EELA tutkii : EHEC - vakavasti otettava uhka

Elina Tast

Enterohemorraginen Escherichia coli (EHEC) ja sen osoittaminen PCR-menetelmällä

Summary: Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) and its detection with a PCR method

Auto-associação do dodecilsulfato de sódio (SDS) com o polímero hidrofobicamente modificado etil(hidroxietil) celulose (EHEC)

Mixtures of ethyl(hydroxyethyl)cellulose (EHEC) and Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate (SDS) were investigated using surface tension, conductivity and viscosity measurements in aqueous solutions. The parameters of the surfactant to polymer association processes such as the critical aggregation concentration (cac) and saturation of the polymer by SDS (psp) were determined from the plots of surface tension and specific conductivity versus surfactant concentration. Through the final results we see that there was no specific link of polymer with the surfactant, implying therefore a phenomenon of only cooperative association.

Autoassociação de misturas dos Surfactantes Dodecanoato de Sódio (SDoD) e Decanoato de Sódio (SDeC) com o Polímero Hidrofobicamente Modificado Etil(Hidroxietil)Celulose (EHEC)

In this work, the interactions between the non-ionic polymer of ethyl(hydroxyethyl)cellulose (EHEC) and mixed anionic surfactant sodium dodecanoate (SDoD)-sodium decanoate (SDeC) in aqueous media, at pH 9.2 (20 mM borate/NaOH buffer) were investigated by electric conductivity and light transmittance measurements at 25 ºC. The parameters of the surfactant to polymer association processes such as the critical aggregation concentration and saturation of the polymer by surfactants were determined from plots of specific conductivity vs total surfactant concentration, [surfactant]tot = [SDoD] + [SDeC]. Through the results was not observed a specific link of polymer with the surfactant, implying therefore a phenomenon only cooperative association.

Interaction d'Escherichia coli entérohémorragique (EHEC) avec Acanthamoeba castellanii et rôle du régulon Pho chez les EHEC

Les EHEC de sérotype O157:H7 sont des agents zoonotiques d’origine alimentaire ou hydrique. Ce sont des pathogènes émergeants qui causent chez l’humain des épidémies de gastro-entérite aiguë et parfois un syndrome hémolytique-urémique. Les EHEC réussissent leur transmission à l’humain à partir de leur portage commensal chez l’animal en passant par l’étape de survie dans l’environnement. L’endosymbiose microbienne est une des stratégies utilisées par les bactéries pathogènes pour survivre dans les environnements aquatiques. Les amibes sont des protozoaires vivants dans divers écosystèmes et connus pour abriter plusieurs agents pathogènes. Ainsi, les amibes contribueraient à transmettre les EHEC à l'humain. La première partie de mon projet de thèse est centrée sur l'interaction de l’amibe Acanthamoeba castellanii avec les EHEC. Les résultats montrent que la présence de cette amibe prolonge la persistance des EHEC, et ces dernières survivent à leur phagocytose par les amibes. Ces résultats démontrent le potentiel réel des amibes à héberger les EHEC et à contribuer à leur transmission. Cependant, l’absence de Shiga toxines améliore leur taux de survie intra-amibe. Par ailleurs, les Shiga toxines sont partiellement responsables de l’intoxication des amibes par les EHEC. Cette implication des Shiga toxines dans le taux de survie intracellulaire et dans la mortalité des amibes démontre l’intérêt d’utiliser les amibes comme modèle d'interaction hôte/pathogène pour étudier la pathogénicité des EHEC. Durant leur cycle de transmission, les EHEC rencontrent des carences en phosphate inorganique (Pi) dans l’environnement. En utilisant conjointement le système à deux composantes (TCS) PhoB-R et le système Pst (transport spécifique de Pi), les EHEC détectent et répondent à cette variation en Pi en activant le régulon Pho. La relation entre la virulence des EHEC, le PhoB-R-Pst et/ou le Pi environnemental demeure inconnue. La seconde partie de mon projet explore le rôle du régulon Pho (répondant à un stress nutritif de limitation en Pi) dans la virulence des EHEC. L’analyse transcriptomique montre que les EHEC répondent à la carence de Pi par une réaction complexe impliquant non seulement un remodelage du métabolisme général, qui est critique pour sa survie, mais aussi en coordonnant sa réponse de virulence. Dans ces conditions le régulateur PhoB contrôle directement l’expression des gènes du LEE et de l’opéron stx2AB. Ceci est confirmé par l’augmentation de la sécrétion de l’effecteur EspB et de la production et sécrétion de Stx2 en carence en Pi. Par ailleurs, l’activation du régulon Pho augmente la formation de biofilm et réduit la motilité chez les EHEC. Ceci corrèle avec l’induction des gènes régulant la production de curli et la répression de la voie de production d’indole et de biosynthèse du flagelle et du PGA (Polymère β-1,6-N-acétyle-D-glucosamine).

The role of intimin in the adherence of enterohaemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) O157:H7 to HEp-2 tissue culture cells and to bovine gut explant tissues

Intimin, an outer membrane protein encoded by eaeA, is a key determinant for the formation of attaching and effacing (AE) lesions by enterohaemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC). To investigate the role of intimin in adherence, the eaeA gene was insertionally inactivated in three EHEC O157:H7 strains of diverse origin. The absence or presence of intimin did not correlate with the extent of adhesion of mutant or wild-type O157:H7 in tissue culture and neonatal calf gut tissue explant adherence assays. Adherence of the eaeA mutants to HEp-2 cells was diffuse with no evidence of intimate attachment whereas wild-type bacteria formed microcolonies and AE lesions. Intimin-independent adherence to neonatal calf gut explants was demonstrated by eaeA mutants and wild-type strains which adhered in the greatest numbers to colon but least well to rumen tissue. These results confirm that intimin is necessary for intimate attachment and that additional adherence factors are involved in intimin-independent adherence.

Escherichia coli from Crohn’s disease patient displays virulence features of enteroinvasive (EIEC), enterohemorragic (EHEC), and enteroaggregative (EAEC) pathotypes

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Antibody responses elicited in mice immunized with Bacillus subtilis vaccine strains expressing Stx2B subunit of enterohaemorragic Escherichia coli O157:H7

No effective vaccine or immunotherapy is presently available for patients with the hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS) induced by Shiga-like toxin (Stx) producedbyenterohaemorragic Escherichia coli (EHEC) strains, such as those belonging to the O157:H7 serotype. In this work we evaluated the performance of Bacillus subtilis strains, a harmless spore former gram-positive bacterium species, as a vaccine vehicle for the expression of Stx2B subunit (Stx2B). A recombinant B. subtilis vaccine strain expressing Stx2B under the control of a stress inducible promoter was delivered to BALB/c mice via oral, nasal or subcutaneous routes using both vegetative cells and spores. Mice immunized with vegetative cells by the oral route developed low but specific anti-Stx2B serum IgG and fecal IgA responses while mice immunized with recombinant spores developed anti-Stx2B responses only after administration via the parenteral route. Nonetheless, serum anti-Stx2B antibodies raised in mice immunized with the recombinant B. subtilis strain did not inhibit the toxic effects of the native toxin, both under in vitro and in vivo conditions, suggesting that either the quantity or the quality of the induced immune response did not support an effective neutralization of Stx2 produced by EHEC strains.

Acquisition of Serum Antibodies Reactive With Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli Virulence-Associated Factors by Healthy Brazilian Children and Adults

Background: Patients with hemorrhagic colitis or hemolytic uremic syndrome due to enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) develop serum IgM and IgG response to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and to virulence factors such as intimin. The small numbers of cases of diarrhea associated with EHEC strains in Brazil suggests a pre-existing immunity probably due to previous contact with diarrheagenic E. coli. Our aim was to evaluate the development of the serum antibody repertoire to EHEC virulence factors in Brazilian children and adults. Methods: Serum IgM and IgG antibodies were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay with LPS O111, LPS O26, and LPS O157 in 101 children between 2 months and 10 years of age and in 100 adult sera, by immunoblotting with protein membrane extracts and purified beta intimin; the ability of adult sera to neutralize Shiga toxin2 was also investigated. Results: Children older than 24 months had IgM concentrations reactive with the 3 LPS equivalent to those seen in the adult group, and significantly higher than the group of younger children (P < 0.05). Anti-O26 and anti-O157 LPS IgG concentrations were equivalent between the 2 groups of children and were significantly different from the adult group (P < 0.05). The anti-O111 LPS IgG levels in older children were intermediate between the younger group, and adults (P < 0.05). Immunoblotting revealed strong protein reactivity, including the conserved and variable regions of beta intimin and more than 50% of the adult samples neutralized Shiga toxin 2. Conclusions: Our results demonstrate an increasing anti-LPS and antiprotein antibody response with age, which could provide protection against EHEC infections.

Atypical enteropathogenic Escherichia coli genomic background allows the acquisition of non-EPEC virulence factors

Atypical enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (aEPEC) has been associated with infantile diarrhea in many countries. The clonal structure of aEPEC is the object of active investigation but few works have dealt with its genetic relationship with other diarrheagenic E. coli (DEC). This study aimed to evaluate the genetic relationship of aEPEC with other DEC pathotypes. The phylogenetic relationships of DEC strains were evaluated by multilocus sequence typing. Genetic diversity was assessed by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). The phylogram showed that aEPEC strains were distributed in four major phylogenetic groups (A, B1, B2 and D). Cluster I ( group B1) contains the majority of the strains and other pathotypes [enteroaggregative, enterotoxigenic and enterohemorrhagic E. coli ( EHEC)]; cluster II ( group A) also contains enteroaggregative and diffusely adherent E. coli; cluster III ( group B2) has atypical and typical EPEC possessing H6 or H34 antigen; and cluster IV ( group D) contains aEPEC O55:H7 strains and EHEC O157:H7 strains. PFGE analysis confirmed that these strains encompass a great genetic diversity. These results indicate that aEPEC clonal groups have a particular genomic background - especially the strains of phylogenetic group B1 that probably made possible the acquisition and expression of virulence factors derived from non-EPEC pathotypes.