Aquisição de hábitos de trabalho e valores de cidadania em Percursos Curriculares Alternativos: uma educação inclusiva ou excludente?

O trabalho apresentado decorre do Projecto de Intervenção realizado no âmbito do Mestrado em Educação Especial: domínio cognitivo e motor, na Universidade Lusófona de Humanidades e Tecnologias. A presente intervenção contempla o trabalho realizado com uma turma de currículo alternativo (Cursos de Educação e Formação de Jovens), no que concerne à aquisição de hábitos e métodos de estudo e trabalho, bem como à interiorização de determinados valores de cidadania, potenciadores da aquisição de alguma motivação para a aprendizagem. O enquadramento teórico facilitará a compreensão das pedras basilares da intervenção, bem como das posições defendidas relativamente à escola inclusiva, à educação para a cidadania, à escola como espaço de luta contra a exclusão e o estigma e à possibilidade de uma aprendizagem significativa e integradora. Para obter informações sobre a turma em questão, sobre a sua integração num espaço escolar específico e para delinear todo o processo de intervenção foram utilizados vários suportes metodológicos, a saber, a pesquisa documental, a observação naturalista, os questionários e diversos instrumentos de registo (notas de campo). Os princípios que orientaram a intervenção realizada, tendo como horizonte uma investigação - acção, bem como os objectivos definidos para a turma, as diversas actividades realizadas, os métodos de avaliação dessa mesma aprendizagem e a colaboração de todos os intervenientes neste processo, permitiram a constatação de algumas melhorias relevantes na área académica e social, em alguns alunos. As práticas educativas que delinearam esta intervenção permitiram desbravar novos caminhos em direcção a novas formas de encarar o ensino de jovens em risco de abandono escolar, permitindo uma nova visão da importância de uma escola democrática, integradora e acolhedora. Considerando-se que no início estávamos perante um grupo-turma com muitas dificuldades comportamentais, com falta de auto-estima e gosto pela escola e com total ausência de métodos e hábitos de estudo e trabalho, pode afirmar-se que todos os alunos melhoraram nos aspectos referidos, demonstrando um comportamento mais adequado em sala de aula e adquirindo alguns métodos e hábitos de estudo relevantes para o sucesso escolar.

Implementação da política de educação inclusiva nos municípios do Estado de São Paulo: um estudo de caso do município do Guarujá

A presente dissertação de mestrado tem como propósito expor as discussões acerca da temática da implementação da política de educação inclusiva em municípios, destacando e analisando o caso do município de Guarujá. Os objetivos deste trabalho são descrever a implementação da política de educação inclusiva nos municípios e analisar sua rede de atores relevantes. Observando recentes pesquisas sobre a temática, pretende-se discutir a influência do governo federal nessa implementação nos governos subnacionais e discutir a questão federativa na educação, no campo da educação inclusiva. A pesquisa levantou as leis, decretos, declarações e normatizações e os principais planos governamentais e programas que estão conectados ao tema, organizando-os em uma perspectiva histórica. Os principais modelos teóricos utilizados nessa análise são sobre o formato de rede e a perspectiva de jogo na implementação de políticas públicas. Para que essas análises fossem possíveis, observou-se a experiência do município do Guarujá na implementação da política pública de educação inclusiva durante os anos de 2009 a 2012. Levantaram-se dados sobre essa política, que foram organizados para a presente análise, tendo como foco a gestão municipal.

Representação social sobre educação inclusiva por professores de Cruzeiro do Sul - Acre

Nowadays the discussion about providing a quality education for all students is more and more recurrent, including for those who have special educational necessities. The discussion increases regarding that it is not enough to include these students in the regular school, but also to provide conditions of learning and development. This requirement implies changes in the educational system, as well as in the teachers‟ everyday; and these changes manifest themselves through the complexity of the functions which are assigned to the teachers and the school. The news that are generated from the perspective of the inclusive education asks for new formative models for teacher‟s performance, once he tries to (re)build knowledge, knowings and doings among troubles and conflicts as a way to decrease the impact caused by the necessary transformations. This research approached this context in order to understand the social representation about the inclusive education from teachers who work in the regular public school system in the Municipality of Cruzeiro do Sul, State of Acre. To approach the symbolic content, we elected the Multiple Classification Procedure (MCP) as the methodological approach. For that, it was necessary to apply the Technique of Free-Association of Words (TFAW) to 60 participants what provided data to the first step of the chosen methodological procedure. The criterion of choice of the participants took into account if they dealt with student who has special educational necessities and with public schools. Later, we applied MCP to 50 teachers from specialized course in inclusive education subgroup 01 and 30 teachers who has no specialized formation subgroup 02. The collected data from this step was examined through multidimensional and content analysis for a better understanding of their symbolic dimensions. The results from the multidimensional analysis showed that the subject inclusive education‟ for subgroup 01 involved the following facets: circulating discourses that meant the naming of the characteristics that teachers think indispensable to inclusive education; teachers in relation to the inclusive practice that was focused on the relation between teaching and included student, and repercussion to the student that showed the advantages that the inclusive education provided to the student who has special educational necessities. Subgroup 02 dealt with the following facets: characteristics of the included student that approached teachers‟ view on this student; negative aspects that regarded the naming of the obstacles in the achievement of inclusive education; and teacher‟s relations to the inclusive education that approach professional, affective, and formative elements. The content analysis revealed four categories: disagreeing concepts; conception of inclusive education; dimension of the teacher‟s inclusive doing, and difficulties and resistance to carry out the inclusion of a student who has special educational necessities in the regularschool. Both analyses multidimensional and content one showed that the constitution of elements in a social representation of inclusive education was a mixture formed by the characteristics of this sort of education and the school integration, materialized on the figure of the different‟ student. The representational field of the subject inclusive education‟ was associated to the social representation of the student who has special educational necessities, making clear the deficiency/ difference, and causing the difficulty of the teachers in achieving what they say about the phenomenon

Educação inclusiva e formação continuada: contribuições dos casos de ensino para os processos de aprendizagem e desenvolvimento profissional de professores

This study focuses on processes of learning and professional development experienced by elementary school teachers who have students with special educational needs in their classrooms. Cases and case methods can be used as methodological resource to articulate the continued training of teachers in an inclusive perspective. This research-intervention adopted a constructive-collaborative model for continued teachers formation. The main objective was to investigate the possible contributions of teaching cases, while investigative and formative strategies, for the processes of learning and professional development of teachers who work in the regular school. The data were collected by means of analytical activities, drafting collective discussion and teaching cases, having eight teachers as participants in a regular public school, located in the municipality of Natal/RN, Brasil. The theoretical reference covers the inclusive education, teaching learning, teachers professional development, the knowledge base for teaching and teaching cases as a resource for continued teachers formation in an inclusive perspective. The results indicated that teaching cases allowed description and analysis of educational practices developed by regular education teachers and adoption of reflective processes about situations reported and on their own pedagogical actuation, achieving indications of changes. It also indicates the contribution of cases for the clarification, systematization and extension of professional knowledge about inclusive education process as well as for involvement by the teachers of the study in a pedagogical thinking process. The lessons learned are related mainly to own role as teachers of regular education, to the role of professional support and specialized institutions faced to school inclusion. The analyses showed the methodological option was suitable to develop a schoolcentric training process, allowing teachers to seek in their actual environment alternatives for construction of a new logic of teaching that encloses diversity. The conclusion is that the cases, while bringing educational situations closer to the reality experienced by teachers in their daily professional role, causes relevant improvement on teachers education, because it offers training in conjunction with the experience and knowledge that teachers already have

Educação inclusiva e formação continuada: contribuições dos casos de ensino para os processos de aprendizagem e desenvolvimento profissional de professores

This study focuses on processes of learning and professional development experienced by elementary school teachers who have students with special educational needs in their classrooms. Cases and case methods can be used as methodological resource to articulate the continued training of teachers in an inclusive perspective. This research-intervention adopted a constructive-collaborative model for continued teachers formation. The main objective was to investigate the possible contributions of teaching cases, while investigative and formative strategies, for the processes of learning and professional development of teachers who work in the regular school. The data were collected by means of analytical activities, drafting collective discussion and teaching cases, having eight teachers as participants in a regular public school, located in the municipality of Natal/RN, Brasil. The theoretical reference covers the inclusive education, teaching learning, teachers professional development, the knowledge base for teaching and teaching cases as a resource for continued teachers formation in an inclusive perspective. The results indicated that teaching cases allowed description and analysis of educational practices developed by regular education teachers and adoption of reflective processes about situations reported and on their own pedagogical actuation, achieving indications of changes. It also indicates the contribution of cases for the clarification, systematization and extension of professional knowledge about inclusive education process as well as for involvement by the teachers of the study in a pedagogical thinking process. The lessons learned are related mainly to own role as teachers of regular education, to the role of professional support and specialized institutions faced to school inclusion. The analyses showed the methodological option was suitable to develop a schoolcentric training process, allowing teachers to seek in their actual environment alternatives for construction of a new logic of teaching that encloses diversity. The conclusion is that the cases, while bringing educational situations closer to the reality experienced by teachers in their daily professional role, causes relevant improvement on teachers education, because it offers training in conjunction with the experience and knowledge that teachers already have

Apoio pedagógico, ação coletiva e diálogo: tramas da formação continuada em educação inclusiva

This work detaches the importance of the continued formation of the educators in terms of the inclusive educational process, pointing as basic elements the continued formation of the educational professionals. In this direction, it points and it defends the dialogue in the perspective of David Bohm, with interfaces of the freireanas ideas, as a methodological resource of action that allows the organization of strategies of collective and effective pedagogical support in inclusive schools, in the same time articulates the continued formation of the professionals in education. Characterized as research in a dialogical action with collective participation and collaboration, it counted with the participation of 87 educators, between professors, pedagogical, managing coordinators and specialists of special education in two schools of the state and municipal public system of Natal/RN. The results had pointed with respect to the viability of the dialogue as articulated methodological tool of the continued formation in service, when providing the establishment of personal and professional relationship between the educators, favoring the discursive enjoyment of the lived experiences, allows the organization of strategies of collective and effective pedagogical support in the scholar environment. On the basis of these results, this work also points to some items to reflections as the reorganization of the Secretariats and the schools, in the direction to brighten up the fragmentation and the discontinuity of the pedagogical actions evidenced and to instigate a process of changes that has glimpsed the professional development of the educators through its continued formation in service and the improvement of the school in the way of the concretization of an education directed toward the acceptance, respect and attendance the diversity of its pupils, as detaches the official documents and the studies on the inclusive education

Formação continuada e representação social: implicações para a educação inclusiva

This study is part of the line of research on Teacher Education, circumscribed to the Graduate Program in Education of Federal University Rio Grande do Norte. In it, we have a qualitative research, whose object returned to the influence of continued education in social representation of inclusive education of Elementary School teachers. The same was done in an Elementary School of Cruzeiro do Sul city (Brasil/Acre) and performed with the participation of 11 teachers. We assume that thinking a continuing education inclusive presupposes reflect on the redefinition and resignification of practices undertaken by the teacher. Therefore, the teacher education is conceived as a continuum in which the teacher will be graduating in forming, shaping their way of being in social situations. We argue that in the context of interactions, we are going to reconstruct social representations that guide actions and attitudes about the objects that have meaning for the group. It was with the aim of identify the influence of these social representations and at the same time submit a proposal for continuing training in structured formative needs teachers who made use of collaborative action research. Since we believe that this can either meet the assumptions of a research and vocational training to enable that researcher and other teachers, collectively, problematizing situations of practice and, at the same time able to intervene in the same it. As procedures for obtaining information and analysis of the data, we performed, respectively, semi-structured interviews (individual and collective); reflective studies sessions and the analysis of content. The path of research revealed two social representations integrated one of inclusive education and another for student with disabilities. We noticed that although the teachers criticize the character sealed and limited of continued education courses that have frequented, reveal social representations of inclusive education and students with disabilities based on theories and concepts originated from such courses. As a result, represent inclusive education as an "education for all" and student with disabilities as someone "abnormal, different, but able to learn something . It is possible to state that from the moment the teachers approched theories about the principles of inclusive education and on the possibilities of student with disabilities took new discourses, and showed signs of change in the social representations before presented. In addition, we evidenced in this production that a proposal for training within the school, fomented by the needs teachers and having as methodology to collaborative action research, provides the (re)construction of collective knowledges and practices, sharing of experiences, hopes, discoveries and concerns and the development of cooperation and attitude for the (re)development of strategies to overcome the difficulties present in everyday teaching

Educação inclusiva: práticas de professores frente à deficiência intelectual

The present work is a survey of pedagogical practices of teachers who experience the daily school with students with Intellectual Disability (ID) in their classrooms, considered inclusive. The study was conducted in academic year 2010 in a municipal school in Natal-RN, aimed at investigating the pedagogical practices developed by the participating teachers as well as its view of the front of Intellectual Disabilities students who are inserted in the initial years of Elementary School. In methodological choice, considering the nature of the phenomenon, we chose the qualitative approach and the case study method. The observation and semi-structured interview were used as procedures, which contributed to a significant collection of data in an attempt to answer the objectives. The study subjects were selected by convenience and were formed into two teachers from Elementary School I, linked to the public educational system, which volunteered to collaborate in this research. The analysis of the observations and of the speeches made possible build pedagogical considerations on the action with students with Intellectual Disabilities in a regular school. The results point to a practice covered with a traditional pedagogy, with a few adjustments, although there is an initial process of change, what we observe in the classroom and captured in the words, because, at various times, we saw an interest in developing a pedagogy of Freire. One aspect that caught our attention refers to the formative action at school for these teachers. We found its incipiency, because this does not happen in a systematic way at school. Throughout the years investigated, the teachers had no access to any form of training neither to any form of specialized monitoring. We realize that there is still a concept of Intellectual Disability that makes difficult to "see" this student as a human being having learning opportunities. The aspects that interfere in the formation hinder the development of a pedagogical practice that meets the uniqueness of its customers and promotes a truly effective school inclusion, consistent with social rights proclaimed in this century. We believe in the irreversibility of the inclusive process initiated a few decades ago and that obstacles to the practice of teaching students with ID are visible and possible to overcome if they are turned into challenges for all those who compose the school, the municipal education system and those who build public policies for inclusive education

Interação entre professora e alunos em salas de aula com proposta pedagógica de educação inclusiva

Correntes teóricas presentes na literatura científica têm demonstrado a importância das relações interpessoais para o processo de construção do conhecimento. É no contexto da interação professor e aluno que se configura a relação entre as necessidades educacionais dos alunos e as respostas pedagógicas a elas disponibilizadas, o que envolve o domínio do conhecimento pelo professor, sua capacitação técnico-científica, a competência de ensinar pesquisando, as características sócio-culturais e o perfil psicológico dos atores sociais envolvidos- professor e aluno. Buscando melhor compreender este universo, elaborou-se este estudo que teve como objetivo descrever as interações ocorridas entre uma professora, e seus alunos, em classes em que se propunha adotar uma prática pedagógica inclusiva. Os dados foram coletados em 2 salas de aula, em escola estadual de Ensino Fundamental, no município de Bauru. O processo de coleta de dados se deu através do registro da realidade de sala de aula em vídeo tape. Optou-se por este método, por permitir a recuperação posterior dos dados. A coleta se deu no transcorrer do 1º semestre do ano letivo de 2001. A análise fundamentou-se em sistema prévio de categorias, e tratou os dados quantitativa e qualitativamente. Os resultados demonstraram peculiaridades e diferenças nas interações da professora com os seus alunos, em função da presença ou ausência da deficiência. Indicaram, também, que a interação vem demonstrando avanços na prática educacional, no que diz respeito à atenção pedagógica, da professora, ao aluno com deficiência.

Currículo e deficiência: análise de publicações brasileiras no cenário da educação inclusiva

A educação inclusiva envolve dimensões político-administrativas e pedagógicas. O currículo é umas dessas dimensões, e as adequações curriculares aparecem como uma estratégia para que sejam atendidos os princípios de uma escola para todos. Este estudo objetiva caracterizar o campo de estudos da educação inclusiva, por meio de uma revisão da literatura publicada entre os anos 2000 e 2010, em periódicos da área de educação, disponíveis no banco de dados Scielo. As palavras-chave utilizadas foram curricular, currículo, deficiência, educação especial e necessidades especiais. Os resultados demonstram que as produções na área são escassas no que diz respeito às estratégias para efetivação da educação inclusiva, limitando-se, prioritariamente, a reflexões e discussões teóricas que envolvem os princípios e políticas educacionais, pouco retratando experiências didático-pedagógicas que promovam ajustes curriculares e/ou formas de flexibilização do ensino.

Alunos com distúrbios do espectro autístico em interação com professores na educação inclusiva: descrição de habilidades pragmáticas

OBJETIVO: Investigar as habilidades pragmáticas de alunos com distúrbios do espectro autístico durante a interação com suas professoras em salas comuns de escolas públicas. MÉTODOS: Participaram 14 alunos com distúrbios do espectro autístico, de ambos os gêneros, com idade entre três e oito anos (média=5,9; DP=1,8). Como parte do procedimento, foram realizadas filmagens em situações de sala de aula e para análise dos aspectos pragmáticos da comunicação dos participantes, foi utilizado o Protocolo de Pragmática. Os resultados foram tratados estatisticamente (p<0,05 e em alguns casos p<0,01; foram utilizados os testes de Wilcoxon, Friedman, Kruskal-Wallis, Spearman). RESULTADOS: em média, o número de atos comunicativos expressos por minuto pelas professoras (3,4 atos/min) foi superior (p<0,05) ao apresentado pelos alunos com distúrbios do espectro autístico (2,7 atos/min). Os alunos demonstraram predomínio de utilização do meio gestual, com média de 36,2 ocorrências, e de funções comunicativas menos interativas, com média de 24,1 ocorrências. Além disso, ocorreu correlação positiva entre os atos/min de alunos e professoras (p=0,01). Observou-se, também, que a idade e a escolaridade dos alunos não apresentaram correlações com o estabelecimento da comunicação nas díades. CONCLUSÃO: Foi possível identificar os déficits e as habilidades dos alunos com distúrbios do espectro autístico em sala de aula comum e confirmar a influência exercida pelo professor no desempenho comunicativo de tais alunos. Estes dados podem contribuir para esclarecimentos de lacunas existentes na literatura e para subsidiar intervenções terapêuticas e educacionais nos distúrbios do espectro autístico.