151 resultados para ELF
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A conformationally biased decapeptide agonist of human C5a anaphylatoxin (YSFKPMPLaR) was used as a molecular adjuvant in stimulating Ab responses against peptide epitopes derived from human MUC1 glycoprotein and the human mu and kappa opioid receptors. C57BL6 mice were immunized with the MUC1 epitope (YKQGGFLGL); the C5a agonist (YSFKPMPLaR); YSFKPMPLaR and YKQGGFLGL together, but unconjugated; a C5a-active, MUC1 epitope construct (YKQGGFLGLYSFKPMPLaR); and a C5a-inactive, reversed moiety construct (YSFKPMPLaRYKQGGFLGL). High Ab titers specific for the MUC1 epitope were observed Only in mice immunized with the C5a-active epitope construct. Similar results were obtained in BALB/c mice immunized with the C5a-active, MUC1 epitope construct, Abs from the sera of the C57BL6 mice were predominately of the IgG2a, IgC2b, and IgM isotypes and were reactive against human recombinant MUC1 and MUC1 expressed by the Panc-1 M1F.15 pancreatic cell line, When compared with the corresponding KLH-epitope conjugates in C57BL6 mice, the epitope-C5a agonist constructs produced titers of specific IgG Abs of isotypes distinct from those generated by the keyhole limpet hemocyanin-epitope conjugates, Rabbits immunized with a mu opioid receptor epitope-C5a agonist construct (GDLSDPCGNRTNLGGRDSLYSFKPMPLaR) or a kappa opioid receptor epitope-C5a agonist construct (FPGWAEPDSNGSEDAQLYSFKPMPLaR) generated high titer, epitope-specific Ab responses, Ab titers generated in response to the opioid epitope-C5a agonist constructs were comparable to those generated by the opioid KLH-epitope conjugates, The results of this study are discussed in terms of possible mechanisms by which the conformationally biased C5a agonist serves as a molecular adjuvant.
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Lymphocytes regulate their responsiveness to IL-2 through the transcriptional control of the IL-2R alpha gene, which encodes a component of the high affinity IL-2 receptor. In the mouse IL-2R alpha gene this control is exerted via two regulatable elements, a promoter proximal region, and an IL-2-responsive enhancer (IL-2rE) 1.3 kb upstream. In vitro and in vivo functional analysis of the IL-2rE in the rodent thymic lymphoma-derived, CD4- CD8- cell line PC60 demonstrated that three separate elements, sites I, II, and III, were necessary for IL-2 responsiveness; these three sites demonstrate functional cooperation. Site III contains a consensus binding motif for members of the Ets family of transcription factors. Here we demonstrate that Elf-1, an Ets-like protein, binds to site III and participates in IL-2 responsiveness. In vitro site III forms a complex with a protein constitutively present in nuclear extracts from PC60 cells as well as from normal CD4- CD8- thymocytes. We have identified this molecule as Elf-1 according to a number of criteria. The complex possesses an identical electrophoretic mobility to that formed by recombinant Elf-1 protein and is super-shifted by anti-Elf-1 antibodies. Biotinylated IL-2rE probes precipitate Elf-1 from PC60 extracts provided site III is intact and both recombinant and PC60-derived proteins bind with the same relative affinities to different mutants of site III. In addition, by introducing mutations into the core of the site III Ets-like motif and comparing the corresponding effects on the in vitro binding of Elf-1 and the in vivo IL-2rE activity, we provide strong evidence that Elf-1 is directly involved in IL-2 responsiveness. The nature of the functional cooperativity observed between Elf-1 and the factors binding sites I and II remains unresolved; experiments presented here however suggest that this effect may not require direct interactions between the proteins binding these three elements.
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Helsingfors : A.W. Grndahl & A.C. hman 1845 : Dresden, Adler u. Dietze
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Painovuosi nimekkeest.
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6 kuvaa kummeleista.
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Janamittakaava: Virsta.
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Ds sa cration en 1966, lERAP sest fix pour but daccrotre la production du ptrole franc , en diversifiant ses sources dapprovisionnement. Un tel objectif prend une tournure cruciale ds lors que les rapports tendus entre le groupe franais et les autorits algriennes semblent menacer ses acquis dans le Sahara. Toutefois, se tailler une place sur le march mondial semble cette poque une tche ardue, voire improbable, puisque les espaces les plus ptrolifres sont dj occups par les grandes socits, dites Majors. Nanmoins, la socit dtat franaise russit simplanter dans plusieurs pays producteurs, dont lIrak en 1968, jusqualors considr comme la chasse garde de la Compagnie franaise des ptroles (CFP). Aussi, lexprience irakienne, suite linsuccs en Algrie, incite Elf ERAP se concentrer dans les pays ptroliers de lAfrique subsaharienne et en Mer du Nord. Le 3 fvrier 1968, Elf ERAP signe un accord avec la compagnie dtat ptrolire, INOC, pour se charger de la prospection et de lexploitation dune partie du territoire confisqu par ltat irakien la puissante Iraq Petroleum Company (IPC). En contrepartie de ses apports financiers et techniques, Elf ERAP sera rmunre par un approvisionnement garanti en ptrole irakien : il sagit dun nouveau genre de partenariat, dit contrat dagence . Ce dernier succde au systme classique des concessions et vaut la socit dtat un franc succs dans son projet de pntration au Moyen Orient. Trs vite, les prospections donnent lieu la dcouverte de gisements. La production dmarre en 1976 et slve 5 millions de tonnes en 1977. Ds lors, Elf ERAP, devenue la SNEA, peut envisager avec optimisme son avenir nergtique, puisque sa scurit dapprovisionnement est, en partie, assure par le march irakien. Mais, contre toute attente, le groupe dtat franais se retire de laffaire en mai 1977, laissant place lINOC, qui prend en charge le projet deux ans avant la date prvue par le contrat initial de 1968. Ce sujet de recherche consiste claircir le rle doprateur jou par lERAP en Irak, entre 1968 et 1977. Pour tenter dexpliquer le dpart prmatur dElf Irak, il nous faut identifier les facteurs endognes et exognes qui ont pu motiver une telle dcision. Autrement dit, la socit dtat aurait-elle subi les revers de ses propres choix nergtiques ou un tel dnouement serait-il imputable la politique ptrolire irakienne? Quelles sont les implications de la conjoncture ptrolire internationale dans le cas dun tel retrait? Aide des archives historiques dElf et de TOTAL, nous sommes arrive la conclusion que la compression du march ptrolier, entre distributeurs et producteurs, au cours des annes 1970, a considrablement nui la rentabilit des contrats intermdiaires du type agence.
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Esta investigacin pretende alcanzar dos objetivos. Cubrir el vaco existente en los estudios de las funciones comunicativas del habla de profesores, en este caso de ingls como Lengua Extranjera (ILE) destinado a nivel preescolar, y configurar una interfaz discurso-gramtica de las funciones reguladoras del lenguaje.. En primer lugar, para lograr un anlisis discursivo-semntico, en este trabajo se disea la Red Sistmica de Funciones Reguladoras, RSFR, una herramienta que resume las diferentes opciones discursivo-semnticas de los contextos de las funciones reguladoras. A continuacin, se analizan los datos en el estrato lxico-gramatical para facilitar conclusiones sobre la relacin funcin-realizacin formal. Por ltimo se exponen las similitudes y diferencias en la produccin lingstica de las funciones reguladoras entre profesores nativos y no nativos.. Las aportaciones ms destacadas de esta investigacin son cuatro: hacer posible un estudio sistemtico del significado mediante el diseo de una herramienta; la propuesta de una taxonoma de funciones reguladoras; el anlisis de la dependencia entre las funciones reguladoras, y sus realizaciones lingsticas; y las diferencias encontradas en la comparacin del discurso del profesor nativo y no-nativo..
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The aim of this thesis was to study the effects of extremely low frequency (ELF) electromagnetic magnetic fields on potassium currents in neural cell lines ( Neuroblastoma SK-N-BE ), using the whole-cell Patch Clamp technique. Such technique is a sophisticated tool capable to investigate the electrophysiological activity at a single cell, and even at single channel level. The total potassium ion currents through the cell membrane was measured while exposing the cells to a combination of static (DC) and alternate (AC) magnetic fields according to the prediction of the so-called Ion Resonance Hypothesis . For this purpose we have designed and fabricated a magnetic field exposure system reaching a good compromise between magnetic field homogeneity and accessibility to the biological sample under the microscope. The magnetic field exposure system consists of three large orthogonal pairs of square coils surrounding the patch clamp set up and connected to the signal generation unit, able to generate different combinations of static and/or alternate magnetic fields. Such system was characterized in term of field distribution and uniformity through computation and direct field measurements. No statistically significant changes in the potassium ion currents through cell membrane were reveled when the cells were exposed to AC/DC magnetic field combination according to the afore mentioned Ion Resonance Hypothesis.
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The technology of partial virtualization is a revolutionary approach to the world of virtualization. It lies directly in-between full system virtual machines (like QEMU or XEN) and application-related virtual machines (like the JVM or the CLR). The ViewOS project is the flagship of such technique, developed by the Virtual Square laboratory, created to provide an abstract view of the underlying system resources on a per-process basis and work against the principle of the Global View Assumption. Virtual Square provides several different methods to achieve partial virtualization within the ViewOS system, both at user and kernel levels. Each of these approaches have their own advantages and shortcomings. This paper provides an analysis of the different virtualization methods and problems related to both the generic and partial virtualization worlds. This paper is the result of an in-depth study and research for a new technology to be employed to provide partial virtualization based on ELF dynamic binaries. It starts with a mild analysis of currently available virtualization alternatives and then goes on describing the ViewOS system, highlighting its current shortcomings. The vloader project is then proposed as a possible solution to some of these inconveniences with a working proof of concept and examples to outline the potential of such new virtualization technique. By injecting specific code and libraries in the middle of the binary loading mechanism provided by the ELF standard, the vloader project can promote a streamlined and simplified approach to trace system calls. With the advantages outlined in the following paper, this method presents better performance and portability compared to the currently available ViewOS implementations. Furthermore, some of itsdisadvantages are also discussed, along with their possible solutions.
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La lingua inglese ha subito negli ultimi secoli una diffusione senza precedenti e viene oggi utilizzata in tutto il mondo come mezzo di comunicazione. Da questo fenomeno inedito emergono nuove prospettive di ricerca; le lingue sono infatti in continua evoluzione e si modificano attraverso luso. La lingua inglese, cos largamente utilizzata in tutto il mondo, si sta quindi trasformando, e presenta oggi ai ricercatori aspetti originali ed innovativi. Lutilizzo dellinglese come mezzo di comunicazione tra parlanti appartenenti a diverse linguaculture viene chiamato ELF, English as a Lingua Franca. Lo scopo di questa tesi di esporre i punti fondamentali delle ricerche degli ultimi anni sullargomento e di realizzare un piccolo studio di caso su questo tema. Lo studio avr come oggetto le linee guida per gli autori di articoli scientifici fornite da un campione di 100 riviste specialistiche, che sono state esaminate al fine di individuare riferimenti alla lingua inglese, alle sue variet e a parlanti nativi e non nativi. Lobbiettivo sar quindi quello di ottenere un idea generale sulla posizione dei parlanti non nativi allinterno della comunit scientifica.
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Der Beitrag referiert den Stand der Studienreform an der Universitt in Bochum, die sich noch in der Erprobungsphase befindet. Akzeptanz seitens der Studierenden und eine allgemeine Straffung im Studierverhalten schlagen positiv zu Buche, problematisch bleiben nach wie vor die planerische Koordination des Lehrangebots sowohl fr die Lehrenden als auch die Studierenden, die stete Gefahr der berlastung der Studierenden und damit zusammenhngend die Schwierigkeit, Arbeitszeit fr Arbeitspensen zuverlssig einschtzen zu knnen. Auch die Umorientierung von Lehrinhalten auf zu lernende Kompetenzen steht noch weitgehend aus. Die Betreuungsrelation bleibt schlecht, zumal Prfungen und universitre Selbstverwaltung Ressourcen binden. Wnschenswert sind daher grere Finanzspielrume, der Erhalt der universitren Lehr- und Lernfreiheit gegenber weitergehender Regulierung. Studienordnungen sollten berregional standardisierte Lehrformate aufgreifen, wobei die gewnschte inhaltliche Flexibilitt mit der Vergleichbarkeit der Studienleistung abzustimmen wre.
