Characterization of a Plasmodium falciparum erythrocyte-binding protein paralogous to EBA-175

A member of a Plasmodium receptor family for erythrocyte invasion was identified on chromosome 13 from the Plasmodium falciparum genome sequence of the Sanger Centre (Cambridge, U.K.). The protein (named BAEBL) has homology to EBA-175, a P. falciparum receptor that binds specifically to sialic acid and the peptide backbone of glycophorin A on erythrocytes. Both EBA-175 and BAEBL localize to the micronemes, organelles at the invasive ends of the parasites that contain other members of the family. Like EBA-175, the erythrocyte receptor for BAEBL is destroyed by neuraminidase and trypsin, indicating that the erythrocyte receptor is a sialoglycoprotein. Its specificity, however, differs from that of EBA-175 in that BAEBL can bind to erythrocytes that lack glycophorin A, the receptor for EBA-175. It has reduced binding to erythrocytes with the Gerbich mutation found in another erythrocyte, sialoglycoprotein (glycophorin C/D). The interest in BAEBL's reduced binding to Gerbich erythrocytes derives from the high frequency of the Gerbich phenotype in some regions of Papua New Guinea where P. falciparum is hyperendemic.

The ECB AQR and the EBA Stress Test: What will the numbers tell? CEPS Commentary, 23 October 2014

From the Introduction. With the results of its asset quality review (AQR), to be published on 26 October 2014, the European Central Bank intends to provide clarity on the shape of the 120 banks it will supervise in the eurozone, and it may request a series of follow-up actions before assuming its new set of tasks under the Single Supervisory Mechanism (SSM) Regulation in November. On the same day, the European Banking Authority (EBA) will also be publishing the results of its stress test, covering 123 banks across 22 European Economic Area (EEA) countries. For the ECB, it will be a matter of setting the standard for its future task, whereas EBA, seeks to restore the confidence it lost in the 2011 stress test and 2012 capital exercise. Both institutions will need to indicate how they will cooperate in the future in these tasks, and through enhanced disclosure, strengthen the confidence in the European banking system.

Clinical and immunopathological evaluation of epidermolysis bullosa acquisita

P>Background. Epidermolysis bullosa acquisita (EBA) is a subepidermal blistering disease with IgG antibodies against collagen VII. The disease is heterogeneous and can lead to significant morbidity. Aim. To characterize the clinical and laboratory profile of patients with EBA from Sao Paulo, Brazil. Methods. In total, 12 patients (mean age 24 years) were analysed for cutaneous and mucosal involvement, laboratory data and response to treatment. Results. Mucosal involvement occurred in 11 of the 12 patients (eyes in 4/12, nose in 4/9, pharynx-larynx in 5/9 and oesophagus in 4/10; 3 patients did not undergo nasopharyngeal examination and 2 paediatric patients did not undergo endoscopy). Using direct immunofluorescence, different patterns of deposits were found at the basement membrane zone: IgG (12/12), IgA (6/12), IgM (4/12), C3 (11/12). Indirect immunofluorescence (IIF) was positive in 6 of 12 patients, and IIF on salt-split skin detected dermal deposition in 10 of 12 patients. Antinuclear antibodies were found in 3 of 12 patients, but none of them fulfilled the criteria for systemic lupus erythematosus. After treatment, total remission was achieved in three patients and partial remission in five (three were maintained on minimal treatment, one on the full treatment and one was able to come off treatment). Two patients were lost to follow-up and the remaining two had disease flares. Complications were mainly mucosal (oesophageal stenosis, laryngeal synechia, symblephara and trichiasis). Conclusions. Mucosal involvement in EBA is a determining factor for disease morbidity. Complete evaluation of the patient, focusing on both cutaneous and extracutaneous sites is essential, as EBA may evolve to refractory disease, severely compromising its outcome.

Quantitative 3D profilometry and SEM analysis of the adaptation of root-end filling materials placed under an optical microscope

P>Aim To evaluate by 3D profilometry and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), the marginal adaptation of mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) and Sealer 26 placed in root-end cavities with direct vision or under an optical microscope. Methodology The root ends of 52 root filled canine teeth were filled with MTA or Sealer 26 under direct vision or optical microscope (n = 13). In each group, eight specimens were analysed by profilometry for measurement of the area and depth of gaps. In the other five specimens, gap area was measured using SEM to verify marginal adaptation and surface characteristic. Data were analysed by parametric (anova and Tukey) and non-parametric (Kruskal-Wallis and Dunn) tests. Results The assessment of the adaptation of both materials to dentine was not influenced by the mode of visualization, which was confirmed by both profilometry and SEM observations. The voids measured with profilometry for Sealer 26 under direct vision were significantly wider and deeper than those for MTA under direct vision (P < 0.05). In SEM, significantly larger gap areas were observed with Sealer 26 (P < 0.05). Conclusion Root-end cavities filled with MTA had smaller gaps and better marginal adaptation than Sealer 26.

BASS 4: a software system for ergonomic design and evaluation of working hours

OBJECTIVE: To extend an existing computer programme for the evaluation and design of shift schedules (BASS 3) by integrating workload as well as economic aspects. METHODS: The redesigned prototype BASS 4 includes a new module with a suitable and easily applicable screening method (EBA) for the assessment of the intensity of physical, emotional and cognitive workload components and their temporal patterns. Specified criterion functions based on these ratings allow for an adjustment of shift and rest duration according to the intensity of physical and mental workload. Furthermore, with regard to interactive effects both workload and temporal conditions, e.g. time of day, are taken into account. In a second new module, important economic aspects and criteria have been implemented. Different ergonomic solutions for scheduling problems can now also be evaluated with regard to their economic costs. RESULTS: The new version of the computer programme (BASS 4) can now simultaneously take into account numerous ergonomic, legal, agreed and economic criteria for the design and evaluation of working hours. CONCLUSIONS: BASS 4 can now be used as an instrument for the design and the evaluation of working hours with regard to legal, ergonomic and economic aspects at the shop floor as well as in administrative (e.g. health and safety inspection) and research problems.

Temporo-Parietal Junction encodes the Embodied Self: Neuro-Robotics, fMRI, and Lesion mapping.

Introduction: Neuroimaging of the self focused on high-level mechanisms such as language, memory or imagery of the self. Recent evidence suggests that low-level mechanisms of multisensory and sensorimotor integration may play a fundamental role in encoding self-location and the first-person perspective (Blanke and Metzinger, 2009). Neurological patients with out-of body experiences (OBE) suffer from abnormal self-location and the first-person perspective due to a damage in the temporo-parietal junction (Blanke et al., 2004). Although self-location and the first-person perspective can be studied experimentally (Lenggenhager et al., 2009), the neural underpinnings of self-location have yet to be investigated. To investigate the brain network involved in self-location and first-person perspective we used visuo-tactile multisensory conflict, magnetic resonance (MR)-compatible robotics, and fMRI in study 1, and lesion analysis in a sample of 9 patients with OBE due to focal brain damage in study 2. Methods: Twenty-two participants saw a video showing either a person's back or an empty room being stroked (visual stimuli) while the MR-compatible robotic device stroked their back (tactile stimulation). Direction and speed of the seen stroking could either correspond (synchronous) or not (asynchronous) to those of the seen stroking. Each run comprised the four conditions according to a 2x2 factorial design with Object (Body, No-Body) and Synchrony (Synchronous, Asynchronous) as main factors. Self-location was estimated using the mental ball dropping (MBD; Lenggenhager et al., 2009). After the fMRI session participants completed a 6-item adapted from the original questionnaire created by Botvinick and Cohen (1998) and based on questions and data obtained by Lenggenhager et al. (2007, 2009). They were also asked to complete a questionnaire to disclose the perspective they adopted during the illusion. Response times (RTs) for the MBD and fMRI data were analyzed with a 3-way mixed model ANOVA with the in-between factor Perspective (up, down) and the two with-in factors Object (body, no-body) and Stroking (synchronous, asynchronous). Quantitative lesion analysis was performed using MRIcron (Rorden et al., 2007). We compared the distributions of brain lesions confirmed by multimodality imaging (Knowlton, 2004) in patients with OBE with those showing complex visual hallucinations involving people or faces, but without any disturbance of self-location and first person perspective. Nine patients with OBE were investigated. The control group comprised 8 patients. Structural imaging data were available for normalization and co-registration in all the patients. Normalization of each patient's lesion into the common MNI (Montreal Neurological Institute) reference space permitted simple, voxel-wise, algebraic comparisons to be made. Results: Even if in the scanner all participants were lying on their back and were facing upwards, analysis of perspective showed that half of the participants had the impression to be looking down at the virtual human body below them, despite any cues about their body position (Down-group). The other participants had the impression to be looking up at the virtual body above them (Up-group). Analysis of Q3 ("How strong was the feeling that the body you saw was you?") indicated stronger self-identification with the virtual body during the synchronous stroking. RTs in the MBD task confirmed these subjective data (significant 3-way interaction between perspective, object and stroking). fMRI results showed eight cortical regions where the BOLD signal was significantly different during at least one of the conditions resulting from the combination of Object and Stroking, relative to baseline: right and left temporo-parietal junction, right EBA, left middle occipito-temporal gyrus, left postcentral gyrus, right medial parietal lobe, bilateral medial occipital lobe (Fig 1). The activation patterns in right and left temporo-parietal junction and right EBA reflected changes in self-location and perspective as revealed by statistical analysis that was performed on the percentage of BOLD change with respect to the baseline. Statistical lesion overlap comparison (using nonparametric voxel based lesion symptom mapping) with respect to the control group revealed the right temporo-parietal junction, centered at the angular gyrus (Talairach coordinates x = 54, y =-52, z = 26; p>0.05, FDR corrected). Conclusions: The present questionnaire and behavioural results show that - despite the noisy and constraining MR environment) our participants had predictable changes in self-location, self-identification, and first-person perspective when robotic tactile stroking was applied synchronously with the robotic visual stroking. fMRI data in healthy participants and lesion data in patients with abnormal self-location and first-person perspective jointly revealed that the temporo-parietal cortex especially in the right hemisphere encodes these conscious experiences. We argue that temporo-parietal activity reflects the experience of the conscious "I" as embodied and localized within bodily space.

Rules of origin : from analysis to reform

General Introduction This thesis can be divided into two main parts :the first one, corresponding to the first three chapters, studies Rules of Origin (RoOs) in Preferential Trade Agreements (PTAs); the second part -the fourth chapter- is concerned with Anti-Dumping (AD) measures. Despite wide-ranging preferential access granted to developing countries by industrial ones under North-South Trade Agreements -whether reciprocal, like the Europe Agreements (EAs) or NAFTA, or not, such as the GSP, AGOA, or EBA-, it has been claimed that the benefits from improved market access keep falling short of the full potential benefits. RoOs are largely regarded as a primary cause of the under-utilization of improved market access of PTAs. RoOs are the rules that determine the eligibility of goods to preferential treatment. Their economic justification is to prevent trade deflection, i.e. to prevent non-preferred exporters from using the tariff preferences. However, they are complex, cost raising and cumbersome, and can be manipulated by organised special interest groups. As a result, RoOs can restrain trade beyond what it is needed to prevent trade deflection and hence restrict market access in a statistically significant and quantitatively large proportion. Part l In order to further our understanding of the effects of RoOs in PTAs, the first chapter, written with Pr. Olivier Cadot, Celine Carrère and Pr. Jaime de Melo, describes and evaluates the RoOs governing EU and US PTAs. It draws on utilization-rate data for Mexican exports to the US in 2001 and on similar data for ACP exports to the EU in 2002. The paper makes two contributions. First, we construct an R-index of restrictiveness of RoOs along the lines first proposed by Estevadeordal (2000) for NAFTA, modifying it and extending it for the EU's single-list (SL). This synthetic R-index is then used to compare Roos under NAFTA and PANEURO. The two main findings of the chapter are as follows. First, it shows, in the case of PANEURO, that the R-index is useful to summarize how countries are differently affected by the same set of RoOs because of their different export baskets to the EU. Second, it is shown that the Rindex is a relatively reliable statistic in the sense that, subject to caveats, after controlling for the extent of tariff preference at the tariff-line level, it accounts for differences in utilization rates at the tariff line level. Finally, together with utilization rates, the index can be used to estimate total compliance costs of RoOs. The second chapter proposes a reform of preferential Roos with the aim of making them more transparent and less discriminatory. Such a reform would make preferential blocs more "cross-compatible" and would therefore facilitate cumulation. It would also contribute to move regionalism toward more openness and hence to make it more compatible with the multilateral trading system. It focuses on NAFTA, one of the most restrictive FTAs (see Estevadeordal and Suominen 2006), and proposes a way forward that is close in spirit to what the EU Commission is considering for the PANEURO system. In a nutshell, the idea is to replace the current array of RoOs by a single instrument- Maximum Foreign Content (MFC). An MFC is a conceptually clear and transparent instrument, like a tariff. Therefore changing all instruments into an MFC would bring improved transparency pretty much like the "tariffication" of NTBs. The methodology for this exercise is as follows: In step 1, I estimate the relationship between utilization rates, tariff preferences and RoOs. In step 2, I retrieve the estimates and invert the relationship to get a simulated MFC that gives, line by line, the same utilization rate as the old array of Roos. In step 3, I calculate the trade-weighted average of the simulated MFC across all lines to get an overall equivalent of the current system and explore the possibility of setting this unique instrument at a uniform rate across lines. This would have two advantages. First, like a uniform tariff, a uniform MFC would make it difficult for lobbies to manipulate the instrument at the margin. This argument is standard in the political-economy literature and has been used time and again in support of reductions in the variance of tariffs (together with standard welfare considerations). Second, uniformity across lines is the only way to eliminate the indirect source of discrimination alluded to earlier. Only if two countries face uniform RoOs and tariff preference will they face uniform incentives irrespective of their initial export structure. The result of this exercise is striking: the average simulated MFC is 25% of good value, a very low (i.e. restrictive) level, confirming Estevadeordal and Suominen's critical assessment of NAFTA's RoOs. Adopting a uniform MFC would imply a relaxation from the benchmark level for sectors like chemicals or textiles & apparel, and a stiffening for wood products, papers and base metals. Overall, however, the changes are not drastic, suggesting perhaps only moderate resistance to change from special interests. The third chapter of the thesis considers whether Europe Agreements of the EU, with the current sets of RoOs, could be the potential model for future EU-centered PTAs. First, I have studied and coded at the six-digit level of the Harmonised System (HS) .both the old RoOs -used before 1997- and the "Single list" Roos -used since 1997. Second, using a Constant Elasticity Transformation function where CEEC exporters smoothly mix sales between the EU and the rest of the world by comparing producer prices on each market, I have estimated the trade effects of the EU RoOs. The estimates suggest that much of the market access conferred by the EAs -outside sensitive sectors- was undone by the cost-raising effects of RoOs. The chapter also contains an analysis of the evolution of the CEECs' trade with the EU from post-communism to accession. Part II The last chapter of the thesis is concerned with anti-dumping, another trade-policy instrument having the effect of reducing market access. In 1995, the Uruguay Round introduced in the Anti-Dumping Agreement (ADA) a mandatory "sunset-review" clause (Article 11.3 ADA) under which anti-dumping measures should be reviewed no later than five years from their imposition and terminated unless there was a serious risk of resumption of injurious dumping. The last chapter, written with Pr. Olivier Cadot and Pr. Jaime de Melo, uses a new database on Anti-Dumping (AD) measures worldwide to assess whether the sunset-review agreement had any effect. The question we address is whether the WTO Agreement succeeded in imposing the discipline of a five-year cycle on AD measures and, ultimately, in curbing their length. Two methods are used; count data analysis and survival analysis. First, using Poisson and Negative Binomial regressions, the count of AD measures' revocations is regressed on (inter alia) the count of "initiations" lagged five years. The analysis yields a coefficient on measures' initiations lagged five years that is larger and more precisely estimated after the agreement than before, suggesting some effect. However the coefficient estimate is nowhere near the value that would give a one-for-one relationship between initiations and revocations after five years. We also find that (i) if the agreement affected EU AD practices, the effect went the wrong way, the five-year cycle being quantitatively weaker after the agreement than before; (ii) the agreement had no visible effect on the United States except for aone-time peak in 2000, suggesting a mopping-up of old cases. Second, the survival analysis of AD measures around the world suggests a shortening of their expected lifetime after the agreement, and this shortening effect (a downward shift in the survival function postagreement) was larger and more significant for measures targeted at WTO members than for those targeted at non-members (for which WTO disciplines do not bind), suggesting that compliance was de jure. A difference-in-differences Cox regression confirms this diagnosis: controlling for the countries imposing the measures, for the investigated countries and for the products' sector, we find a larger increase in the hazard rate of AD measures covered by the Agreement than for other measures.

Perfil do Animador de Educação Básica de Adultos em Cabo Verde O Caso do Município da Praia

A educação é um processo de construção pessoal e social, objectivando o desenvolvimento integral do ser humano em todas as suas dimensões e ao longo de toda a vida. Hoje, é largamente aceite que o desenvolvimento da educação constitui a premissa fundamental para o sucesso de qualquer política de desenvolvimento. A partir do momento, em que Jacques Delors deu a conhecer a UNESCO o seu relatório denominado “A educação um tesouro a descobrir” (1996), poucas dúvidas ficaram sobre a relação entre o desenvolvimento socio-económico e a educação. No momento, em que a sociedade cabo-verdiana está empenhada num esforço conjunto para reduzir a pobreza, pode-se reiterar que a educação é o tesouro pelo qual devemos apoiar para trilhar o caminho certo para o desenvolvimento. Com efeito, o desenvolvimento do seu capital humano constitui a principal via no sentido de impulsionar as mudanças sociais e individuais necessárias para responder aos níveis de produtividade e competitividade exigidos para enfrentar os mercados externos. Tendo em conta estes pressupostos a aposta na educação básica de adultos (EBA) representa mais uma oportunidade de se poder descobrir este tesouro oculto da educação e colocá-la ao serviço da melhoria da condição de vida para todos. Para tal, defende Paulo Freire (1979: 72) que “a alfabetização não pode se fazer de cima para baixo, nem de fora para dentro, como uma doação ou uma exposição, mas de dentro para fora pelo próprio analfabeto, somente ajustado pelo educador.” Com efeito, a EBA em Cabo Verde tem sido uma preocupação desde a independência. Com a reforma de ensino, uma nova estratégia foi traçada para este sector. As mudanças de índole político verificadas no país, bem como a nova conjuntura internacional apontavam para uma política de educação permanente e contínua de adultos, visando uma maior funcionalidade e uma maior integração dos mesmos na sociedade e que evitasse a exclusão. Assim mudanças quer a nível programático quer a nível didáctico-pedagógico foram introduzidas legitimando e fundamentando o ensino formal e de educação de adultos, como um dos sustentáculos do desenvolvimento educativo, social, e cultural das populações. Ora isso, por sua vez trouxe novas filosofias, novas abordagens, para a EBA, visto que, o seu público-alvo são os jovens e adultos (na faixa etária dos 15 aos 35 anos) que não tenham ainda feito a escolaridade básica obrigatória.

Fungitoxicidade, atividade elicitora de fitoalexinas e proteção de alface em sistema de cultivo orgânico contra Sclerotinia sclerotiorum pelo extrato de gengibre

O patógeno Sclerotinia sclerotiorum é um fungo que sobrevive no solo e causa a doença conhecida como mofo branco ou podridão de esclerotínia na cultura da alface (Lactuca sativa) e outras culturas. A doença é considerada de difícil controle, uma vez que o fungo é muito agressivo e produzem estruturas de resistência, os escleródios. Na busca de novos métodos de controle de doenças, os extratos de plantas com propriedades terapêuticas surgem como opção. Neste trabalho avaliou-se o efeito do extrato bruto aquoso (EBA) de gengibre (Zingiber officinalis) nas concentrações de 1, 5, 10, 15, 20 e 25% sobre o crescimento micelial e produção de escleródios de S. sclerotiorum, in vitro. Também foi verificada a eficiência do gengibre na proteção de plantas de alface cultivadas organicamente e inoculadas com o patógeno. Além da incidência da doença, foi analisado o rendimento da cultura e a atividade de peroxidase nos tecidos da planta. Água e o indutor de resistência acibenzolar-S-metil foram utilizados como tratamentos controle. Adicionalmente, a capacidade elicitora do EBA de gengibre em proporcionar o acúmulo das fitoalexinas deoxiantocianidina e gliceolina foi avaliada em bioensaios com sorgo e soja, respectivamente. Os resultados indicaram a atividade antimicrobiana dos EBA de gengibre, com inibição do crescimento micelial e da produção de escleródios. Na cultura da alface, verificou-se que a aplicação de massa de gengibre na base da planta aumentou a atividade da enzima peroxidase e reduziu a incidência da doença. A presença de compostos elicitores no EBA de gengibre foi observada pela indução da produção de fitoalexinas em sorgo e soja, que ocorreu de maneira dose-dependente. Estes resultados indicam o potencial de Z. officinalis para o controle de S. sclerotiorum em alface, o qual pode ocorrer tanto por atividade antimicrobiana direta quanto pela ativação de mecanismos de defesa das plantas.

Las Matemáticas en EPA : reflexiones y propuestas.

En los últimos años el perfil de la mayoría de alumnos de Educación Básica de Adultos (EBA) responde a las siguientes características: es inmigrante, entre 16 y 20 años, procede del fracaso escolar y persigue un título de forma rápida. Entre las dificultades detectadas en el proceso de aprendizaje de las personas adultas destacan la pérdida de significación: la matemática formal se desvincula de su experiencia; la dificultad para comprender la lógica de los libros de texto; el miedo a pedir ayuda; los problemas a la hora de captar conceptos matemáticos; y la incapacidad en la resolución autónoma de los ejercicios. Además, se debe evitar el hecho de reducir las matemáticas a comunicar reglas, definiciones, procedimientos; trasladar modelos de la enseñanza de los jóvenes a los adultos; separar la relación entre la matemática real y la del aula; la descoordinación interna en los programas; y trasmitir un conocimiento estático de las matemáticas. En cuanto a la enseñanza, el docente debe reconocer el saber informal en la enseñanza de las matemáticas; conseguir la interacción del significado de las nociones matemáticas; o basar el aprendizaje matemático en la respuesta a situaciones problemáticas dotadas de interés. Además, el currículum de Matemáticas de Tramo III, Secundaria, se organiza en bloques y unidades didácticas. Así, se prefiere un modelo constructivista del aprendizaje para la asignatura de Matemáticas.

Ciencias de la Naturaleza en EPA : enseñar y aprender con gusto.

Se cuenta la experiencia como docente de una profesora de Educación Básica de Adultos durante siete años en el Área de Ciencias de la Naturaleza. El alumnado que se matricula en el Tramo de Secundaria de Educación Básica de Adultos (EBA) es heterogéneo: hay alumnos desde los 17 años hasta la edad de jubilación. Con respecto a las inquietudes, hay alumnos que necesitan el título de Graduado en Educación Secundaria, otros estudian para poder ayudar a sus hijos y otros porque quieren ampliar y actualizar sus conocimientos. Las Ciencias de la Naturaleza abarcan cuatro campos: Biología, Geología, Física y Química, siendo necesario repartir estas áreas en dos cursos académicos conforme a los siguientes criterios: la coherencia temática de los contenidos de cada curso académico; el grado de dificultad creciente de un curso a otro; o la necesidad de manejar las matemáticas con fluidez. Muchos alumnos temen enfrentarse a esta asignatura. Hay que transmitirles tranquilidad; y darles confianza. La experiencia demuestra que los alumnos de 5õ de EBA no presentan un grado de conocimientos y madurez para enfrentarse a problemas abstractos y matemáticos, por lo que Biología y Geología se imparten en el citado curso, trasladando Física y Química, a 6õ. En cuanto a la metodología, se aprovecha la experiencia sobre la vida que tiene el alumnado y el uso del laboratorio o de programas de ordenador. Una actividad didáctica consiste en comentar en clase las informaciones científicas que aparecen en los periódicos o en la televisión.

Formación y autoformación de los equipos docentes en educación de personas adultas.

Posibilitar la relación teoría-práctica en la formación de equipos educativos en los centros de educación básica de personas adultas. Trabajar con estos equipos docentes y cooperar con ellos en favor de una planificación y sistematización de las actuaciones. Elaborar y gestionar proyectos educativos de centro que orienten y despejen alguna de las dificultades para construir proyectos curriculares adaptados a la educación de adultos. Enriquecer el conocimiento de la educación de adultos y mejorar la formación del profesorado de este ámbito. Conocer la opinión del profesorado de educación de personas adultas sobre su propia formación.. 180 alumnos del tercer ciclo de 6 centros de educación básica de adultos de la Comunidad de Madrid. 25 por ciento del total del profesorado dedicado a la educación de adultos en la misma zona.. Consta de 3 fases: diagnóstico y diseño, desarrollo e interpretación. La primera incluye la definición de objetivos, presupuestos, acuerdos metodológicos, criterios y principios básicos. Paralelamente se realiza el diagnóstico, sobre hechos, datos y teoría general sobre educación de adultos y sus centros. En la segunda se sistematiza esta información, se construyen nuevos referentes para el diagnóstico al tiempo que se realizan los 3 estudios de casos, es decir, se llevan a cabo las sesiones de investigación-planificación-formación en cada equipo educativo, en torno a la elaboración del proyecto educativo de centro. En la tercera tienen lugar los contrastes finales de los informes de casos, así como la interpretación de los datos una vez transcurrido un curso desde que finalizó la intervención.. Cuestionario al alumno, cuestionario al profesorado, revisión bibliográfica, recopilación legislativa, debates, recopilación de datos, actas.. Elaboran, además de los informes y conclusiones correspondientes a los tres estudios de casos, cinco informes parciales relativos al alumnado, el profesorado, los modelos organizativos, la legislación y la innovación en el ámbito de la educación básica de personas adultas.. 1. El profesorado de los centros de EBA tiene un cultura común que se enmarca en la tradición del profesorado de EGB. 2. En momentos de reflexión, toma de decisiones y compromisos conjuntos, se produce una tendencia a situar las dificultades fuera de las propias posibilidades. 3. En los centros con menos tradición de trabajo en equipo, el debate hace aflorar conflictos y desacuerdos. 4. El relativo menor control externo de la enseñanza de personas adultas genera mayor independencia de su profesorado respecto al uso de materiales curriculares, libros de texto, organización de espacios y tiempos. 5. Todos los equipos experimentaron un cierto cambio y adquirieron un mejor conocimiento de sus intereses y planteamientos educativos, personales y laborales. 6. No se ha asentado una práctica reflexiva en los equipos, ni tampoco que lo realizado respecto a planificación comprometa de igual modo a todos los grupos y, dentro de cada uno, a todos sus miembros..

A European Deposit Insurance and Resolution Fund - An Update. CEPS Policy Brief No. 283, 11 September 2012

Cross-border banking is currently not stable in Europe. Cross-border banks need a European safety net. Moreover, a truly integrated European level banking system may help to break the diabolical loop between the solvency of the domestic banking system and the fiscal standing of the national sovereign. This policy paper first sketches the building blocks of a banking union. Importantly, a new European Deposit Insurance and Resolution Authority (EDIRA) should start simultaneously with the ECB assuming supervisory powers. A combination of European supervision and local resolution cannot work because it is not ‘incentive compatible’. Next, this paper proposes a transition period to gradually phase in the European deposit insurance coverage. Finally, we calculate that a European Deposit Insurance Fund would amount to about €30-50 billion for the 75 euro area banks that were subject to the EBA stress tests. This Fund could be created over a period of time through risk-based deposit insurance premiums levied on these banks. Once up and running, the Fund would then turn into a European Deposit Insurance and Resolution Fund to also deal with the resolution of one or more of these European banks.