1000 resultados para ES-SAGD. Perda de carga.
Resumo:
Nowadays, most of the hydrocarbon reserves in the world are in the form of heavy oil, ultra - heavy or bitumen. For the extraction and production of this resource is required to implement new technologies. One of the promising processes for the recovery of this oil is the Expanding Solvent Steam Assisted Gravity Drainage (ES-SAGD) which uses two parallel horizontal wells, where the injection well is situated vertically above the production well. The completion of the process occurs upon injection of a hydrocarbon additive at low concentration in conjunction with steam. The steam adds heat to reduce the viscosity of the oil and solvent aids in reducing the interfacial tension between oil/ solvent. The main force acting in this process is the gravitational and the heat transfer takes place by conduction, convection and latent heat of steam. In this study was used the discretized wellbore model, where the well is discretized in the same way that the reservoir and each section of the well treated as a block of grid, with interblock connection with the reservoir. This study aims to analyze the influence of the pressure drop and heat along the injection well in the ES-SAGD process. The model used for the study is a homogeneous reservoir, semi synthetic with characteristics of the Brazilian Northeast and numerical simulations were performed using the STARS thermal simulator from CMG (Computer Modelling Group). The operational parameters analyzed were: percentage of solvent injected, the flow of steam injection, vertical distance between the wells and steam quality. All of them were significant in oil recovery factor positively influencing this. The results showed that, for all cases analyzed, the model considers the pressure drop has cumulative production of oil below its respective model that disregards such loss. This difference is more pronounced the lower the value of the flow of steam injection
Resumo:
Nowadays, most of the hydrocarbon reserves in the world are in the form of heavy oil, ultra - heavy or bitumen. For the extraction and production of this resource is required to implement new technologies. One of the promising processes for the recovery of this oil is the Expanding Solvent Steam Assisted Gravity Drainage (ES-SAGD) which uses two parallel horizontal wells, where the injection well is situated vertically above the production well. The completion of the process occurs upon injection of a hydrocarbon additive at low concentration in conjunction with steam. The steam adds heat to reduce the viscosity of the oil and solvent aids in reducing the interfacial tension between oil/ solvent. The main force acting in this process is the gravitational and the heat transfer takes place by conduction, convection and latent heat of steam. In this study was used the discretized wellbore model, where the well is discretized in the same way that the reservoir and each section of the well treated as a block of grid, with interblock connection with the reservoir. This study aims to analyze the influence of the pressure drop and heat along the injection well in the ES-SAGD process. The model used for the study is a homogeneous reservoir, semi synthetic with characteristics of the Brazilian Northeast and numerical simulations were performed using the STARS thermal simulator from CMG (Computer Modelling Group). The operational parameters analyzed were: percentage of solvent injected, the flow of steam injection, vertical distance between the wells and steam quality. All of them were significant in oil recovery factor positively influencing this. The results showed that, for all cases analyzed, the model considers the pressure drop has cumulative production of oil below its respective model that disregards such loss. This difference is more pronounced the lower the value of the flow of steam injection
Resumo:
The oil companies in the area in general are looking for new technologies that can increase the recovery factor of oil contained in reservoirs. These investments are mainly aimed at reducing the costs of projects which are high. Steam injection is one of these special methods of recovery in which steam is injected into the reservoir in order to reduce the viscosity of the oil and make it more mobile. The process assisted gravity drainage steam (SAGD) using steam injection in its mechanism, as well as two parallel horizontal wells. In this process steam is injected through the horizontal injection well, then a vapor chamber is formed by heating the oil in the reservoir and, by the action of gravitational forces, this oil is drained down to where the production well. This study aims to analyze the influence of pressure drop and heat along the injection well in the SAGD process. Numerical simulations were performed using the thermal simulator STARS of CMG (Computer Modeling Group). The parameters studied were the thermal conductivity of the formation, the flow of steam injection, the inner diameter of the column, the steam quality and temperature. A factorial design was used to verify the influence of the parameters studied in the recovery factor. We also analyzed different injection flow rates for the model with pressure drop and no pressure drop, as well as different maximum flow rates of oil production. Finally, we performed an economic analysis of the two models in order to check the profitability of the projects studied. The results showed that the pressure drop in injection well have a significant influence on the SAGD process.
Resumo:
The oil companies in the area in general are looking for new technologies that can increase the recovery factor of oil contained in reservoirs. These investments are mainly aimed at reducing the costs of projects which are high. Steam injection is one of these special methods of recovery in which steam is injected into the reservoir in order to reduce the viscosity of the oil and make it more mobile. The process assisted gravity drainage steam (SAGD) using steam injection in its mechanism, as well as two parallel horizontal wells. In this process steam is injected through the horizontal injection well, then a vapor chamber is formed by heating the oil in the reservoir and, by the action of gravitational forces, this oil is drained down to where the production well. This study aims to analyze the influence of pressure drop and heat along the injection well in the SAGD process. Numerical simulations were performed using the thermal simulator STARS of CMG (Computer Modeling Group). The parameters studied were the thermal conductivity of the formation, the flow of steam injection, the inner diameter of the column, the steam quality and temperature. A factorial design was used to verify the influence of the parameters studied in the recovery factor. We also analyzed different injection flow rates for the model with pressure drop and no pressure drop, as well as different maximum flow rates of oil production. Finally, we performed an economic analysis of the two models in order to check the profitability of the projects studied. The results showed that the pressure drop in injection well have a significant influence on the SAGD process.
Resumo:
Os compostos orgnicos volteis so uma fonte comum de contaminao de gua subterrnea, que pode ser facilmente removida atravs de um processo de arrastamento por ar em colunas com enchimento desordenado com fluxos lquido e gasoso em contracorrente. Neste trabalho prope-se uma nova metodologia para o dimensionamento destas colunas vlida para uma grande variedade de enchimento e de contaminantes. O regime hidrulico um critrio de projecto previamente definido. Os procedimentos a utilizar no dimensionamento foram descritos num simples algoritmo e devidamente implementados em Matlab. Paralelamente, foi construda uma coluna e sobre ela se efectuaram testes de dimensionamento, de comportamento em regime estacionrio e em regime dinmico. Os testes experimentais foram conduzidos sobre uma soluo de clorofrmio em gua destilada. Os resultados obtidos permitem estabelecer uma correco do valor do coeficiente global de transferncia de massa previamente estimado a partir das correlaes de Onda, que por sua vez dependem de vrios parmetros nem sempre fceis de controlar experimentalmente. Os resultados obtidos experimentalmente no apresentam comportamentos estranhos nem imprevistos.
Resumo:
Este trabalho apresenta os resultados de experimento conduzido para avaliar as perdas de carga localizadas em gotejados no coaxiais integrados a tubos de polietileno. As perdas de carga para diferentes vazes foram determinadas em quatro modelos de tubos-gotejadores, com dez repeties. Para cada vazo, a perda de carga localizada foi calculada pela diferena entre a perda de carga no tubo com emissor e a perda de carga contnua no tubo uniforme estimada pela equao de Darcy-Weisbach com o fator de atrito (f) previamente determinado. Aproximaes matemticas foram sugeridas para calcular hfe com base no coeficiente de carga cintica (K) e em um valor constante de comprimento equivalente (Le). Para os modelos de tubos-gotejadores estudados, a perda de carga localizada, expressa como percentagem da perda de carga total, aumentou com o aumento da razo de obstruo, variando de 24,5% a 50,8% para Ag/At = 0,221 e 0,429, respectivamente. A maior diferena percentual encontrada entre a perda de carga total calculada pelo mtodo iterativo passo a passo e pelo uso de "Le" constante, calculado com a vazo de entrada na lateral, foi 5,5% para o gotejador no autocompensante. Para os gotejadores autocompensantes, as diferenas foram inferiores a 1,7%.
Resumo:
Este trabalho foi desenvolvido com o objetivo de ajustar equaes que estimam a perda distribuda de carga em microtubos utilizados em microasperso e a perda localizada de carga na passagem lateral do fluxo por meio dos conectores na linha lateral. A perda distribuda de carga foi determinada em quatro dimetros de microtubos com nove a dez repeties para 15 vazes, por meio da aplicao do teorema de Bernoulli. O fator de atrito (f) foi estimado fixando-se o valor de m = 0,25 e calibrando-se o valor do parmetro c (0,290). A perda localizada de carga foi determinada por diferena entre perda de carga no microtubo mais conector e perda de carga no microtubo. Dois modelos de conectores foram utilizados e caracterizados quanto ao dimetro interno e dimenses. Uma aproximao matemtica foi proposta para calcular a perda localizada de carga com base em coeficiente de carga cintica do conector (K'), que leva em considerao as dimenses do conector e do microtubo e independncia das foras viscosas para Re > 5.000. As variaes de vazo e de presso entre os emissores situados nos extremos da linha lateral mostraram-se sensveis perda de carga na passagem lateral pelo conector mais a perda de carga no microtubo.
Resumo:
Este trabalho foi desenvolvido para analisar as perdas de carga localizadas em gotejadores coaxiais integrados em tubos de polietileno. A perda de carga para diferentes vazes foi determinada em quatro modelos de tubos gotejadores, com sete repeties. Para cada vazo, a perda de carga localizada foi calculada pela diferena entre a perda de carga no tubo com emissor e a perda de carga contnua no tubo uniforme, estimada pela equao de Darcy-Weisbach. Aproximaes matemticas foram sugeridas para calcular a perda de carga com base no coeficiente de carga cintica (K) e em um valor constante de comprimento equivalente (Le). A desconsiderao da perda de carga localizada levou superestimativa do comprimento mximo da linha lateral de at 25,7%, para os gotejadores autocompensados, e de 9,5%, para os no autocompensados. O clculo da perda de carga localizada, utilizando o modelo potencial para estimar o valor de K em funo do ndice de obstruo, mostrou bons resultados, comparveis queles obtidos com o valor de K ajustado pelos dados observados em laboratrio, o que resultou em pequenas variaes na estimativa do comprimento mximo da linha lateral por esses dois procedimentos.
Resumo:
Com a realizao deste trabalho, objetivou-se parametrizar a equao de evoluo da perda de carga, para descrio do processo de filtrao de gua residuria da suinocultura. No preenchimento das colunas filtrantes, foram utilizados bagao de cana-de-acar triturado, serragem de madeira e pergaminho de gros de caf. Dados de perda de carga em diferentes profundidades e tempos de operao dos filtros orgnicos foram coletados para ajuste das equaes de perda de carga. Para as equaes ajustadas, foram obtidos altos coeficientes de determinao, sendo que a significncia dos coeficientes da regresso foi, na sua quase totalidade, de 1% de probabilidade, podendo ser utilizada na predio do comportamento dos filtros. As variveis tempo de operao e profundidade das colunas filtrantes, constitudas pelos trs materiais filtrantes, apresentaram comportamento quadrtico na estimativa da perda de carga total. O tempo ideal de operao ininterrupta dos filtros, sem troca de material filtrante, foi de, aproximadamente, 1,5 h e, depois de corrido esse tempo, o material filtrante dever ser substitudo.
Resumo:
A dinmica de operao dos filtros de areia afeta o desempenho hidrulico do sistema de irrigao, elevando a perda de carga e alterando a altura manomtrica total do sistema. Buscando entender parte dessa dinmica, o objetivo deste trabalho foi determinar o efeito da estrutura interna de filtros de areia na perda de carga de trs modelos de equipamentos fabricados no Brasil, sem a presena do elemento filtrante e utilizando gua limpa. Adicionalmente, com o ajuste do modelo matemtico exponencial aos dados experimentais, procurou-se estabelecer comparaes entre os tipos de estrutura dos filtros avaliados. Os ensaios foram realizados em um mdulo experimental construdo no Laboratrio de Hidrulica e Irrigao da FEAGRI/UNICAMP. Os resultados mostraram que a estrutura hidrulica interna dos filtros determinou comportamentos hidrulicos diferenciados e que os tipos de estruturas (placa difusora e drenos) alteraram o padro de operao dos modelos ensaiados. A funo matemtica proposta representou, significativamente, o fenmeno fsico de perda de carga para as condies do experimento.
Resumo:
O objetivo deste artigo apresentar um estudo envolvendo uma relao entre a perda de carga localizada em conexes de emissores em tubulaes, com diferentes dimetros, utilizados em irrigao localizada, com a geometria dos conectores de emissores "online", que permite a fcil quantificao dessas perdas de carga, uma vez conhecida a dimenso dos conectores. O experimento foi conduzido para Nmeros de Reynolds no intervalo de fluxo turbulento, obtidos pela variao da vazo nos tubos a uma temperatura constante da gua. Para os tubos considerados, os resultados da investigao indicaram que o fator de atrito da equao de Darcy-Weisbach pode ser estimado pela Equao de Blasius com os coeficientes b = 0,300 e m = 0,25 para a determinao da perda de carga nos tubos avaliados. As perdas de carga provocadas pelas conexes dos emissores nos tubos considerados aumentaram em at 62% em relao s observadas nos tubos sem emissor. Uma relao entre o coeficiente de carga cintica (K) e o ndice de obstruo devido conexo do emissor "online" (IO) no tubo apresentada por uma relao algbrica do tipo potncia, com coeficiente de ajuste de, aproximadamente, 96%.
Resumo:
Friction loss coefficients for laminar flow of xantan gum solutions (concentrations in the range of 0.1-0.5% by weight) through valves and fittings were experimentally determined. The rheological behavior, studied by means of a concentric cylinder rheometer, was pseudoplastic, being well described by the Ostwald-De Waele model with non-linear correlation coefficients (r) between 0.998 and 0.999. In the pressure drop measurements the following fittings were employed: completely open and half way open ball valve, completely open and half way open angle valve, tee used like coupling, tee used like a 90 elbow, short radius 90 elbow and coupling. The results showed that the friction loss coefficients increased with decreasing generalized Reynolds number. The friction loss coefficients could be well adjusted by a potential model, suggested by Kittredge & Rowley (1957) for Newtonian fluids, K f = A(Re g) -B, with correlation coefficients between 0.837 and 0.999.
Resumo:
This paper aims to determine the importance of emitter s local head loss in the hydraulic design of hose drip lines, as well as comparing the result of equations that calculate the local head loss; besides verifying the influence of iron precipitated at the hose head loss made in Brazil. The result found that localized head loss represents 23% of the total head loss; the equations showed significant results and the total head loss increased in an average of 20% after the irrigation system was used with water rich in iron.
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Fundao de Amparo Pesquisa do Estado de So Paulo (FAPESP)
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Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cientfico e Tecnolgico (CNPq)