory error. Out of 242 twins (from 121 like-sex pairs) where genotypic data were available for zygosity confirmation, only a single case was identified of incorrect zygosity assignment by the latent class algorithm. Zygosity assignment for that single case was identified by the LCA as uncertain (probability of being a monozygotic twin only 76%), and the co-twin's responses clearly identified the pair as dizygotic (probability of being dizygotic 100%). In the absence of genotypic data, or as a safeguard against sample duplication, application of LCA for zygosity assignment or confirmation is strongly recommended.

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Human rotaviruses were isolated from asymptomatic neonates at various hospitals and clinics in the city of Bangalore, India, and were found to be subgroup I specific and possess long RNA patterns (M. Sukumaran, K. Gowda, P. P. Maiya, T. P. Srinivas, M. S. Kumar, S. Aijaz, R. R. Reddy, L. Padilla, H. B. Greenberg, and C. D. Rao, Arch. Virol. 126:239-251, 1992). Three of these strains were adapted to tissue culture and found by serotype analysis and neutralization assays to be of serotype 10, a serotype commonly found in cattle but infrequently found in humans and not previously identified in neonates. By RNA-RNA hybridization, a high level of relatedness to a serotype 10 bovine rotavirus strain and a low-to-medium level of relatedness to a human rotavirus strain were observed. Since this human isolate shares a genogroup with bovine rotavirus, it is likely that it originated by interspecies transmission. A human rotavirus strain isolated from asymptomatic neonates and similar to bovine rotavirus might represent a good vaccine candidate.

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Este estudio se realizó con el objetivo de determinar si la Harina de Mosca del Gusano barrenador del Ganado (Cochliomya homínívorax)podia Sustituir a la harina de soya, dando los mismos o mejores resultados sobre los índices productivo; al Consumo de Alimento(C.A.) Conversión Alimenticia (C.A.) y Ganancia Media Diaria (G.M.D.)en pollos de engorde Hubbard. Además se evaluo la utilidad económica de los tratamientos. Las dietas y los diferentes tratamientos consistieron En : T1:100% de Harina de mosca; T2 :50% de Harina de mosca con 50% de harina de soya y T3 :0'% de harina de mosca o Sea 100% Harina de soya. Se emplearon pollos de un día de nacidos y con peso promedio de pollo de 42 gramos. Cada tratamiento estuvo conformado por tres repeticiones de 7 pollos cada una las raciones por tratamiento . En el análisis estadístico fue empleado las el diseño Completamente Aleatorio (D.C.A) Se obtuvieron ganancias medias diarias de T1: 21.66; T2:23.41; T3:18.06 gr/día/pollo respectivamente resultando significativa al Pr<0.05. Al realízarse el presupuesto parcial se determino que los taratamientos que contenían harina de mosca del gusano barrenador de ganado fueron los que arrojaron mejores utilidades.

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En el centro experimental ele pastos y forrajes "Santa Rosa", de la Comisión Nacional de Ganadería, ubicada al Norte de la comunidad de Sabana Grande, municipio de Managua, se realizó el ensayo acerca de los efectos de diferentes dosis y momentos de aplicación de nitrógeno, sobre la producción y calidad de semillas de A. gavanus Kunth CIAT 621. Se utilizó un diseño experimental de parcelas divididas con bloques completamente al azar con arreglo bifactorial. Se probaron cuatro dosis de fertilizante nitrogenado (urea al 46%): 50, 75, 100 y 125 kg/N/ha/corte, y un testigo (sin fertilizar), además de tres momentos de aplicación del fertilizante (al momento del corte, 15 y 30 días después del corte de uniformidad) Los resultados demostraron que tanto las dosis como los momentos tuvieron efectos estadísticamente significativos (P<0.01), sobre los componentes estructurales del rendimiento: tamaño de inflorescencia y número de tallos reproductivos por hectárea. Otros como: tamaño del raquis, número de raquis y número de ramificaciones, no mostraron diferencia significativa para dosis, ni para momentos de aplicación. Además, las dos is de nitrógeno influyeron más sobre el rendimiento de semilla, que los momentos de aplicación. La prueba de proporciones "Z", fue el estadístico de prueba utilizado, para analizar la calidad de la semilla, por la diferencia de proporciones entre las medias comparadas de los tratamientos. La variable de calidad de semilla pura, reflejó su mayor valor con el momento de aplicación 30 días después del corte de uniformidad (57.18 %), presentando únicamente diferencia significativa (P<0.05), con la aplicación de nitrógeno al momento del corte de uniformidad; respecto a las dosis aplicadas el máximo valor le correspondió a los 100 kg/N/ha/corte con 57.9 %, mostrando diferencia significativa (P<0.05), solamente con la dosis de 125 kg/N/ha/corte. El porcentaje de germinación fue más alto para el tratamiento de aplicación del nitrógeno a los 30 días después del corte de uniformidad con 48.7 %, teniendo únicamente diferencia significativa (P<0.05), con la aplicación al momento del corte de uniformidad; sin embargo, la mayor germinación se registró con la dosis de 100 kg/N/ha/corte (49.5 %). mostrando solamente diferencias significativas (P<0.05), con la dosis de 125 kg/N/ha/corte. El valor cultural, mostró una tendencia igual a las dos variables de calidad anteriores, por factores separados (dosis y momentos). El mayor valor obtenido fue con la dosis ele 100 kg/N/ha/corte(28.67 %), siendo estadísticamente igual (P>0.05), con las dosis de 50, 75 kg/N/ha/corte y el testigo; únicamente resultó diferencias significativas (P<0.05), con la dosis de 125 kg/N/ha/corte. Además, el momento a los 30 días después del corte de uniformidad (27.99 %), fue diferente estadísticamente (P<0.05), a la aplicación de nitrógeno al momento del corte de uniformidad. Este resultado se debió a que el valor cultural es un índice compuesto, producto de ambas variables (%de semilla pura y % de germinación). Por otra parte, el valor cultural mostró que al interactuar ambos factores (momento y dosis), se registró un alto valor de pureza y germinación con respecto al obtenido por efecto de factores separados; el mayor valor obtenido fue con el momento de aplicación a los 30 días después del corte de uniformidad y la dosis de 50 kg/N/ha/corte (34.2 % de semilla pura y germinable).

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El presente trabajo tuvo como objetivo, evaluar en términos biológicos y económicos, el efecto de la dosis y el momento de aplicación de nitrógeno, sobre la producción y calidad de semillas de Androppgon gayanus CIAT 621. El estudio se llevó a cabo en la finca "Santa Rosa", ubicada al Oeste de la ciudad de Managua. El análisis de calidad de semilla se realizó empleándose la metodología utilizada por el CIAT, para el análisis de calidad de semillas brozosas. Se utilizó un diseño de bloques completos al azar, para un arreglo bifactorial de cuatro dosis y tres momentos de aplicación de nitrógeno. Se incluyó un tratamiento testigo, sin fertilización, para un total de 13 tratamientos y tres repeticiones por tratamiento. Los resultados evidencian que las dosis de nitrógeno y los momentos de aplicación, tuvieron efecto estadísticamente significativo (P<0.01) sobre el Número de Tallos Reproductivos Totales por Hectárea y el rendimiento de semilla Cruda por Hectárea. El incremento en el rendimiento de Semilla Cruda por Hectárea, estuvo asociado con el incremento del Número de Tallos Reproductivos Totales por Hectárea (r=.82) (Pefectos de las dosis de nitrógeno fueron no significativas, y significativos (P<0.05), para los tratamientos (dosis de nitrógeno x momento de aplicación), y los momentos de aplicación del fertilizante. En el caso de los otros componentes estructurales del rendimiento, no hubo diferencia de efecto de las dosis de nitrógeno, ni de los momentos de aplicación sobre las variables: Número de Racimos por Inflorescencia, Tamaño de Racimos y Peso de Racimos. Para el análisis estadístico de las variables de calidad de semilla, se realizó la prueba de "Z", para la diferencia de X proporciones. El porcentaje de Semilla Pura presentó su máximo valor con la dosis de 25 kg N/ha, aplicados a los 40 días después del corte de uniformidad (55.43%), presentando diferencias no significativas (P>0.05), respecto de la dosis de 75 kg N/ha, aplicados a los 20 días después del corte de uniformidad (55.31%). Para el porcentaje de Germinación, el valor más alto resultó cuando se aplicaron 100 kg N/ha, a los 40 días después del corte de uniformidad (46%), presentando diferencias no significativas (P>0.05), con la dosis de 25 kg N/ha, aplicados a los 40 días después del corte de uniformidad (45%). El Valor Cultural presentó una tendencia similar a las dos variables anteriores, (Semilla Pura y Germinación).Este resultado se debió a que el Valor Cultural es un índice compuesto producto de ambas variables. Su mayor valor se obtuvo con la dosis de 25 kg N/ha, aplicados a los 40 días después del corte de uniformidad (25%), siendo estadísticamente igual (P>0.05), cuando se aplicaron 75 kg N/ha, 20 días después del corte de uniformidad (23.78%).Este comportamiento irregular, en el efecto del nitrógeno sobre los parámetros de calidad de la semilla (Semilla Pura, Germinación y Valor Cultural), coincide con lo reportado por Ferguson (1991), quien afirma que los efectos del nitrógeno en la calidad de la semilla son variables, pero normalmente no tiene efecto. Otros autores; Cameron y Mullaly (1969) y Grof (1969), citados por Humphreys (1975}, reportan que no encontraron una relación consistente entre la calidad de la semilla y el nivel de nitrógeno, en la producción de semilla de pastos tropicales. De todos los tratamientos evaluados, el mayor beneficio monetario se obtuvo con la dosis de 75 kg N/ha aplicados a los 40 días después del corte de uniformidad (US $ 1,111.10/ha). No obstante, la dosis de 25 kg N/ha aplicados a los 40 días después del corte de uniformidad fue el tratamiento con el que se obtuvo el mayor margen de ingreso bruto (96.5% del ingreso total), en comparación con el resto de tratamientos en que se aplicó nitrógeno.