A genealogy of the problematic of homelessness and the homeless in Australia

The homeless have been subject to considerable scrutiny, historically and within current social, political and public discourse. The aetiology of homelessness has been the focus of a large body of economic, sociological, historical and political investigation. Importantly, efforts to conceptualise, explain and measure, the phenomenon of homelessness and homeless people has occurred largely within the context of defining “the problem of the homeless” and the generation of solutions to the ‘problem’. There has been little consideration of how and why homelessness has come to be seen, or understood, as a problem, or how this can change across time and/or place. This alternative stream of research has focused on tracing and analysing the relationship between how people experiencing homeless have become a matter of government concern and the manner in which homelessness itself has been problematised. With this in mind this study has analysed the discourses - political, social and economic rationalities and knowledges - which have provided the conditions of possibility for the identification of the homeless and homelessness as a problem needing to be governed and the means for translating these discourses into the applied domain. The aim of this thesis has been to contribute to current knowledge by developing a genealogy of the conditions and rationalities that have underpinned the problematisation of homelessness and the homeless. The outcome of this analysis has been to open up the opportunity to consider alternative governmental possibilities arising from the exposure of the way in which contemporary problematisation and responses have been influenced by the past. An understanding of this process creates an ability to appreciate the intended and unintended consequences for the future direction of public policy and contemporary research.

Valorization of agrobiodiversity products and strengthening of local identities in the Peruvian Andes: Experiences from the BioAndes Programme

In the Peruvian Andes, a long history of interaction between the local populations and their natural environment has led to extraordinary levels of agrobiodiversity. However, in sharp contrast with this biological wealth, Andean indigenous populations live under most precarious conditions. Moreover, natural resources are undergoing severe degradation processes and local knowledge about biodiversity management is under serious pressure. Against this background, the BioAndes Programme is developing initiatives based on a biocultural approach that aim at fostering biodiversity through the enhancement of cultural processes. On the basis of intercultural dialogue, joint learning and capacity development, and transdisciplinary action-research, indigenous communities, development practitioners, and researchers strive for the creation of innovative ways to contribute to more sustainable economic, socio-cultural, and political valorization of Andean biodiversity. Project activities are diverse and range from the cultivation, transformation, and commercialization of organic Andean fruits in San Marcos, Cajamarca Department, to the recuperation of natural dying techniques for alpaca wool and traditional weaving in Pitumarca, Cusco Department, and the promotion of responsible ecotourism in both regions. Based on the projects’ first two-years of experience, the following lessons learnt will be presented and discussed: 1. The economic valorization and commercialization of local products can be a powerful tool for the revival and innovation of eroded know-how; at the same time it contributes to the strengthening of local identities, in parallel with the empowerment of marginalized groups such as smallholders and women. 2. Such initiatives are only successful when they are embedded within activities that go beyond the focus on local products and seek the valorization of the entire natural and cultural landscape (e.g. through the promotion of agrotourism and local gastronomy, more sustainable management of local resources including the restoration of ecosystems, and the realization of inventories of local agrobiodiversity and the knowledge related to it). 3. The sustainability of these initiatives, which are often externally induced, is conditioned by the ability of local actors to acquire ownership of projects and access to the knowledge required to carry them out, which also means developing the personal and institutional capacities for handling the whole chain from production to commercialization. 4. The confrontation of different economic rationalities and their underlying worldviews that occur when local or indigenous people integrate into the market economy implies the need for a dialogical co-production of knowledge and collective action by local people, experts from NGOs, and political authorities in order to better control the conditions relating to the market economy. The valorization of local agrobiodiversity shows much potential for enhancing natural and cultural diversity in Southern countries, but only when local communities can participate in the shaping of the conditions under which this happens. Such activities should be designed in the mid- to long-term as part of social learning processes that are carefully embedded in the local context. Supporting institutions play a crucial role in these processes, but should see themselves only as facilitators, while ensuring that control and ownership remain with the local actors.

Claroscuros del desarrollo sustentable y la lucha contra la desertificación: las racionalidades económicas en el ojo de la tormenta : Estudio de caso con productores caprinos de tierras secas (Mendoza, Argentina)

El trabajo analiza la situación de conflicto que se presenta en las tierras secas de Mendoza, entre productores caprinos y programas de lucha contra la desertificación, a propósito de las prácticas productivas y el uso de los recursos naturales.Se aborda un caso de estudio situado en el extremo noreste de la provincia de Mendoza, polo hiperárido de la región, gravemente afectado por procesos de desertificación, con una extensión de 10.007km2 y poblado por 3015 habitantes, donde dominan las pequeñas explotaciones caprinas. Estudios previos señalan que las principales causas de la desertificación de la zona son la tala de bosque nativo y el sobrepastoreo que ocasionan las inadecuadas prácticas de producción ganadera. En respuesta a ello, las acciones de lucha contra la desertificación se orientan a "concientizar" y "capacitar" a los productores e impulsan procesos de cambio productivo. Las propuestas en curso insisten en que, de mantenerse los actuales niveles de presión sobre los recursos, en el futuro se amplificarán las ya graves condiciones de pobreza y desertificación. Sin embargo, a pesar de los esfuerzos y fondos invertidos los productores parecen obstinados en sus actuales estrategias de producción y en la dinámica de uso de los recursos naturales que de ellas derivan. ¿Cómo explicar que no tomen otras opciones productivas que impliquen mayores beneficios económicos y mejores equilibrios ambientales? ¿Cómo explicar que actúen, al menos en apariencia, en contra de sus propios beneficios? Haciendo crítica de las explicaciones que ubican en el epicentro del problema "la cultura" de los productores, este trabajo busca realizar un aporte a través del análisis de tres dimensiones: 1- La oferta ambiental que es soporte de las actividades productivas, 2- Los ingresos que las unidades de producción alcanzan y 3- Los egresos que enfrentan en concepto de subsistencia. El trabajo se despliega haciendo uso de una metodología mixta que resulta de la combinación de técnicas cuantitativas y cualitativas.

Claroscuros del desarrollo sustentable y la lucha contra la desertificación: las racionalidades económicas en el ojo de la tormenta : Estudio de caso con productores caprinos de tierras secas (Mendoza, Argentina)

El trabajo analiza la situación de conflicto que se presenta en las tierras secas de Mendoza, entre productores caprinos y programas de lucha contra la desertificación, a propósito de las prácticas productivas y el uso de los recursos naturales.Se aborda un caso de estudio situado en el extremo noreste de la provincia de Mendoza, polo hiperárido de la región, gravemente afectado por procesos de desertificación, con una extensión de 10.007km2 y poblado por 3015 habitantes, donde dominan las pequeñas explotaciones caprinas. Estudios previos señalan que las principales causas de la desertificación de la zona son la tala de bosque nativo y el sobrepastoreo que ocasionan las inadecuadas prácticas de producción ganadera. En respuesta a ello, las acciones de lucha contra la desertificación se orientan a "concientizar" y "capacitar" a los productores e impulsan procesos de cambio productivo. Las propuestas en curso insisten en que, de mantenerse los actuales niveles de presión sobre los recursos, en el futuro se amplificarán las ya graves condiciones de pobreza y desertificación. Sin embargo, a pesar de los esfuerzos y fondos invertidos los productores parecen obstinados en sus actuales estrategias de producción y en la dinámica de uso de los recursos naturales que de ellas derivan. ¿Cómo explicar que no tomen otras opciones productivas que impliquen mayores beneficios económicos y mejores equilibrios ambientales? ¿Cómo explicar que actúen, al menos en apariencia, en contra de sus propios beneficios? Haciendo crítica de las explicaciones que ubican en el epicentro del problema "la cultura" de los productores, este trabajo busca realizar un aporte a través del análisis de tres dimensiones: 1- La oferta ambiental que es soporte de las actividades productivas, 2- Los ingresos que las unidades de producción alcanzan y 3- Los egresos que enfrentan en concepto de subsistencia. El trabajo se despliega haciendo uso de una metodología mixta que resulta de la combinación de técnicas cuantitativas y cualitativas.

Claroscuros del desarrollo sustentable y la lucha contra la desertificación: las racionalidades económicas en el ojo de la tormenta : Estudio de caso con productores caprinos de tierras secas (Mendoza, Argentina)

El trabajo analiza la situación de conflicto que se presenta en las tierras secas de Mendoza, entre productores caprinos y programas de lucha contra la desertificación, a propósito de las prácticas productivas y el uso de los recursos naturales.Se aborda un caso de estudio situado en el extremo noreste de la provincia de Mendoza, polo hiperárido de la región, gravemente afectado por procesos de desertificación, con una extensión de 10.007km2 y poblado por 3015 habitantes, donde dominan las pequeñas explotaciones caprinas. Estudios previos señalan que las principales causas de la desertificación de la zona son la tala de bosque nativo y el sobrepastoreo que ocasionan las inadecuadas prácticas de producción ganadera. En respuesta a ello, las acciones de lucha contra la desertificación se orientan a "concientizar" y "capacitar" a los productores e impulsan procesos de cambio productivo. Las propuestas en curso insisten en que, de mantenerse los actuales niveles de presión sobre los recursos, en el futuro se amplificarán las ya graves condiciones de pobreza y desertificación. Sin embargo, a pesar de los esfuerzos y fondos invertidos los productores parecen obstinados en sus actuales estrategias de producción y en la dinámica de uso de los recursos naturales que de ellas derivan. ¿Cómo explicar que no tomen otras opciones productivas que impliquen mayores beneficios económicos y mejores equilibrios ambientales? ¿Cómo explicar que actúen, al menos en apariencia, en contra de sus propios beneficios? Haciendo crítica de las explicaciones que ubican en el epicentro del problema "la cultura" de los productores, este trabajo busca realizar un aporte a través del análisis de tres dimensiones: 1- La oferta ambiental que es soporte de las actividades productivas, 2- Los ingresos que las unidades de producción alcanzan y 3- Los egresos que enfrentan en concepto de subsistencia. El trabajo se despliega haciendo uso de una metodología mixta que resulta de la combinación de técnicas cuantitativas y cualitativas.

A tale of two cities: Education responds to globalisation in Hong Kong and Singapore in the aftermath of the Asian Economic Crisis

It has been suggested that although the most theorisation about globalisation has emerged from “western” contexts, the material implications of globalisation have been felt most strongly in non-western regions. With this in mind, we are undertaking a situated analysis of how two states, Singapore and Hong Kong, are interacting with the broader processes of globalisation through their educational policies. We apply Foucault's conceptual tool of governmentality to understand (i) the conduct of governing in the contemporary nation-state, and (ii) how the “right” rationalities are being inculcated by government to create “desiring subjects” who will play their part in ensuring national prosperity. We use the Asian Economic Crisis as a point of departure to show how global-local tensions are being managed by Singapore and Hong Kong. We conclude that both these global cities have adroitly managed the Asian economic crisis to steer their citizens away from pursuits of greater political freedom and towards concerns of material well being. They have done so through a selective interpretation of globalisation, by simultaneously resisting and embracing the contradictory strands of globalisation. Education has emerged as a critical space for this selective absorption of globalising trends.

A tale of two cities: Education responds to globalisation in Hong Kong and Singapore in the aftermath of the Asian economic crisi

It has been suggested that although the most theorisation about globalisation has emerged from “western” contexts, the material implications of globalisation have been felt most strongly in non-western regions. With this in mind, we are undertaking a situated analysis of how two states, Singapore and Hong Kong, are interacting with the broader processes of globalisation through their educational policies. We apply Foucault's conceptual tool of governmentality to understand (i) the conduct of governing in the contemporary nation-state, and (ii) how the “right” rationalities are being inculcated by government to create “desiring subjects” who will play their part in ensuring national prosperity. We use the Asian Economic Crisis as a point of departure to show how global-local tensions are being managed by Singapore and Hong Kong. We conclude that both these global cities have adroitly managed the Asian economic crisis to steer their citizens away from pursuits of greater political freedom and towards concerns of material well being. They have done so through a selective interpretation of globalisation, by simultaneously resisting and embracing the contradictory strands of globalisation. Education has emerged as a critical space for this selective absorption of globalising trends.

The interaction of economic and pedagogical ideals in the context of workplace learning in Germany: a framework for empirical research – inspired by business ethics

As an effect of marketisation, the importance of workplace learning in Germany has increased. The article follows up on the long-standing discourse around the question of how economic and pedagogical ideals interact in this context. In order to develop a theoretical framework for empirical research, three major positions of the discipline of business ethics are introduced. Business ethics in more abstract ways deals with the very same question, namely how do ideas such as profit orientation interact with other norms and values? The new perspectives show that the discourse has been hitherto based on a specific understanding of economy. In order to derive an empirical answer to the research question, the question is re-formulated as follows: Which values are inherent in the decisions taken? Consequently, it suggests using the concept of ‘rationalities of justification’ for empirical research. The article shows how this concept can be applied by conducting a test run. (DIPF/Orig.)