999 resultados para Ecossistemas - Mata Atlântica


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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

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O conhecimento das formas de húmus permite a caracterização de ecossistemas primários, bem como dos interferidos. Dentro desta perspectiva, pretendeu-se identificar as formas de húmus, estudando-se os horizontes holorgânicos em relação às variáveis do solo mineral, em três áreas de Mata Atlântica de Tabuleiros do norte do Espírito Santo: duas matas primárias, a Mata Alta e a Mata de Córrego, e uma mata secundária, resultante do corte e da queima da vegetação há mais de 40 anos (Capoeira Queimada). Na Mata Alta, encontrou-se um mull mesotrófico tropical, caracterizado por uma rápida decomposição dos aportes foliares dos horizontes holorgânicos e por uma percentagem de saturação por bases em torno de 50-70% no horizonte hemiorgânico. A Mata de Córrego teve a estrutura do seu perfil húmico alterado em comparação com a Mata Alta, ou seja, verificou-se maior acúmulo nas camadas holorgânicas, representando menor velocidade na decomposição, como o oligotrofismo do solo mineral (V%: 14-35%). Estes resultados levaram à classificação da forma de húmus na Mata de Córrego como um mull oligotrófico. Na Capoeira Queimada, o estoque dos horizontes holorgânicos foi de 2 t ha-1 maior que na Mata Alta, com o desenvolvimento esporádico da camada F2. No horizonte A1, porém, o estoque de matéria orgânica foi inferior e observou-se, igualmente, uma percentagem de saturação por bases menor (30-56%), indicando que o ciclo de carbono e de nutrientes ainda não foi restabelecido. A forma de húmus da Capoeira Queimada foi classificada como mull mesotrófico.

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Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

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A compreensão da dinâmica da matéria orgânica (MO) nos ecossistemas de Mata Atlântica é necessária para o manejo eficiente e conservação de vegetações nativas. A natureza química das substâncias húmicas (SHs) reflete os processos de gênese e uso do solo e pode ser usada como indicador da qualidade da MO. O objetivo deste estudo foi usar a qualidade da MO como sinalizador do ambiente edáfico em áreas de mata nativa, sobre Gleissolo Háplico Tb distrófico, argissólico e Cambissolo Háplico Tb distrófico, e em plantios abandonados de eucalipto de diferentes idades, sobre Argissolo Vermelho-Amarelo distrófico latossólico, localizados na Reserva Biológica União, RJ. Para isso, foram avaliadas as distribuições da MO humificada e os ácidos húmicos do solo por meio de métodos químicos e espectroscópicos, em duas profundidades do solo (0-0,10 e 0,10-0,20 m). Os solos da Reserva Biológica apresentaram fertilidade natural muito baixa, condição esta limitante para o processo de humificação. As SHs representaram, portanto, menos de 50 % do carbono prontamente oxidável, indicando que as substâncias não-húmicas compõem a maior parte da MO; portanto, a serrapilheira tem o papel central na nutrição das plantas e microrganismos. A distribuição relativa das frações que compõem a MO humificada não foi alterada pela cobertura vegetal nem pela classe de solo. Os ácidos húmicos apresentaram natureza química semelhante à normalmente encontrada para os ácidos fúlvicos, e tais características foram expressas no baixo conteúdo de C e nos elevados valores das razões H/C e O/C e da acidez, o que levou à formação de material humificado pouco condensado.A espectroscopia de infravermelho indicou o efeito do tipo de solo e da cobertura vegetal sobre a qualidade química dos ácidos húmicos. O material humificado isolado da Mata Atlântica apresentou maior intensidade de fluorescência, sugerindo maior labilidade e capacidade de ceder elétrons para reações químicas do solo.

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No intuito de contribuir para o estudo da biodiversidade em um bioma importante como é a Mata Atlântica, algumas considerações são feitas dentro da visão pedológica. Enfoca-se a questão dos diversos fatores que podem influir nesta biodiversidade, como, por exemplo, a profundidade do solo, que pode variar a curtas distâncias. Questiona-se a visão conservacionista tradicional de proibir o uso dos solos com relevo acidentado, especialmente para a agricultura familiar. A água, os nutrientes e a radiação solar são apontados como os fatores básicos de funcionamento dos ecossistemas. Com base nas informações pedológicas, foi possível separar dez grandes ambientes que podem permitir melhor compreensão dos ecossistemas que compõem a Mata Atlântica. Em cada ambiente estratificado são comentadas suas principais características quanto aos nutrientes e à água e são feitas observações gerais quanto ao uso, à instabilidade e à sua importância ecológica.

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The microorganisms play very important roles in maintaining ecosystems, which explains the enormous interest in understanding the relationship between these organisms as well as between them and the environment. It is estimated that the total number of prokaryotic cells on Earth is between 4 and 6 x 1030, constituting an enormous biological and genetic pool to be explored. Although currently only 1% of all this wealth can be cultivated by standard laboratory techniques, metagenomic tools allow access to the genomic potential of environmental samples in a independent culture manner, and in combination with third generation sequencing technologies, the samples coverage become even greater. Soils, in particular, are the major reservoirs of this diversity, and many important environments around us, as the Brazilian biomes Caatinga and Atlantic Forest, are poorly studied. Thus, the genetic material from environmental soil samples of Caatinga and Atlantic Forest biomes were extracted by direct techniques, pyrosequenced, and the sequences generated were analyzed by bioinformatics programs (MEGAN MG-RAST and WEBCarma). Taxonomic comparative profiles of the samples showed that the phyla Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, Acidobacteria and Planctomycetes were the most representative. In addition, fungi of the phylum Ascomycota were identified predominantly in the soil sample from the Atlantic Forest. Metabolic profiles showed that despite the existence of environmental differences, sequences from both samples were similarly placed in the various functional subsystems, indicating no specific habitat functions. This work, a pioneer in taxonomic and metabolic comparative analysis of soil samples from Brazilian biomes, contributes to the knowledge of these complex environmental systems, so far little explored

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Ectomycorrhizal associations are poorly known from tropical lowlands of South America. Recent field trips to the reserve Parque Estadual das Dunas in Natal, in Rio Grande do Norte state, Brazil, revealed a undocumented community of ectomycorrhizal fungi. This type of Mycorrhizal association is frequently in the north hemisphere in temperate and boreal forests. The aim of this work is to analyze the occurrence of ectotrophic areas in atlantic rainforest. Collections along and around the trails in the reserve revealed six genera of putatively ECM fungi which belong to the basidiomycete, Amanitaceae, Boletaceae, Russulaceae, Entolomataceae, and Sclerodermataceae family which are poorly documented in Brazil. Plants belonging to Myrtaceae, Polygonaceae, Leguminosae/Caesalpinioideae, Erythroxylaceae, Malphigiaceae, Bromeliaceae, Loganiaceae, Sapotaceae e Celastraceae were found living next to the species of fungi analized. Our results suggest that the area studied is an ectotrophic environment which shows high diversity of putatively ECM fungi and some plants probably host ECM. The tropical lands are a potential focus to study reinforced by the new records of Scleroderma in Brazil and Northwest of Brazil

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An organisms movement within and between habitats is an essential trait of life history, one that shapes population dynamics, communities and ecosystems in space and time. Since the ability to perceive and react to specific conditions varies greatly between organisms, different movement patterns are generated. These, in turn, will reflect the way species persist in the original habitat and surrounding patches. This study evaluated patterns of movement of frugivorous butterflies in order to estimate the connectivity of a landscape mosaic in an area of Atlantic Forest. For this purpose, we used the capture-mark-recapture method on butterflies trapped with fermented fruit bait in three distinct habitats. The first represents a typical Atlantic forest fragment, while the other two represent man-made matrix habitats. One contains a coconut plantation and the other a plantation of the exotic Acacia mangium species. Five traps were randomly placed in each landscape unit in areas of 40 x 40m. Using recapture data and relating it to distance between captures and habitat structure, I found that movement frequencies, both within and between landscape units were different for the analyzed species, suggesting that they do not interpret and react to the landscape in the same way. Thus this study was able to measure landscape functional connectivity. For most species, the exchange between forest and coconut plantations occurred with low frequency compared to exchanges between the forest and acacia plantations, which share more structural similarities. This seems to indicate that a matrix that is more similar to patches of native vegetation can shelter species, permit their movement and, consequently, contribute to the landscape connectivity

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Landscape is dynamic, having complex nature, with tangible and intangible dimensions, presenting a continuous evolution process. The aim of this research were based on the identification and classification of landscapes in units and subunits, from the ownership by individuals; the development of a methodology to assist in the planning and management, conciliating conservation of natural areas with anthropic activities; and, from the information gathered, evaluate the different social groups aiming to design a landscape from the sustainable development perspective; thus better understanding both cultural and forest fragmentation processes, in the city of Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais. The research analyzed the current landscape and its historical evolution, distinguishing between material and immaterial dimensions. Information was raised from field trips, soil types, relief, slope, drainage, conservation units, administrative zoning, urban areas, natural resources, economy, tax raising, transport and building infrastructure, satellite images, types of management applied to the preservation or conservation of forests and fields, and semi-structured interviews with the various actors that modify and transform the territory, thus making a balance between the built landscape and the demands of the society and ecosystems. Results were composed by a map of land use in 2011; a map of landscape units and their subunits, with their appropriate definitions; a map with five levels of activities intensity, with their respective descriptions; and raising barriers to improving the welfare of the actors and the integrity of ecosystems. The number of generated ecosystem services are difficult to measure, but its benefits are useful for everyone. The physical changes are a reflection of the economy, which caused environmental impacts, mainly related to mining activities, tourism, agriculture and conservation of natural areas, all requiring ideally a shared management. In this sense, the landscape needs a management to create sustainable alternatives to anthropic activities. The dynamics of the landscape has been shaped by a slow evolution, set by mining activities due to the high financial revenues, there were areas of revegetation after clearcuts in the past, and now tourism lacks structure. The city has great potential for development projects with payments for environmental services, however, gaps for shared management exists.

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Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

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Pós-graduação em Ciências Biológicas (Zoologia) - IBRC

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

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The microorganisms play very important roles in maintaining ecosystems, which explains the enormous interest in understanding the relationship between these organisms as well as between them and the environment. It is estimated that the total number of prokaryotic cells on Earth is between 4 and 6 x 1030, constituting an enormous biological and genetic pool to be explored. Although currently only 1% of all this wealth can be cultivated by standard laboratory techniques, metagenomic tools allow access to the genomic potential of environmental samples in a independent culture manner, and in combination with third generation sequencing technologies, the samples coverage become even greater. Soils, in particular, are the major reservoirs of this diversity, and many important environments around us, as the Brazilian biomes Caatinga and Atlantic Forest, are poorly studied. Thus, the genetic material from environmental soil samples of Caatinga and Atlantic Forest biomes were extracted by direct techniques, pyrosequenced, and the sequences generated were analyzed by bioinformatics programs (MEGAN MG-RAST and WEBCarma). Taxonomic comparative profiles of the samples showed that the phyla Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, Acidobacteria and Planctomycetes were the most representative. In addition, fungi of the phylum Ascomycota were identified predominantly in the soil sample from the Atlantic Forest. Metabolic profiles showed that despite the existence of environmental differences, sequences from both samples were similarly placed in the various functional subsystems, indicating no specific habitat functions. This work, a pioneer in taxonomic and metabolic comparative analysis of soil samples from Brazilian biomes, contributes to the knowledge of these complex environmental systems, so far little explored