Phytobenthic assemblages of Addaia Bay (Menorca, Western Mediterranean): composition and distribution

Study on the composition and distribution of Phytobenthic Assemblages of Addaia Bay (Menorca, Western Mediterranean)

Phytobenthic assemblages of Addaia Bay (Menorca, Western Mediterranean): composition and distribution

Study on the composition and distribution of Phytobenthic Assemblages of Addaia Bay (Menorca, Western Mediterranean)

Fluctuaciones de varios años de período medio en la producción de fitoplancton en el mediterraneo occidental

Las posibilidades de explotación de cualquier ecosistema no sólo dependen de su producción primaria o básica (a nivel de los vegetales), sino también de cómo los valores de dicha producción en las distintas temporadas se distribuyen alrededor de la media general. Si su dispersión es muy grande, es decir, cuando ciertos años son enormemente productivos y otros muy poco, las condiciones de explotación son distintas de otra situación en la que, año tras año, se repiten aproximadamente las mismas cifras de producción.

Biotecnología marina : la mar de las oportunidades en el siglo XXI

[ES]El término Biotecnología Marina hace referencia a la utilización de los organismos marinos en el desarrollo de procesos tecnológicos, productos y servicios con aplicaciones para la sociedad, sin olvidar los aspectos económicos que acompañan a esta definición y que son englobados bajo el término “Economía Azul”, de importancia estratégica para el desarrollo europeo de este siglo. En las últimas décadas, el desarrollo de las nuevas tecnologías y las técnicas genómicas que nos abren la posibilidad de manejar, cultivar y modificar los más variados micro- y macro-organismos que, en muchos casos, forman parte de la todavía inexplorada biodiversidad de los ambientes “marinos”, nos permitirán en un disponer productos para la alimentación y la mejora del medioambiente y la salud humana.

An introduction to Mediterranean deep-sea biology

This chapter presents the state of the art concerning the deep-sea Mediterranean environment: geology, hydrology, biology and fisheries. These are the fields of study dealt with in the scientific papers of this volume. The authors are specialists who have addressed their research to the Mediterranean deep-sea environment during the last years. This introduction is an overview but not an exhaustive review.

Effects of riparian vegetation removal on nutrient retention in a Mediterranean stream

We examined the effects of riparian vegetation removal on algal dynamics and stream nutrient retention efficiency by comparing NH4-N and PO4-P uptake lengths from a logged and an unlogged reach in Riera Major, a forested Mediterranean stream in northeastern Spain. From June to September 1995, we executed 6 short-term additions of N (as NH4Cl) and P (as Na2HPO4) in a 200-m section to measure nutrient uptake lengths. The study site included 2 clearly differentiated reaches in terms of canopy cover by riparian trees: the first 100 m were completely logged (i.e., the logged reach) and the remaining 100 m were left intact (i.e., the shaded reach). Trees were removed from the banks of the logged reach in the winter previous to our sampling. In the shaded reach, riparian vegetation was dominated by alders (Alnus glutinosa). The study was conducted during summer and fall months when differences in light availability between the 2 reaches were greatest because of forest canopy conditions. Algal biomass and % of stream surface covered by algae were higher in the logged than in the shaded reach, indicating that logging had a stimulatory effect on algae in the stream. Overall, nutrient retention efficiency was higher (i.e., shorter uptake lengths) in the logged than in the shaded reach, especially for PO4-P. Despite a greater increase in PO4-P retention efficiency relative to that of NH4-N following logging, retention efficiency for NH4-N was higher than for PO4-P in both study reaches. The PO4-P mass-transfer coefficient was correlated with primary production in both study reaches, indicating that algal activity plays an important role in controlling PO4-P dynamics in this stream. In contrast, the NH4-N mass-transfer coefficient showed a positive relation-ship only with % of algal coverage in the logged reach, and was not correlated with any algal-related parameter in the shaded reach. The lack of correlation with algal production suggests that mechanisms other than algal activity (i.e., microbial heterotrophic processes or abiotic mechanisms) may also influence NH4-N retention in this stream. Overall, this study shows that logging disturbances in small shaded streams may alter in-stream ecological features that lead to changes in stream nutrient retention efficiency. Moreover, it emphasizes that alteration of the tight linkage between the stream channel and the adjacent riparian zone may directly and indirectly impact biogeochemical processes with implications for stream ecosystem functioning.

Mortality rates in by-caught loggerhead turtle Caretta caretta in the Mediterranean Sea and implications for the Atlantic populations

Reliable estimates of the post-release mortality probability of marine turtles after incidental by-catch are essential for assessing the impact of longline fishing on these species.Large numbers of loggerhead turtles Caretta caretta from rookeries in the northwestern Atlantic Ocean have been by-caught annually in the southwestern Mediterranean Sea since the 1980s, but nothing is known about their post-release mortality probability under natural conditions. Pop-up archival transmitting tags were attached to 26 loggerhead turtles following incidental capture by Spanish longliners. Hooks were not removed, and 40 cm of line was left in place. The post-release mortality probability during the 90 d following release ranged from 0.308 to 0.365, and was independent of hook location. When the post-release mortality probability was combined with previously reported estimates of the mortality probability before hauling, the aggregated by-catch mortality probability ranged from 0.321 to 0.378. Assuming a total annual by-catch of 10656 loggerhead turtles by the Spanish longline fleet operating in the southwestern Mediterranean, by-catch results in 3421 to 4028 turtle deaths annually. This range is equivalent to 8.5−10.1% of the approximately 40000 turtles inhabiting the fishing grounds used by Spanish longliners, most of them from rookeries in the northwestern Atlantic. As a consequence, the accumulated mortality during the oceanic stage is expected to be larger for those loggerhead turtles of Atlantic origin that spend several years in the Mediterranean Sea than for turtles of the same cohort that remain in the Atlantic. For this reason, the Mediterranean can be considered a dead end for loggerhead turtle populations nesting in the Atlantic, although the actual demographic relevance of by-catch mortality of loggerhead turtles in the Mediterranean remains unknown.

Feeding ecology and trophic position of three sympatric demersal chondrichthyans in the Northwestern Mediterranean.

Understanding how marine predators interact is a scientific challenge. In marine ecosystems, segregation in feeding habits has been largely described as a common mechanism to allow the coexistence of several competing marine predators. However, little is known about the feeding ecology of most species of chondrichthyans, which play a pivotal role in the structure of marine food webs worldwide. In this study, we examined the trophic ecology of 3 relatively abundant chondrichthyans coexisting in the Mediterranean Sea: the blackmouth catshark Galeus melastomus , the velvet belly lanternshark Etmopterus spinax and the rabbit fish Chimaera monstrosa. To examine their trophic ecology and interspecific differences in food habits, we combined the analysis of stomach content and stable isotopes. Our results highlighted a trophic segregation between C. monstrosa and the other 2 species. G. melastomus showed a diet composed mainly of cephalopods, while E. spinax preyed mainly on shrimps and C. monstrosa on crabs. Interspecific differences in the trophic niche were likely due to different feeding capabilities and body size. Each species showed different isotopic niche space and trophic level. Specifically, C. monstrosa showed a higher trophic level than E. spinax and G. melastomus. The high trophic levels of the 3 species highlighted their important role as predators in the marine food web. Our results illustrate the utility of using complementary approaches that provide information about the feeding behaviour at short (stomach content) and long-term scales (stable isotopes), which could allow more efficient monitoring of marine food-web changes in the study area.

A preliminary catalogue of natural substances of opistobranch molluscs from Western Mediterranean and near Atlantic

A list of opisthobranch molluscs species from the western Mediterranean and nearby Atlantic is presented. These species have natural products that are of interest because of their chemical structure, origin and/or function in benthic ecosystems. This review contains data on the origin and activity of these molecules, collection sites of the animals, and their bibliographic references. A discussion of these subjects is also included.

Impacts on the deep-sea ecosystem by a severe coastal storm

Major coastal storms, associated with strong winds, high waves and intensified currents, and occasionally with heavy rains and flash floods, are mostly known because of the serious damage they can cause along the shoreline and the threats they pose to navigation. However, there is a profound lack of knowledge on the deep-sea impacts of severe coastal storms. Concurrent measurements of key parameters along the coast and in the deep-sea are extremely rare. Here we present a unique data set showing how one of the most extreme coastal storms of the last decades lashing the Western Mediterranean Sea rapidly impacted the deep-sea ecosystem. The storm peaked the 26th of December 2008 leading to the remobilization of a shallow-water reservoir of marine organic carbon associated with fine particles and resulting in its redistribution across the deep basin. The storm also initiated the movement of large amounts of coarse shelf sediment, which abraded and buried benthic communities. Our findings demonstrate, first, that severe coastal storms are highly efficient in transporting organic carbon from shallow water to deep water, thus contributing to its sequestration and, second, that natural, intermittent atmospheric drivers sensitive to global climate change have the potential to tremendously impact the largest and least known ecosystem on Earth, the deep-sea ecosystem.

Impacts on the deep-sea ecosystem by a severe coastal storm

Major coastal storms, associated with strong winds, high waves and intensified currents, and occasionally with heavy rains and flash floods, are mostly known because of the serious damage they can cause along the shoreline and the threats they pose to navigation. However, there is a profound lack of knowledge on the deep-sea impacts of severe coastal storms. Concurrent measurements of key parameters along the coast and in the deep-sea are extremely rare. Here we present a unique data set showing how one of the most extreme coastal storms of the last decades lashing the Western Mediterranean Sea rapidly impacted the deep-sea ecosystem. The storm peaked the 26th of December 2008 leading to the remobilization of a shallow-water reservoir of marine organic carbon associated with fine particles and resulting in its redistribution across the deep basin. The storm also initiated the movement of large amounts of coarse shelf sediment, which abraded and buried benthic communities. Our findings demonstrate, first, that severe coastal storms are highly efficient in transporting organic carbon from shallow water to deep water, thus contributing to its sequestration and, second, that natural, intermittent atmospheric drivers sensitive to global climate change have the potential to tremendously impact the largest and least known ecosystem on Earth, the deep-sea ecosystem.

Multiple processes regulate long-term population dynamics of sea urchins on Mediterranean rocky reefs

We annually monitored the abundance and size structure of herbivorous sea urchin populations (Paracentrotus lividus and Arbacia lixula) inside and outside a marine reserve in the Northwestern Mediterranean on two distinct habitats (boulders and vertical walls) over a period of 20 years, with the aim of analyzing changes at different temporal scales in relation to biotic and abiotic drivers. P. lividus exhibited significant variability in density over time on boulder bottoms but not on vertical walls, and temporal trends were not significantly different between the protection levels. Differences in densities were caused primarily by variance in recruitment, which was less pronounced inside the MPA and was correlated with adult density, indicating density-dependent recruitment under high predation pressure, as well as some positive feedback mechanisms that may facilitate higher urchin abundances despite higher predator abundance. Populations within the reserve were less variable in abundance and did not exhibit the hyper-abundances observed outside the reserve, suggesting that predation effects maybe more subtle than simply lowering the numbers of urchins in reserves. A. lixula densities were an order of magnitude lower than P. lividus densities and varied within sites and over time on boulder bottoms but did not differ between protection levels. In December 2008, an exceptionally violent storm reduced sea urchin densities drastically (by 50% to 80%) on boulder substrates, resulting in the lowest values observed over the entire study period, which remained at that level for at least two years (up to the present). Our results also showed great variability in the biological and physical processes acting at different temporal scales. This study highlights the need for appropriate temporal scales for studies to fully understand ecosystem functioning, the concepts of which are fundamental to successful conservation and management.

El fons marí de les illes Medes i el Montgrí: quatre dècades de recerca per a la conservació

La recollida sistemàtica de dades per obtenir sèries temporals llargues de determinades variables que ens donin informació de com evoluciona un determinat ecosistema, una comunitat o una espècie, el que es coneix com a monitorització, resulta de gran interès quan es pretén esbrinar si un espai natural protegit segueix unatendència, a llarg termini, cap a la conservació dels seus valors naturals. Aquesta informació permet orientar la gestió de l’espai natural si es detecten tendències no desitjables, de manera que es puguin corregir abans que siguin irreversibles, el que es coneix com a gestió adaptativa de l’espai natural. La monitorització és especialment necessària en espais naturals on la pressió humana és molt forta, perquè permet veure fins a quin punt la pressió humana repercuteix de manera negativa sobre l’ecosistema i així facilita adaptar els mecanismes de gestió per evitar o, si més no, minimitzar aquest impacte negatiu.La major dificultat en la implementació d’un programa de monitorització està en el fet de seleccionar quines variables recollim de manera sistemàtica. Tenir informació a llarg termini sobre les abundàncies de la majorpart de les espècies que formen una comunitat, la variació en la mida dels individus i les diferents interaccionsque tenen lloc entre espècies, i entre elles i l’entorn, seria de gran valor per poder analitzar les tendències d’aquesta comunitat, però un seguiment d’aquests tipus tindria costos molt elevats. D’altra banda, fer seguiment de variables de fàcil recol·lecció pot ser molt assequible, però potser no ens doni suficient informacióde com està evolucionant el conjunt. Convé, doncs, seleccionar algunes variables, espècies o comunitats que puguin funcionar com a indicadores biològiques dels efectes sobre el conjunt de la comunitat; tambéés oportú seleccionar algunes espècies emblemàtiques, la conservació de les quals tingui especial interès. Aquest seguiment ha d’anar sempre acompanyat de treballs més detallats, que permetin validar si l’elecció de les variables indicadores és l’adequada i que els resultats de la monitorització són robusts. Una monitorització d’aquest tipus s’ha anat portant a terme aquestes darreres dècades al fons marí de les illes Medes, com també al litoral del Montgrí, amb la finalitat d’estudiar els possibles canvis com a resultat de la protecció d’aquest espai natural i d’analitzar els possibles efectes de l’excessiva freqüentació. Tambés’ha desenvolupat un bon nombre de projectes de recerca nacionals i internacionals, que han contribuït al coneixement del funcionament ecològic d’aquest espai natural tan conegut i admirat. En aquesta nova monografia de la col·lecció Recerca i Territori, impulsada per la Càtedra d’Ecosistemes Litorals Mediterranis, es recullen les principals conclusions de tots aquests estudis de seguiment que s’han anatrealitzant al fons marí de les illes Medes i del litoral del Montgrí. L’ànim de les monografies de la col·leccióRecerca i Territori és, d’una banda, aprofundir en el coneixement del funcionament dels espais naturals i, del’altra, ajudar a la presa de decisions per part dels responsables de la gestió d’aquests espais. Una gestióinformada resulta indispensable per a la conservació de zones protegides amb una alta freqüentació, com ésel cas del fons marí de les illes Medes.

El coral·ligen de les illes Medes: una comunitat fràgil amb un gran valor patrimonial

El coral·ligen ha estat definit com una bioconstrucció formada sobretot per algues calcàries de la família de les coral·linàcies, principalment dels gèneres Lithophyllum, Lithothamnion, Mesophyllum,Neogoniolithon, Peyssonnelia i Halimeda, que es desenvolupen entre 20 i 120 m de fondària, on la poca disponibilitat de llum limita el creixement de les algues fotofil·les (Ballesteros, 2006). En aquestescondicions, les espècies d’algues carbonatades passen a ser dominants i, juntament amb diferents espècies d’invertebrats, desenvolupen unes comunitats amb una forta complexitat estructural.Originalment, el coral·ligen es va descriure en el segle XIX a la zona de Marsella (Marion, 1833). El nom, coral·ligen, estava relacionat amb la “producció” de corall vermell Corallium rubrum per part deles bioconstruccions algals. De fet, a la zona de Marsella el corall vermell era un recurs pesquer molt important en aquella època i d’aquí, probablement, que s’emprès el terme. Tanmateix, el terme englobael conjunt de comunitats dominades per diferents algues calcàries i invertebrats que, independentment de la seva composició, estan caracterizades per desenvolupar importants bioconcrecions (fins a 2 m d’alçada) en diferents zones geogràfiques de la Mediterrània.