Analisi dei regimi di miscelazione in sistemi gas-liquido agitati meccanicamente, mediante tecnica sperimentale della ERT

Nell’industria chimica i processi di miscelazione hanno un impatto considerevole sulla maggior parte delle operazioni unitarie ed è, pertanto, di fondamentale importanza studiarne i meccanismi. Per tale motivo, durante questo lavoro di tesi sono stati investigati i regimi di miscelazione all’interno di reattori agitati meccanicamente, che contengono miscele bifase gas-liquido. In particolare, l’analisi è stata condotta su un fermentatore realizzato in scala di laboratorio in cui è stata installata una girante a pale concave che prende il nome di BT-6, con la tecnica sperimentale della tomografia a resistenza elettrica (ERT). L’obiettivo del presente elaborato consiste nell’esaminare la distribuzione della fase gassosa con l’utilizzo di suddetta tecnica all’interno del liquido, in quanto parametro chiave per la progettazione e la valutazione delle prestazioni di questo tipo di apparecchiature. Attraverso l’utilizzo della tomografia, si misura la distribuzione di conducibilità della sostanza da cui, mediante l’implementazione di un algoritmo, si risale alla frazione di gas dispersa in fase liquida. Infine, i vari regimi di miscelazione analizzati durante questo lavoro di tesi, sono stati confrontati con prove analoghe condotte in una precedente sperimentazione su una girante di tipo Rushton.

Analisi fluidodinamica di reattori gas-liquido operanti con giranti multiple

La miscelazione di sistemi gas-liquido all’interno di recipienti meccanicamente agitati ritrova molte applicazioni industriali. I recipienti meccanicamente agitati rappresentano la scelta più conveniente poiché consentono una dispersione ottimale della fase dispersa all’interno della fase continua ed uno scambio di materia e di calore efficiente. I parametri chiave sono il consumo di potenza, l’hold-up di gas ed il regime gas-impeller. La fase sperimentale è stata sviluppata mediante l’utilizzo di un reattore pilota operante con tre turbine Rushton. Il consumo di potenza è stato valutato ed i risultati ottenuti dalle analisi di laboratorio sono stati confrontati con la correlazione empirica di Warmoeskerken (1986). Le tecniche impiegate in passato per la caratterizzazione dei sistemi gas-liquido sono caratterizzate da diversi svantaggi quali la possibilità di essere utilizzate solo per lo studio di sistemi trasparenti, l’intrusività ed i costi alti. Attualmente, la tomografia a resistenza elettrica (ERT) è una delle tecniche di ispezione più utilizzate grazie alla sua potenzialità di fornire informazioni qualitative e quantitativi. Uno degli obiettivi di questo lavoro di tesi è quello di validare una metodologia da seguire per la caratterizzazione dei sistemi gas-liquido. L’ERT è stata utilizzata per la valutazione dell’hold-up di gas e per l’identificazione del regime instaurato all’interno dell’apparecchiatura. I risultati sono stati confrontati con le valutazioni visive e le correlazioni proposte dalla letteratura. La strumentazione dell’ERT comprende un sistema di sensori, un sistema di acquisizione dati (DAS) ed un computer sul quale è installato il software per la ricostruzione dell’immagine, il quale, generalmente, è basato sull’algoritmo linear back - projection. Ulteriore obiettivo di questo lavoro di tesi è quello di investigare sulla convenienza di adoperare un software più sofisticato per la ricostruzione dell’immagine.

Determinación química del aceite esencial de Schinus areira L. (Aguaribay) y su actividad antioxidante.

INTRODUCCIÓN: Durante su evolución, las plantas han desarrollado un sistema químico de defensa con el fin de combatir el estrés del medio ambiente utilizando sus metabolitos secundarios. De todos los productos químicos secundarios sintetizados por las plantas, los terpenos han contribuido significativamente al desarrollo de nuevos compuestos y son producidos por una gran variedad de plantas, algunos animales (insectos y organismos marinos) y microorganismos. Son abundantes en frutas, cereales, verduras y flores, en musgos, algas y líquenes y son un componente importante de las resinas de las plantas, constituyendo uno de los grupos más amplios de fitonutrientes. Los terpenos son los principales componentes de los aceites esenciales de las plantas aromáticas y tienen gran actividad biológica y actúan como antioxidantes protegiendo los lípidos del ataque de radicales libres de especies del oxígeno, como oxígeno singlete, y radicales hidroxilo, peróxido y superóxido. OBJETIVO GENERAL. Determinar la composición química del aceite esencial de S. areira y la actividad anti-oxidante de la fracción rica en terpenos hidrocarburos y sus componentes mayoritarios, en un modelo experimental de pulmón de ratón. OBJETIVOS ESPECÍFICOS: a) Obtener el aceite esencial a partir de hojas de S. areira; b) Identificar y cuantificar los terpenos presentes en el aceite esencial de S. areira; c) Separar la fracción mayoritaria del aceite esencial (AE) (terpenos hidrocarburos); d)Detectar a nivel pulmonar los posibles efectos anti-oxidante de la administración intraperitoneal (i.p.) de la fracción de hidrocarburos obtenidas del aceite esencial de S. areira y de sus componentes mayoritarios, en un modelo inflamatorio. MATERIALES Y METODOS: 1) Obtención de las muestras de S. areira: Serán recolectada en la localidad de Mendiolaza, Córdoba. Un ejemplar de la misma será depositado en el Museo Botánico de la Fac. Cs. Ex. Fís. y Nat., UNC.2) Obtención del AE: El material vegetal será obtenido por destilación por arrastre por vapor de agua en un equipo tipo Clevenger modificado. 3) Fraccionamiento AE: Se separará la fracción mayoritaria del aceite que corresponde a la de los terpenos hidrocarburos con el fin de determinar su actividad biológica. Dicha separación se llevará a cabo por cromatografía en placa delgada (CCD) utilizando n-hexano o cloroformo como sistema de solvente para la fase móvil. También se determinará la actividad de los compuestos mayoritarios, los cuales serán obtenidos de muestras comerciales (ICN Pharmaceuticals) y para el caso de los que no estén disponibles en el comercio, serán aislados por técnicas cromatográficas. 4) Identificación y cuantificación de los terpenos del AE:Para la cuantificación de los terpenos, se realizará un análisis por cromatografía gas-liquido-espectrometría de masas (GC-MS) empleando un equipo Perkin Elmer Q600 equipado con detector de ionización de llama, con una columna capilar Elite-wax (Crossband-PEG) (60m x 0. 25 mm ID x 0. 25 µm df). La interpretación de los espectros de masas se realizará utilizando una biblioteca Adamns, NIST y por comparación con espectros similares tomados de bibliografía. 5) Inducción de inflamación con LPS y tratamiento con una fracción del AE de S. areira: Se procederá a la instilación nasal de LPS (1,67µg/Kg de peso corporal) y a las 2hs, la administración intraperitoneal de la fracción hidrocarbonada de AE (300 mg/Kg) y se determinará a las 3hs: TNF-α; infiltrado celular y dienos conjugados en muestras obtenidas en lavado bronqueo-alveolar en pulmón de ratón. 6) Genotoxidad: Se utilizará Allium cepa L. para evaluar aberraciones cromosómicas. Estadística : Se analizarán los datos con ANAVA: no paramétrico con Kruskal Wallis y Dunn a posterior (InfoStat, 2010). De los resultados se espera obtener un perfil químico de los terpenos hidrocarbonados de S. areira y evaluar su posible acción antioxidante.

Geochemistry of gas hydrates of DSDP Hole 84-570

During Deep Sea Drilling Project (DSDP) Leg 84 a core 1 m long and 6 cm in diameter of massive gas hydrate was unexpectedly recovered at Site 570 in upper slope sediment of the Middle America Trench offshore of Guatemala. This core contained only 5-7% sediment, the remainder being the solid hydrate composed of gas and water. Samples of the gas hydrate were decomposed under controlled conditions in a closed container maintained at 4°C. Gas pressure increased and asymptotically approached the equilibrium decomposition pressure for an ideal methane hydrate, CH4.5-3/4H2O, of 3930 kPa and approached to this pressure after each time gas was released, until the gas hydrate was completely decomposed. The gas evolved during hydrate decomposition was 99.4% methane, ~0.2% ethane, and ~0.4% CO2. Hydrocarbons from propane to heptane were also present, but in concentrations of less than 100 p.p.m. The carbon-isotopic composition of methane was -41 to -44 per mil, relative to PDB standard. The observed volumetric methane/water ratio was 64 or 67, which indicates that before it was stored and analyzed, the gas hydrate probably had lost methane. The sample material used in the experiments was likely a mixture of methane hydrate and water ice. Formation of this massive gas hydrate probably involved the following processes: (i) upward migration of gas and its accumulation in a zone where conditions favored the growth of gas hydrates, (ii) continued, unusually rapid biological generation of methane, and (iii) release of gas from water solution as pressure decreased due to sea level lowering and tectonic uplift.

Oxygen isotopes and hydrocarbon composition of gas hydrate and hydrate water from ODP Leg 165 sites

Ocean Drilling Program (ODP) Leg 164 recovered a number of large solid gas hydrate from Sites 994, 996, and 997 on the Blake Ridge. Sites 994 and 997 samples, either nodular or thick massive pieces, were subjected to laboratory analysis and measurements to determine the structure, molecular and isotopic composition, thermal conductivity, and equilibrium dissociation conditions. X-ray computed tomography (CT) imagery, X-ray diffraction, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), and Raman spectroscopy have revealed that the gas hydrates recovered from the Blake Ridge are nearly 100% methane gas hydrate of Structure I, cubic with a lattice constant of a = 11.95 ± 0.05 angström, and a molar ratio of water to gas (hydration number) of 6.2. The d18O of water is 2.67 per mil to 3.51 per mil SMOW, which is 3.5-4.0 heavier than the ambient interstitial waters. The d13C and dD of methane are -66 per mil to -70 per mil and -201 per mil to -206 per mil, respectively, suggesting that the methane was generated through bacterial CO2 reduction. Thermal conductivity values of the Blake Ridge hydrates range from 0.3 to 0.5 W/(m K). Equilibrium dissociation experiments indicate that the three-phase equilibrium for the specimen is 3.27 MPa at 274.7 K. This is almost identical to that of synthetic pure methane hydrate in freshwater.

Lung Structure and the Intrinsic Challenges of Gas Exchange

Structural and functional complexities of the mammalian lung evolved to meet a unique set of challenges, namely, the provision of efficient delivery of inspired air to all lung units within a confined thoracic space, to build a large gas exchange surface associated with minimal barrier thickness and a microvascular network to accommodate the entire right ventricular cardiac output while withstanding cyclic mechanical stresses that increase several folds from rest to exercise. Intricate regulatory mechanisms at every level ensure that the dynamic capacities of ventilation, perfusion, diffusion, and chemical binding to hemoglobin are commensurate with usual metabolic demands and periodic extreme needs for activity and survival. This article reviews the structural design of mammalian and human lung, its functional challenges, limitations, and potential for adaptation. We discuss (i) the evolutionary origin of alveolar lungs and its advantages and compromises, (ii) structural determinants of alveolar gas exchange, including architecture of conducting bronchovascular trees that converge in gas exchange units, (iii) the challenges of matching ventilation, perfusion, and diffusion and tissue-erythrocyte and thoracopulmonary interactions. The notion of erythrocytes as an integral component of the gas exchanger is emphasized. We further discuss the signals, sources, and limits of structural plasticity of the lung in alveolar hypoxia and following a loss of lung units, and the promise and caveats of interventions aimed at augmenting endogenous adaptive responses. Our objective is to understand how individual components are matched at multiple levels to optimize organ function in the face of physiological demands or pathological constraints. © 2016 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 6:827-895, 2016.

Delta 13C measured on alkenones of surface sediment samples GeoB1008-6 to GeoB3603-1 from the South Atlantic

We have analyzed the stable carbon isotopic composition of the diunsaturated C37 alkenone in 29 surface sediments from the equatorial and South Atlantic Ocean. Our study area covers different oceanographic settings, including sediments from the major upwelling regions off South Africa, the equatorial upwelling, and the oligotrophic western South Atlantic. In order to examine the environmental influences on the sedimentary record the alkenone-based carbon isotopic fractionation (Ep) values were correlated with the overlying surface water concentrations of aqueous CO2 ([CO2(aq)]), phosphate, and nitrate. We found Ep positively correlated with 1/[CO2(aq)] and negatively correlated with [PO43-] and [NO3-]. However, the relationship between Ep and 1/[CO2(aq)] is opposite of what is expected from a [CO2(aq)] controlled, diffusive uptake model. Instead, our findings support the theory of Bidigare et al. (1997, doi:10.1029/96GB03939) that the isotopic fractionation in haptophytes is related to nutrient-limited growth rates. The relatively high variability of the Ep-[PO4] relationship in regions with low surface water nutrient concentrations indicates that here other environmental factors also affect the isotopic signal. These factors might be variations in other growth-limiting resources such as light intensity or micronutrient concentrations.

Reducing Greenhouse Gas Emissions Through Alterations to the Public Right-of-Way

Thesis (Master's)--University of Washington, 2016-06

Heat transfer and flow behind a step in high enthalpy superorbital flow

Heat transfer levels have been investigated behind a rearward-facing step in a superorbital expansion tube. The heat transfer was measured along a flat plate and behind 2 and 3mm steps with the same length to step height ratio. Results were obtained with air as the test gas at speeds of 6.76kms(-1) and 9-60kms(-1) corresponding to stagnation enthalpies of 26MJ/kg and 48MJ/kg respectively. A laminar boundary layer was established on the flat plate and measured heat transfer levels were consistent with classical empirical correlations. In the case of flow behind a step, the measurements showed a gradual rise in heat transfer from the rear of the step to a plateau several step heights downstream for both flow conditions. Reattachment distance was estimated to be approximately 1.6 step heights downstream of the 2mm step at the low enthalpy condition through the use of flow visualisation.