Os mecanismos de governança do saneamento básico no Brasil : um estudo de direito administrativo sob a perspectiva da economia dos custos de transação

O serviço público de saneamento básico tem relevância amplamente reconhecida. Apesar disso, ainda são verificados no Brasil elevados índices de déficit ou de atendimento precário, com situações distintas nas diversas regiões do país. Nesse sentido, o objetivo desta dissertação é (i) apresentar, a partir da perspectiva interdisciplinar da Economia dos Custos de Transação, uma compreensão do serviço público de saneamento básico no Brasil, atualmente regulamentado pela Lei nº 11.445/2007, (ii) avaliar a eficiência do modo de governança majoritariamente utilizado e, (iii) eventualmente, propor desenhos alternativos para a organização da prestação que sejam economicamente superiores em temos de redução de custos de transação para a realização de investimentos necessários ao cumprimento dos objetivos fundamentais definidos no art. 2º, da Lei nº 11.445/2007. A pesquisa adotou como estratégia metodológica a utilização de uma abordagem interdisciplinar de direito, economia e organizações, nos termos da análise econômica da nova economia institucional. A partir o estudo do ambiente institucional básico, com apoio no referencial teórico, observou-se que o mecanismo de governança predominantemente utilizado no serviço público de saneamento básico no Brasil, isto é, delegações a Companhias Estaduais de Saneamento por meio de contratos de longo-prazo (contratos de programa), não favorece a realização de investimentos em ativos específicos (infraestrutura) necessários à prestação e cumprimentos de metas da política. Foi também constatado que existem alternativas de governança viáveis ao desenho predominante, embora a utilização de formas alternativas provavelmente não possua execução viável pelo simples transplante de normas, isto é, pela via formal. A modificação da forma de governança predominante no saneamento básico no Brasil, com a superação do baixo desempenho verificado (low-level equilíbrium), não é possível de ser realizada sem custos. Nesse sentido, é necessário superar os custos para o rompimento do path dependence provocado pelo hold up realizado pelas Companhias Estaduais de Saneamento Básico sobre os titulares do serviço público (municípios), bem como os custos para o rompimento do path dependence no direito administrativo brasileiro, o qual restringe o desenvolvimento de uma teoria jurídica da regulação apta a viabilizar a construção de uma governança regulatória adequada à redução dos custos de transação, de modo a tornar viáveis investimentos em ativos de infraestruturas com elevado grau de especificidade.

A formação e o desenvolvimento de arranjos cooperativos sob a ótica da imersão social e da economia dos custos de transação: um estrudo de caso na Coopercam e na Unipesca

The current study analyzes the birth and development of two strategic alliances established between shrimp producers in Rio Grande do Norte: the Unipesca and the Coopercam. To achieve this aim, two approaches which, at first sight, could be considered contradictory were used: the Transactional Costs Economy and Embeddedness. The first approach is fundamentally based in the studies of Williamson (1985; 1991; 1996; 1999; 2000; 2002). Embededness, on the other hand, went through the review of a series of authors, such as Burt (1992), Granovetter (1973; 1985), Uzzi (1997), Gulati (1994; 1995; 1997; 1998; 1999; 2000), Nielsen (2005), Ring (2002), Ring and Van de Ven (1994), Zafirovski (2002), among others. To analyze the birth and development of the cooperatives in this study, Gulati s work (1998) was used. This study shows the steps to be studied for a better comprehension of an alliance: the decision of starting an alliance and the choice of the partners, the decision about the governance structure, the evolution of the alliance and the development of the companies which established this partnership. To carry this study out, a study case accordingly to Yin s proposal (2001) was adopted. Semi-structured interviews with pre-defined plots were conducted in two phases: in the beginning of 2006 and in the beginning of 2007. The subjects from the research were, in 2006, representative members of the main associations and corporations, besides the shrimp producers from the state, when the context of the activity was set. In the second phase, in 2007, representative members from the two cooperatives that were listed above were interviewed the president from Coopercam and the marketing manager from Unipesca. Besides these two members, directors from two important organizations in each of these cooperatives were also interviewed, giving out the necessary information for the research. Secondary data was also collected from the Brazilian Association of Crab producers website, as well as from news from important newspapers in RN, such as Tribuna do Norte. The primary data was analyzed in terms of quality, accordingly to the documental analysis technique. Thus, through the data that was collected, it can be concluded that the reasons that motivated the companies to cooperate can be explained in terms of the transactional costs economy. However, the choice of partners is more connected to aspects approached by the social embededness. When aspects related to development and evolution were analyzed, it could be seen that both aspects from TCE and Embededness were vital to explain the development of the cooperatives mentioned

A formação e o desenvolvimento de arranjos cooperativos sob a ótica da imersão social e da economia dos custos de transação: um estrudo de caso na Coopercam e na Unipesca

The current study analyzes the birth and development of two strategic alliances established between shrimp producers in Rio Grande do Norte: the Unipesca and the Coopercam. To achieve this aim, two approaches which, at first sight, could be considered contradictory were used: the Transactional Costs Economy and Embeddedness. The first approach is fundamentally based in the studies of Williamson (1985; 1991; 1996; 1999; 2000; 2002). Embededness, on the other hand, went through the review of a series of authors, such as Burt (1992), Granovetter (1973; 1985), Uzzi (1997), Gulati (1994; 1995; 1997; 1998; 1999; 2000), Nielsen (2005), Ring (2002), Ring and Van de Ven (1994), Zafirovski (2002), among others. To analyze the birth and development of the cooperatives in this study, Gulati s work (1998) was used. This study shows the steps to be studied for a better comprehension of an alliance: the decision of starting an alliance and the choice of the partners, the decision about the governance structure, the evolution of the alliance and the development of the companies which established this partnership. To carry this study out, a study case accordingly to Yin s proposal (2001) was adopted. Semi-structured interviews with pre-defined plots were conducted in two phases: in the beginning of 2006 and in the beginning of 2007. The subjects from the research were, in 2006, representative members of the main associations and corporations, besides the shrimp producers from the state, when the context of the activity was set. In the second phase, in 2007, representative members from the two cooperatives that were listed above were interviewed the president from Coopercam and the marketing manager from Unipesca. Besides these two members, directors from two important organizations in each of these cooperatives were also interviewed, giving out the necessary information for the research. Secondary data was also collected from the Brazilian Association of Crab producers website, as well as from news from important newspapers in RN, such as Tribuna do Norte. The primary data was analyzed in terms of quality, accordingly to the documental analysis technique. Thus, through the data that was collected, it can be concluded that the reasons that motivated the companies to cooperate can be explained in terms of the transactional costs economy. However, the choice of partners is more connected to aspects approached by the social embededness. When aspects related to development and evolution were analyzed, it could be seen that both aspects from TCE and Embededness were vital to explain the development of the cooperatives mentioned

A formação e o desenvolvimento de arranjos cooperativos sob a ótica da imersão social e da economia dos custos de transação: um estrudo de caso na Coopercam e na Unipesca

The current study analyzes the birth and development of two strategic alliances established between shrimp producers in Rio Grande do Norte: the Unipesca and the Coopercam. To achieve this aim, two approaches which, at first sight, could be considered contradictory were used: the Transactional Costs Economy and Embeddedness. The first approach is fundamentally based in the studies of Williamson (1985; 1991; 1996; 1999; 2000; 2002). Embededness, on the other hand, went through the review of a series of authors, such as Burt (1992), Granovetter (1973; 1985), Uzzi (1997), Gulati (1994; 1995; 1997; 1998; 1999; 2000), Nielsen (2005), Ring (2002), Ring and Van de Ven (1994), Zafirovski (2002), among others. To analyze the birth and development of the cooperatives in this study, Gulati s work (1998) was used. This study shows the steps to be studied for a better comprehension of an alliance: the decision of starting an alliance and the choice of the partners, the decision about the governance structure, the evolution of the alliance and the development of the companies which established this partnership. To carry this study out, a study case accordingly to Yin s proposal (2001) was adopted. Semi-structured interviews with pre-defined plots were conducted in two phases: in the beginning of 2006 and in the beginning of 2007. The subjects from the research were, in 2006, representative members of the main associations and corporations, besides the shrimp producers from the state, when the context of the activity was set. In the second phase, in 2007, representative members from the two cooperatives that were listed above were interviewed the president from Coopercam and the marketing manager from Unipesca. Besides these two members, directors from two important organizations in each of these cooperatives were also interviewed, giving out the necessary information for the research. Secondary data was also collected from the Brazilian Association of Crab producers website, as well as from news from important newspapers in RN, such as Tribuna do Norte. The primary data was analyzed in terms of quality, accordingly to the documental analysis technique. Thus, through the data that was collected, it can be concluded that the reasons that motivated the companies to cooperate can be explained in terms of the transactional costs economy. However, the choice of partners is more connected to aspects approached by the social embededness. When aspects related to development and evolution were analyzed, it could be seen that both aspects from TCE and Embededness were vital to explain the development of the cooperatives mentioned

Inserção de fornecedores locais como fonte de desempenhos em custos de transação e legitimidade: estudo de caso na cadeia produtiva do petróleo e gás do Rio Grande do Norte

The inclusion of local suppliers in production chains has considerable impact on its performance, but most notably in its main actors. The results of this process may be of different kinds and can be analyzed from economic or institutional approaches. This study aimed to verify the existence of different performances of Petrobras due to the inclusion of local suppliers in the oil and gas production chain in the state of Rio Grande do Norte, from the viewpoints of transaction costs and the Institutional Theory. In order to this, were made the characterization of the PROMINP, the description of its actions and results, the mapping of its institutional context of reference, and identification of results obtained by Petrobras in terms of transaction costs and legitimacy. The theoretical framework is based on authors dealing with industrial concentration, as like Marshall, Krugman, Porter and Schmitz, from the sociological perspective of neoinstitucional theory, as like DiMaggio and Powell and Scott and Meyer, and transaction costs, as like Williamson. This is a qualitative research, with data collection done by consulting secondary fonts and semi-structured interviews with nineteen actors of three groups, namely: actors involved in actions of the program, representatives of enterprises and representative of Petrobras. To analyze the content was used the Suchman s model (1995) for categories associated with strategies of legitimation and fourteen variables associated with the three variables assets specificity, bounded rationality and opportunism (Williamson, 1995, 1989) in the case of transaction costs. The results indicate that PROMINP has achieved its objectives by encouraging the increased participation of local companies in the oil and gas production chain, reflecting in the economic development of the state. The Redepetro/RN, fostered and built upon the interaction of the participants, is presented as a solution of continuity to the participation of enterprises in the chain, after the closure of the actions of the program. PROMINP demands responses to coercive, legislative and regulatory pressures of the organizational field, whose institutional context of reference is wide. From the point of view of legitimacy, through strategies to gain cognitive legitimacy and maintaining pragmatic legitimacy, Petrobras can manipulate the environment, ensuring the compliance of the constituents to their technical and institutional demands. Enterprises, in turn, respond to the demands through compliance with technical demands, mainly through the certification of processes, and cultural changes. There aren t clear gains related to the transaction costs, however, gains in legitimacy can be seen as a cumulative capital that can serve as a competitive differential that generates economic gains. In terms of theoretical findings, it was found that, due to its explanatory power for actions that are difficult to explain only in economic terms, Institutional Theory may be used as theoretical support concurrent with other theories. TCE model has limitations in explaining the program actions. In the case, it s emphasized that Petrobras doesn t seek only economic efficiency, but has in its mission the commitment to social development.

Inserção de fornecedores locais como fonte de desempenhos em custos de transação e legitimidade: estudo de caso na cadeia produtiva do petróleo e gás do Rio Grande do Norte

The inclusion of local suppliers in production chains has considerable impact on its performance, but most notably in its main actors. The results of this process may be of different kinds and can be analyzed from economic or institutional approaches. This study aimed to verify the existence of different performances of Petrobras due to the inclusion of local suppliers in the oil and gas production chain in the state of Rio Grande do Norte, from the viewpoints of transaction costs and the Institutional Theory. In order to this, were made the characterization of the PROMINP, the description of its actions and results, the mapping of its institutional context of reference, and identification of results obtained by Petrobras in terms of transaction costs and legitimacy. The theoretical framework is based on authors dealing with industrial concentration, as like Marshall, Krugman, Porter and Schmitz, from the sociological perspective of neoinstitucional theory, as like DiMaggio and Powell and Scott and Meyer, and transaction costs, as like Williamson. This is a qualitative research, with data collection done by consulting secondary fonts and semi-structured interviews with nineteen actors of three groups, namely: actors involved in actions of the program, representatives of enterprises and representative of Petrobras. To analyze the content was used the Suchman s model (1995) for categories associated with strategies of legitimation and fourteen variables associated with the three variables assets specificity, bounded rationality and opportunism (Williamson, 1995, 1989) in the case of transaction costs. The results indicate that PROMINP has achieved its objectives by encouraging the increased participation of local companies in the oil and gas production chain, reflecting in the economic development of the state. The Redepetro/RN, fostered and built upon the interaction of the participants, is presented as a solution of continuity to the participation of enterprises in the chain, after the closure of the actions of the program. PROMINP demands responses to coercive, legislative and regulatory pressures of the organizational field, whose institutional context of reference is wide. From the point of view of legitimacy, through strategies to gain cognitive legitimacy and maintaining pragmatic legitimacy, Petrobras can manipulate the environment, ensuring the compliance of the constituents to their technical and institutional demands. Enterprises, in turn, respond to the demands through compliance with technical demands, mainly through the certification of processes, and cultural changes. There aren t clear gains related to the transaction costs, however, gains in legitimacy can be seen as a cumulative capital that can serve as a competitive differential that generates economic gains. In terms of theoretical findings, it was found that, due to its explanatory power for actions that are difficult to explain only in economic terms, Institutional Theory may be used as theoretical support concurrent with other theories. TCE model has limitations in explaining the program actions. In the case, it s emphasized that Petrobras doesn t seek only economic efficiency, but has in its mission the commitment to social development.

Inserção de fornecedores locais como fonte de desempenhos em custos de transação e legitimidade: estudo de caso na cadeia produtiva do petróleo e gás do Rio Grande do Norte

The inclusion of local suppliers in production chains has considerable impact on its performance, but most notably in its main actors. The results of this process may be of different kinds and can be analyzed from economic or institutional approaches. This study aimed to verify the existence of different performances of Petrobras due to the inclusion of local suppliers in the oil and gas production chain in the state of Rio Grande do Norte, from the viewpoints of transaction costs and the Institutional Theory. In order to this, were made the characterization of the PROMINP, the description of its actions and results, the mapping of its institutional context of reference, and identification of results obtained by Petrobras in terms of transaction costs and legitimacy. The theoretical framework is based on authors dealing with industrial concentration, as like Marshall, Krugman, Porter and Schmitz, from the sociological perspective of neoinstitucional theory, as like DiMaggio and Powell and Scott and Meyer, and transaction costs, as like Williamson. This is a qualitative research, with data collection done by consulting secondary fonts and semi-structured interviews with nineteen actors of three groups, namely: actors involved in actions of the program, representatives of enterprises and representative of Petrobras. To analyze the content was used the Suchman s model (1995) for categories associated with strategies of legitimation and fourteen variables associated with the three variables assets specificity, bounded rationality and opportunism (Williamson, 1995, 1989) in the case of transaction costs. The results indicate that PROMINP has achieved its objectives by encouraging the increased participation of local companies in the oil and gas production chain, reflecting in the economic development of the state. The Redepetro/RN, fostered and built upon the interaction of the participants, is presented as a solution of continuity to the participation of enterprises in the chain, after the closure of the actions of the program. PROMINP demands responses to coercive, legislative and regulatory pressures of the organizational field, whose institutional context of reference is wide. From the point of view of legitimacy, through strategies to gain cognitive legitimacy and maintaining pragmatic legitimacy, Petrobras can manipulate the environment, ensuring the compliance of the constituents to their technical and institutional demands. Enterprises, in turn, respond to the demands through compliance with technical demands, mainly through the certification of processes, and cultural changes. There aren t clear gains related to the transaction costs, however, gains in legitimacy can be seen as a cumulative capital that can serve as a competitive differential that generates economic gains. In terms of theoretical findings, it was found that, due to its explanatory power for actions that are difficult to explain only in economic terms, Institutional Theory may be used as theoretical support concurrent with other theories. TCE model has limitations in explaining the program actions. In the case, it s emphasized that Petrobras doesn t seek only economic efficiency, but has in its mission the commitment to social development.

Economia da informação, custos de transação e produtividade: um ensaio sobre os retornos das tecnologias de informação

O senso comum de que o investimento em tecnologia deve aumentar a produtividade do trabalho foi questionado por muitos estudos nos últimos anos, que não encontraram correlação positiva entre tais aplicações e as receitas das empresas. Mas foi também apoiado por outros autores que obtiveram provas empíricas de que os retornos desses investimentos deveriam ser medidos por outros indicadores, à parte de dados econômicos setoriais agregados. Procuramos analisar essa dicotomia à luz da Economia da Informação, levantando a hipótese de que as inovações bem planejadas em processos de negócio e na estrutura organizacional, apoiadas pela tecnologia de informação, agregam valor e aumentam a produtividade e eficiência da empresa. Para isso, buscamos centralizar a análise nos custos de transação dos processos de negócio, identificando-os como o núcleo central de qualquer indicador de produtividade com que se possa medir com alguma precisão o impacto de novos insumos ou recursos aplicados aos processos em questão.

Projetos de redução de emissões de gases de efeito estufa: desempenho e custos de transação

Com base na nova economia institucional, o foco da pesquisa aqui relatada foi identificar os custos de transação existentes nos projetos de Mecanismo de Desenvolvimento Limpo (MDL) e investigar se eles são barreiras para o desenvolvimento do projeto e se podem afetar a eficiência de projetos já implantados. Mais especificamente, foram analisadas as variáveis que afetam as diferenças entre as reduções de emissões estimadas nos projetos de MDL e as reduções realmente verificadas (sucesso de redução - SR), depois do projeto implantado e monitorado, verificando se os projetos agrícolas são mais ou menos eficientes. Em relação ao SR, a maior parte dos projetos não apresenta desempenho satisfatório. No entanto, em volume de reduções, a maior parte dos projetos cumpre mais do que 91% de SR. Os setores mundiais mais eficientes no Brasil são N2O e troca de energia fóssil; os menos eficientes, os setores de agricultura e resíduos sólidos. Finalmente, concluiu-se na pesquisa que os custos de transação afetam o sucesso da redução de MDL, e os mais importantes são os custos ex ante, resultantes de problemas de falhas de informação e problemas de mensuração.

Judiciário e política regulatória: instituições e preferências sob a ótica dos custos de transação

Judiciary and regulatory policy. Increasingly, judges and the courts appear as actors capable of affecting the trajectory of the government decisions, as strategic agents in the policy process. This paper presents an analytical model able to clearly and objectively measure the impact of judicial review in the design of policies in the sphere of economic regulation. Underlying the model is the concept of transaction costs, through which one can raise the levels of intervention of the judiciary in regulatory policy. In addition to the analytical model, the article demonstrates that the interaction between the heterogeneity of preferences in the courts and institutional mechanisms of the justice system is capable of generating greater coordination and cooperation than expected.

Os efeitos do business to business e do e-commerce nos custos de transação das empresas : estudo de caso de empresa do setor varejista do Rio Grande do sul

O objetivo deste trabalho é estudar o impacto proporcionado pelo comércio eletrônico, através do instrumento denominado Business-to-Business, nos Custos de Transação das empresas do setor varejista do Rio Grande do Sul. O trabalho se propõe analisar a abrangência teórica dos Custos de Transação, com uma rápida abordagem sobre a análise da chamada corrente Neo-Institucional. Contudo, para chegar a esta meta principal o estudo vai primeiramente fazer uma incursão pelas abordagens teóricas da teoria dos Custos de Transação, clareando para o leitor, quais os preceitos que fundamentam esta teoria. Na seqüência o trabalho faz uma abordagem sobre os instrumentos eletrônicos de troca de informações, comerciais ou não, posteriormente tratando de maneira mais específica à questão do B2B na economia atual. Neste sentido aborda-se as evidências mundiais da aplicabilidade destes instrumentos. Posteriormente o trabalho faz uma ligação entre os CT e o comércio eletrônico, para determinar corretamente onde o trabalho pretende chegar. Como o trabalho pretende analisar o caso de empresas, nosso estudo primeiramente caracterizou o setor varejista à que as empresas pertencem, para na seqüência apresentar as firmas e os dados levantados n estudo de caso, que nos propusemos verificar. Diante de arranjo que criamos, encerramos o trabalho, apresentando as conclusões verificadas bem como propostas para estudos futuros.

Formador de mercado e seu impacto nos custos de transação no mercado de ações brasileiro

O trabalho tem por objetivo validar a influência dos formadores de mercado de ações sobre a liquidez, uma proxy capaz de medir os custos de transação no mercado secundário de ações. O desafio de medir corretamente a liquidez teve trabalhos relevantes desde 1984, e recentemente foi alvo de uma revisão geral que comparou diversas medidas e encontrou alguns ganhadores. A proposta do presente trabalho é a de revisitar estas medidas e selecionar a métrica mais adequada ao mercado Brasileiro. Escolhida a proxy mais significativa, será então avaliada a relevância do formador de mercado na determinação dos custos de transação por meio de uma versão modificada da equação econométrica de Sanvicente (2012). Por fim, este trabalho será relevante para identificar se as empresas devem contratar formadores de mercado para suas ações, com o fim de reduzirem os custos da negociação de suas ações.

Certificação de fornecimento e custos de transação: resultados do Programa Integrado de Desenvolvimento e Qualificação de Fornecedores - Prodfor

O presente estudo teve dois objetivos complementares: entender o desenvolvimento da instituição privada Programa Integrado de Desenvolvimento e Qualificação de Fornecedores (Prodfor), um programa específico de padronização e certificação de fornecedores locais de produtos e serviços no estado do Espírito Santo; e testar se o programa causou redução de custos de transação para as mantenedoras nas compras de bens e serviços. Foram utilizados os conceitos da nova economia institucional para desenvolver hipóteses a respeito do impacto da certificação sobre o desempenho de compras das empresas mantenedoras. Os resultados da pesquisa de campo e dos testes de média não paramétricos indicam que houve redução nos custos de transação das empresas compradoras após a implantação do programa. Complementarmente, verificou-se que houve maior redução nos custos de transação relacionados às atividades posteriores (ex post) às transações de compra em comparação com os custos associados às atividades anteriores à transação de compra (ex ante).

A teoria dos custos de transação e as relações contratuais entre cooperativas e clientes : uma contribuição para o entendimento do sistema cooperativista da agropecuária do Espírito Santo

O principal objetivo desta Dissertação é estudar como são estabelecidas as relações contratuais entre as cooperativas agropecuárias do Espírito Santo e como estas relações permitem reduzir os custos de transação. A motivação básica, portanto, é contribuir para que as cooperativas voltadas para este ramo possam melhor estruturar a governança de suas transações. Para atingir estes objetivos, a base teórica que apóia este trabalho é discutida em uma revisão de literatura da Teoria dos Custos de Transação, abordando seus princípios teóricos. Outra investigação importante para o debate a ser realizado neste estudo refere-se ao surgimento do sistema cooperativista, seu conceito e sua forma de funcionamento. A conexão estabelecida entre estes dois temas é considerada importante para entender a natureza das cooperativas, principalmente em seu conceito de firma (ou instituição) que busca organizar as trocas (de bens e/ou serviços) de maneira eficiente. O estudo busca, portanto, compreender quais estruturas estas associações adotam para realizar suas transações, propondo estruturas alternativas que permitam reduzir os custos de transação de forma eficiente e aumentar o retorno esperado pelos produtores, de acordo com as propostas da teoria. O estudo revela que o comportamento de diversas cooperativas é diferente do proposto pela TCT. Em alguns desses casos, isto impede que elas reduzam os custos de transação da forma mais eficiente possível. Em outros, no entanto, as práticas que colidem com o proposto na TCT (por motivos idiossincráticos, institucionais e/ou estruturais próprios da organização) podem trazer resultados auspiciosos para as cooperativas.

Desenho institucional e custos de transação: um estudo sobre a reestruturação do Programa Banco Social no Paraná

O Programa Banco Social de microcrédito, iniciado em 2001 pelo governo do estado do Paraná em 2001, foi constituído a partir de um arranjo institucional complexo dentro do setor público estadual. Seu desenho original foi reformulado em várias oportunidades de modo a lidar com dificuldades operacionais e com vistas a seu autofinanciamento. Este trabalho estuda a reformulação de sua estrutura inicial sob a ótica dos custos de transação, analisando a natureza e o impacto das mudanças com relação aos problemas específicos de assimetria de informação, oportunismo e racionalidade limitada. Percebem-se, por fim, as dificuldades do Programa em executar uma função de cunho social diante de uma lógica mais comercial a orientar sua continuidade operacional.