Bioindicators for assessing ecological integrity of prairie wetlands /

"July 1996."

Combining plant and bird data increases the accuracy of an Index of Biotic Integrity to assess conservation levels of tropical forest fragments

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

Promoting Biodiversity in Forest Ecosystems Using Ecological Forestry

A subset of forest management techniques, termed ecological forestry, have been developed in order to produce timber and maintain the ecological integrity of forest communities through practices that more closely mirror natural disturbance regimes. Even though alternative methods have been described and tested, these approaches still need to be established and analyzed in a variety of geographic regions in order to calibrate and measure effectiveness across different forest types. The primary objective of this research project was to assess whether group selection combined with legacy-tree retention could enhance mid-tolerant tree recruitment in a late-successional northern hardwood forest. In order to evaluate a novel alternative regeneration technique, 49 group-selection openings in three size classes were created in 2003 with a biological legacy tree retained in the center of each opening. Twenty reference sites, managed using single-tree selection, were also analyzed for comparison. The specific goals of the project were to: 1) determine the fate and persistence of the openings and legacy trees 2) assess the understory response of the group-selection openings versus the single-tree selection reference sites, and 3) evaluate the spatial patterns of yellow birch (Betula alleghaniensis Britt.) and eastern hemlock (Tsuga canadensis (L.) Carr.) in the group-selection openings. The results from 8-9 years post-study implementation and the changes that have occurred between 2004/5 and 2011/12 are discussed. The alternative regeneration technique developed and assessed in this study has the potential to enrich biodiversity in a range of forest types. Projected group-selection opening persistence rates ranged from 41-91 years. Openings from 500-1500 m2 are predicted to persist long enough for mid-tolerant tree recruitment. The legacy trees responded well to release and experienced a low mortality rate. Yellow birch (the primary shade mid-tolerant tree in the study area) densities increased with opening size. Maples surpassed all other species in abundance. In the sapling layer, sugar maple (Acer saccharum Marsh.) was 2 to over 300 times more abundant in the group-selection openings and 2 to 3 times more abundant in the references sites than all other species present. Red maple (Acer rubrum L.) was the second most abundant species present in the openings and reference sites. Spatial patterns of yellow birch and eastern hemlock in the openings were mostly aggregated. The southern edges of the largest openings contained the highest magnitude of yellow birch and eastern hemlock per unit area. Continued monitoring and additional treatments will likely be necessary in order to ensure underrepresented species successfully reach maturity.

Ecological indicators for system-wide assessment of the greater everglades ecosystem restoration program

Developing scientifically credible tools for measuring the success of ecological restoration projects is a difficult and a non-trivial task. Yet, reliable measures of the general health and ecological integrity of ecosystems are critical for assessing the success of restoration programs. The South Florida Ecosystem Restoration Task Force (Task Force), which helps coordinate a multi-billion dollar multi-organizational effort between federal, state, local and tribal governments to restore the Florida Everglades, is using a small set of system-wide ecological indicators to assess the restoration efforts. A team of scientists and managers identified eleven ecological indicators from a field of several hundred through a selection process using 12 criteria to determine their applicability as part of a system-wide suite. The 12 criteria are: (1) is the indicator relevant to the ecosystem? (2) Does it respond to variability at a scale that makes it applicable to the entire system? (3) Is the indicator feasible to implement and is it measureable? (4) Is the indicator sensitive to system drivers and is it predictable? (5) Is the indicator interpretable in a common language? (6) Are there situations where an optimistic trend with regard to an indicator might suggest a pessimistic restoration trend? (7) Are there situations where a pessimistic trend with regard to an indicator may be unrelated to restoration activities? (8) Is the indicator scientifically defensible? (9) Can clear, measureable targets be established for the indicator to allow for assessments of success? (10) Does the indicator have specificity to be able to result in corrective action? (11) What level of ecosystem process or structure does the indicator address? (12) Does the indicator provide early warning signs of ecological change? In addition, a two page stoplight report card was developed to assist in communicating the complex science inherent in ecological indicators in a common language for resource managers, policy makers and the public. The report card employs a universally understood stoplight symbol that uses green to indicate that targets are being met, yellow to indicate that targets have not been met and corrective action may be needed and red to represent that targets are far from being met and corrective action is required. This paper presents the scientific process and the results of the development and selection of the criteria, the indicators and the stoplight report card format and content. The detailed process and results for the individual indicators are presented in companion papers in this special issue of Ecological Indicators.

USING INDICATORS OF BIOTIC INTEGRITY FOR ASSESSMENT OF STREAM CONDITION

Multiple indices of biotic integrity and biological condition gradient models have been developed and validated to assess ecological integrity in the Laurentian Great Lakes Region. With multiple groups such as Tribal, Federal, and State agencies as well as scientists and local watershed management or river-focused volunteer groups collecting data for bioassessment it is important that we determine the comparability of data and the effectiveness of indices applied to these data for assessment of natural systems. We evaluated the applicability of macroinvertebrate and fish community indices for assessing site integrity. Site quality (i.e., habitat condition) could be classified differently depending on which index was applied. This highlights the need to better understand the metrics driving index variation as well as reference conditions for effective communication and use of indices of biotic integrity in the Upper Midwest. We found the macroinvertebrate benthic community index for the Northern Lakes and Forests Ecoregion and a coldwater fish index of biotic integrity for the Upper Midwest were most appropriate for use in the Big Manistee River watershed based on replicate sampling, ability to track trends over time and overall performance. We evaluated three sites where improper road stream crossings (culverts) were improved by replacing them with modern full-span structures using the most appropriate fish and macroinvertebrate IBIs. We used a before-after-control-impact paired series analytical design and found mixed results, with evidence of improvement in biotic integrity based on macroinvertebrate indices at some of the sites while most sites indicated no response in index score. Culvert replacements are often developed based on the potential, or the perception, that they will restore ecological integrity. As restoration practitioners, researchers and managers, we need to be transparent in our goals and objectives and monitor for those results specifically. The results of this research serve as an important model for the broader field of ecosystem restoration and support the argument that while biotic communities can respond to actions undertaken with the goal of overall restoration, practitioners should be realistic in their expectations and claims of predicted benefit, and then effectively evaluate the true impacts of the restoration activities.

Béns i serveis associats als ecosistemes de fanerògames marines i estimacions de pèrdues causades per la seva degradació

Les praderies de posidònia de la costa catalana són ecosistemes d’alta importància, ja que tenint en compte la seva poca extensió, ens aporten una gran multiplicitat de béns i serveis ecosistèmics. No obstant, els danys observats en els prats en les últimes dècades, tant pel que fa a la regressió en superfície com a la pèrdua d’integritat ecològica, ens indiquen que aquests ecosistemes s’estan enfrontant a una crisi causada principalment per les pressions de les activitats antròpiques a les zones costaneres. En aquest projecte es pretenen identificar tots els béns i serveis que ens proporcionen aquests herbeis, així com també dictaminar quina és la importància de cada un d’ells en el context de la costa catalana. D’altra banda, es pretenen avaluar els impactes i conseqüències de la seva degradació i també quantificar, de manera relativa, la pèrdua d’aquests béns i serveis a la costa catalana, partint de la base que, segons els resultats obtinguts, la pèrdua d’abundància en els prats ha estat d’aproximadament el 60% des d’un hipotètic estat “pre-industrial” fins l’actualitat.

Platanthera blephariglottis : une espèce indicatrice de l’intégrité écologique des tourbières ombrotrophes au Québec

Ce mémoire visait à déterminer si la platanthère à gorge frangée (Platanthera blephariglottis var. blephariglottis), une orchidée, est une espèce indicatrice de l’intégrité écologique des tourbières ombrotrophes. Les indicateurs d’intégrité écologique sont des outils indispensables pour évaluer efficacement les composantes d’un écosystème. Les résultats indiquent que l’abondance de la platanthère est fortement liée à l’indice de qualité floristique (FQAI). Le FQAI est aussi un excellent prédicateur de la présence de l’espèce, avec un taux de succès à 87%. D’autre part, l’abondance de l’orchidée est négativement affectée par les activités anthropiques et la matrice environnante. D’un point de vue descriptif, les habitats renfermant une grande abondance d’orchidées sont caractérisés par une faible microtopographie de surface et un recouvrement important de bryophytes et d’éricacées de petite taille. Globalement, ce mémoire a montré que la platanthère renferme un potentiel pour être indicatrice de l’intégrité écologique des tourbières ombrotrophes au Québec.

Facteurs associés à la présence d’une orchidée rare au Québec : Arethusa bulbosa L.

L’aréthuse bulbeuse (Arethusa bulbosa L.) est une orchidée tourbicole rare au Québec de par la petite taille de ses populations et les pressions qui pèsent sur son habitat. L’aréthuse est reconnue comme étant intolérante aux changements édaphiques de son habitat, notamment en regard du drainage. Afin de déterminer si l’aréthuse est une bonne espèce indicatrice de l’intégrité écologique des tourbières, cette étude compare des parcelles où l’espèce est présente et où elle est absente. Au cours des étés 2009 et 2010, 37 tourbières du Québec méridional ont été échantillonnées. Des analyses discriminantes ont mis en évidence les facteurs naturels ou d’origine anthropique qui expliquent le mieux la différence entre les quatre types de parcelles. Aussi, la recherche d’espèces indicatrices de la présence de l’aréthuse a été réalisée grâce à la méthode INDVAL. Les résultats montrent que l’aréthuse pousse principalement dans des tourbières présentant des conditions minérotrophes, ce qui est appuyé par le pH élevé et la présence de plantes indicatrices de minérotrophie dans les parcelles contenant l’aréthuse. Cette dernière semble aussi profiter d’une certaine atténuation de la lumière par des arbres dispersés ou par les strates plus basses. Finalement, certaines perturbations de faible ampleur semblent être bénéfiques pour l’aréthuse, ce qui ne permet pas d’affirmer qu’elle est une bonne espèce indicatrice de l’intégrité écologique des tourbières.

Contributions of ethnobiology to the conservation of tropical rivers and streams

1. This study aimed to link basic ethnobiological research on local ecological knowledge (LEK) to the conservation of Brazilian streams, based on two case studies: original data on LEK of fishermen about freshwater fish in the Negro River, Amazon, and previously published data about LEK of farmers on the ecological relationship between forest and streams in the Macabuzinho catchment, Atlantic Forest.2. Information was obtained from fishermen through interviews using standard questionnaires containing open-ended questions. Informants for interview were selected either following some defined criteria or applying the 'snowball' method.3. Fishermen's LEK about the diets and habitats of 14 fish species in the Negro River provided new biological information on plant species that are eaten by fish, in addition to confirming some ecological patterns from the biological literature, such as dependence of fish on forests as food sources.4. In the Atlantic Forest, a comparison between farmers' LEK and a rapid stream assessment in the farmers' properties indicated that farmers tended to overestimate the ecological integrity of their streams. Farmers recognized at least 11 forest attributes that correspond to the scientific concept of ecosystem services. Such information may be useful to promote or enhance dialogue among farmers, scientists and managers.5. These results may contribute to the devising of ecosystem management measures in the Negro River, aimed to conserve both rivers and their associated floodplain forests, involving local fishermen. In the Atlantic Forest, we proposed some initiatives, such as to allow direct economic use of their forests to conciliate conflicting perceptions of farmers about ecological benefits versus economic losses from reforestation. Despite their cultural, environmental and geographical differences, the two study cases are complementary and cost-effective and promising approaches to including LEK in the design of ecological research. Copyright (C) 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Dinâmica fluvial e regime hidrológico na bacia hidrográfica do rio Paranapanema

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

A ictiofauna no monitoramento da qualidade ambiental em um distrito industrial do estuário amazônico

Vila do Conde está localizada no município de Barcarena, Pará, Brasil. Nesta região está concentrado um importante pólo industrial de mineração, constituindo um fator de risco para a qualidade da água. Diante do exposto, este trabalho teve o objetivo de avaliar a qualidade da água no ambiente estuarino localizado no entorno de Vila do Conde utilizando a ictiofauna como bioindicador e o fígado de duas espécies de peixes como biomarcador histopatológico. As coletas do material abiótico (água) e da ictiofauna ocorreram em três áreas considerando os diferentes níveis de impacto: Zona 1, localizado no entorno do terminal portuário e industrial de Vila do Conde, considerada como alto risco de contaminação; Zona 2, localizada na ilha do Capim, na divisa dos municípios de Barcarena e Abaetetuba, classificada com risco médio de impacto; Zona 3, localizada na ilha das Onças, município de Barcarena, classificada com risco minímo por está distante das fontes de contaminação. Para todas as áreas de estudo foram feitas amostragens tanto no ambiente de canal quanto no canal de maré ao longo de quatro coletas bimestrais -, transição chuvoso para o seco (Junho 2009), seco (Setembro 2009), transição seco para chuvoso (Janeiro 2010) e período chuvoso (Abril 2010), no período de um ano de coleta. Para a obtenção dos dados foram utilizados rede de emalhar e rede de tapagem. Como forma de abordar diferentes vertentes sobre a qualidade da água em Vila do Conde, este trabalho foi dividido em etapas. A primeira etapa consistiu do uso da ictiofauna como bioindicadora (capítulo 1). Na segunda etapa foram selecionadas duas espécies abundantes com hábitos alimentares distintos, Plagioscion squamosissimus e Lithodoras dorsalis, para avaliar a saúde do ambiente através da utilização do fígado como iomarcador histopatológico (capítulo 2). Por fim todas as famílias de descritores da comunidade estudadas nos capítulos 1 e 2 foram integralizadas através do uso de índices de integridade biológica (capítulo 3). A análise da ictiofauna como bioindicadora mostrou que, para os dois ambientes (canal e igarapé), considerando as várias famílias de descritores, foi evidente a composição diferenciada entre os locais. Das 77 espécies capturadas, apenas 23 foram encontradas na zona 1. Adicionalmente, também foi observada a diminuição de organismos de grande porte. Este decréscimo foi considerado como uma resposta ecológica inicial as alterações antrópicas. A análise dos biomarcadores, feito através do estudo histopatológico do fígado se mostrou eficiente e demonstrou que presença antrópica naquela região está afetando a saúde da P. squamosissimus e L. dorsalis. O MAV (Mean Assessment Values), HAI (Histological Alteration Index) e o MDS (multidimensional scaling) mostraram claramente as diferenças entre as áreas estudadas. Nas áreas em que existe o contato mais próximo com o porto e as indústrias, as alterações foram mais severas e algumas consideradas irreversíveis para as duas espécies. As principais lesões encontradas nas duas espécies foram: o aumento do centro melanomacrófagos, degeneração gordurosa, inflamação nos hepatócitos, hepatite, congestão nos vasos e necrose focal. As alterações hepáticas observadas neste estudo foram mais intensas em P. squamosissimus que é carnívora e se alimenta na área de estudo predominantemente de camarão. Através dos índices de integridade todas as informações sobre a comunidade descritas anteriormente foram agregadas e denominadas de métricas. Para os dois ambientes (canal e igarapé), a curva de biomassa/dominância ABC mostrou que as zonas 1 e 2 apresentaram alterações, sendo estas áreas classificadas como moderadamente impactadas. Os índices BHI (Estuarine biological health index), EFCI (Estuarine fish community índex), TFCI (Transitional fish classification índex) e EBI (Estuarine biotic integrity index) foram considerados excelentes indicadores de integridade nas áreas de estudos e foram eficientes em mostrar alterações graves da comunidade de peixes na zona 1. Quanto à zona 2, já foi possível observar algum tipo de alteração no ambiente, mostrando que a contaminação não está se restringindo apenas ao entorno de Vila do Conde. As metodologias aplicadas foram capazes de detectar as interferências antrópicas na área de estudo e podem para ser replicadas em outros ambientes estuarinos. Entretanto, estudos mais detalhados e por um maior período de tempo ainda são necessários em Vila do Conde, principalmente relacionadas à bioacumulação de metais pesados nas principais espécies consumidas.

Economic sustainability of the Flambeau Mine Ladysmith, Wisconsin

Today sustainable development is a very pertinent issue. Communities do not want companies, specifically mining companies, to deplete a natural resource and leave. The goal is to minimize the negative impacts of mining and the boom/bust cycles of natural resource extraction. In this study a three part framework was developed to analyze the sustainability of the Flambeau Mine in Ladysmith, Wisconsin. The first and second part dealt with an in-depth local and regional analysis and whether the community was developing within its own vision. The third part used nine sustainability measures including: 1. Need Present Generation 2. Future Need 3. Acceptable Legacy 4. Full-Cost 5. Contribution to Economic Development 6. Equity 7. Consent 8. Respect for Ecological Limits, Maintenance of Ecological Integrity and Landscape Requirements 9. Offsetting Restoration This study concluded that the Flambeau Mine was sustainable relative to the first two criteria and that it can be considered mostly sustainable relative to the nine criteria. Overall it can be stated that the Flambeau Mine was a beneficial project to the Ladysmith Wisconsin area. Additionally it appeared to decrease the public’s negative perception of mining. Recommendations for future analytical work are made. Suggestions are made as to how mining companies could increase the potential for the attainment of sustainability in projects. It is recommended that this framework be used by other industries.

The Extended Water Footprint and illegal groundwater use in the Upper Guadiana Basin (Spain)

Tablas de Daimiel National Park is located in the Upper Guadiana Basin and represents one of the largest and most important wetlands in Europe. The long term ecological integrity of this wetland is inherently associated with the maintenance of a shallow groundwater table, namely the Western Mancha aquifer (WMA) or Aquifer 23. The intensive use of groundwater, mainly for irrigation, has led over the last decades to deep socio‐economic changes. Such intensive use has also lowered the water table of Aquifer 23, drastically reducing the flooded area of the wetland and threatening its ecological integrity. A number of plans and measures have been developed and implemented since the declaration of overexploitation of Aquifer 23 in the year 1987. The most recent one is the Special Plan for the Upper Guadiana (SPUG), approved in 2008. This Plan is the main measure to comply with achieving the objective of good quantitative and qualitative status required under the Water Framework Directive (2000). This paper offers a new type of integrated analysis which allows assessing under a common lens the physical, economic and social dimensions of groundwater use in the area. The first objective is to calculate the groundwater footprint of agricultural production in the Upper Guadiana basin and its evolution during 2000‐2008. For this purpose, we have applied the Extended Water Footprint (EWF) methodology ‐a novel approach based on the classical Water Footprint (WF) approach‐ that includes an assessment of the water productivity from an economic and social perspective. Compared to the classical WF, the EWF allows for a more complete overview of the sector, providing new insights for policy decisions (e.g. to define options and possibilities on water re‐allocation in order to achieve both better ecosystem conservation and social equity). The second objective is to use the EWF to compare the existing authorized and non‐authorized or illegal use of water. This allows us to discuss current initiatives by public authorities in relation to the existing frame of water rights