183 resultados para E7


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Human papillomavirus type 16 proteins E6 and E7 have been shown to cause centrosome amplification and lagging chromosomes during mitosis. These abnormalities during mitosis can result in missegregation of the chromosomes, leading to chromosomal instability. Genomic instability is thought to be an essential part of the conversion of a normal cell to a cancer cell. We now show that E6 and E7 together cause polyploidy in primary human keratinocytes soon after these genes are introduced into the cells. Polyploidy seems to result from a spindle checkpoint failure arising from abrogation of the normal functions of p53 and retinoblastoma family members by E6 and E7, respectively. In addition, E6 and E7 cause deregulation of cellular genes such as Plk1, Aurora-A, cdk1, and Nek2, which are known to control the G2-M-phase transition and the ordered progression through mitosis.

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Cells expressing human papillomavirus type 16 (HPV-16) E6 and E7 proteins exhibit deregulation of G(2)/M genes, allowing bypass of DNA damage arrest signals. Normally, cells with DNA damage that override the G(2) damage checkpoint would precociously enter mitosis and ultimately face mitotic catastrophe and apoptotic cell death. However, E6/E7-expressing cells (E6/E7 cells) have the ability to enter and exit mitosis in the presence of DNA damage and continue with the next round of the cell cycle. Little is known about the mechanism that allows these cells to gain entry into and exit from mitosis. Here, we show that in the presence of DNA damage, E6/E7 cells have elevated levels of cyclin B, which would allow entry into mitosis. Also, as required for exit from mitosis, cyclin B is degraded in these cells, permitting initiation of the next round of DNA synthesis and cell cycle progression. Proteasomal degradation of cyclin B by anaphase-promoting complex/cyclosome (APC/C) is, in part, due to elevated levels of the E2-conjugating enzyme, Ubch10, and the substrate recognition protein, Cdc20, of APC/C. Also, in E6/E7 cells with DNA damage, while Cdc20 is complexed with BubR1, indicating an active checkpoint, it is also present in complexes free of BubR1, presumably allowing APC/C activity and slippage through the checkpoint.

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A number of epigenetic alterations occur in both the virus and host cellular genomes during human papillomavirus (HPV)-associated carcinogenesis, and investigations of such alterations, including changes in chromatin proteins and histone modifications, have the potential to lead to therapeutic epigenetic reversion. We report here that transformed HPV16 E6/E7-expressing primary human foreskin keratinocytes (HFKs) (E6/E7 cells) demonstrate increased expression of the PRC2 methyltransferase EZH2 at both the mRNA and protein levels but do not exhibit the expected increase in trimethylated H3K27 (H3K27me3) compared to normal keratinocytes. In contrast, these cells show a reduction in global H3K27me3 levels in vitro, as well as upregulation of the KDM6A demethylase. We further show for the first time that transformation with the HPV16 E6 and E7 oncogenes also results in an increase in phosphorylated EZH2 serine 21 (P-EZH2-Ser21), mediated by active Akt, and in a downregulation of the PRC1 protein BMI1 in these cells. High-grade squamous cervical intraepithelial lesions also showed a loss of H3K27me3 in the presence of increased expression of EZH2. Correlating with the loss of H3K27me3, E6/E7 cells exhibited derepression of specific EZH2-, KMD6A-, and BMI1-targeted HOX genes. These results suggest that the observed reduction in H3K27me3 may be due to a combination of reduced activities/levels of specific polycomb proteins and increases in demethylases. The dysregulation of multiple chromatin proteins resulting in the loss of global H3K27me3 and the transcriptional reprogramming in HPV16 E6/E7-infected cells could provide an epigenetic signature associated with risk and/or progression of HPV16-associated cancers, as well as the potential for epigenetic reversion in the future.

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Using microarray information from oro-pharyngeal data sets and results from primary human foreskin keratinocytes (HFK) expressing Human Papilloma Virus (HPV)-16 E6/E7 proteins, we show that p63 expression regulates signalling molecules which initiate cell migration such as Src and focal adhesion kinase (FAK) and induce invasion in 3D-organotypic rafts; a phenotype that can be reversed by depletion of p63. Knockdown of Src or FAK in the invasive cells restored focal adhesion protein paxillin at cell periphery and impaired the cell migration. In addition, specific inhibition of FAK (PF573228) or Src (dasatinib) activities mitigated invasion and attenuated the expression/activity of matrix metalloproteinase 14 (MMP14), a pivotal MMP in the MMP activation cascade. Expression of constitutively active Src in non-invasive HFK expressing E6/E7 proteins upregulated the activity of c-Jun and MMP14, and induced invasion in rafts. Depletion of Src, FAK or AKT in the invasive cells normalised the expression/activity of c-Jun and MMP14, thus implicating the Src-FAK/AKT/AP-1 signalling in MMP14-mediated extra-cellular matrix remodelling. Up-regulation of Src, AP-1, MMP14 and p63 expression was confirmed in oro-pharyngeal cancer. Since p63 transcriptionally regulated expression of many of the genes in this signalling pathway, it suggests that it has a central role in cancer progression.

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Tesis (Maestría en Ciencias con Especialidad en Microbiología) UANL

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Tesis (Doctor en Ciencias con Especialidad en Microbiología) U.A.N.L.

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Le cancer du col utérin (CCU) est dans plus de 99% des cas provoqué par une infection avec le virus du papillome humain (VPH), dont le potentiel oncogénique réside dans l'expression des proto-oncogènes viraux E6/E7. Le potentiel carcinogénique de ces protéines virales réside essentiellement dans leurs actions sur les produits des gènes suppresseurs de tumeur p53 et RB. Les produits de ces gènes, p53 et Rb, font parti des voies de signalisation de réponse aux dommages de l'ADN cellulaire (RDA) et leur perte entraine une perte de fonctionnalité qui mène à une instabilité génomique. À long terme et en présence de d'autres facteurs ceux-ci mèneront au développement d'un cancer. Les protéines E6 et E7 sont constitutivement exprimées dans les cellules du CCU ainsi que dans les cellules de tout autre cancer induit par le VPH et seulement dans ces dernières. La prise en charge des cas avancés de ces cancers se fait principalement par radiothérapie et chimiothérapie concomitante. La chimio-radiothérapie utilisée en traitement est efficace mais résulte en un taux élevé de morbidité et un nombre important de patientes récidiveront. Nous proposons que l'exploitation de l'expression spécifique d’E6 et d’E7 dans les cellules du CCU permette d’envisager une stratégie de létalité synthétique afin d'amplifier l'effet létal de l'irradiation sur les cellules CCU. Ceci permettrait potentiellement d'augmenter l'efficacité du traitement et de diminuer les récidives, ainsi que la morbidité liée au traitement. En s'appuyant sur cette hypothèse, notre objectif est d’identifier des composés dont l'action seule ou couplée à l'irradiation provoquerait préférentiellement la mort des cellules exprimant les protéines E6 et E7 du VPH. Les cellules testées comprennent des cellules isogéniques humaines issues de kératinocytes normaux que nous avons modifiées séquentiellement pour obtenir les modifications associées aux cellules CCU (hTERT, E6 et E7), ainsi que les lignées de cellules de CCU HeLa et CaSki .Nous avons procédé à la mise au point et à la validation du protocole de criblage et des méthodes d’évaluation de la sensibilisation, qui se définit comme une perte de viabilité, un arrêt ou ralentissement de la croissance, par détection d’ATP ainsi que par coloration d’ADN génomique au DRAQ5. Suite à un criblage ciblé impliquant des inhibiteurs connus de la voie de réparation des dommages à l’ADN, nous avons identifié l’inhibiteur de mdm2, Nutlin-3, comme étant un composé sensibilisant et radio-sensibilisant préférentiellement les cellules exprimant E6 et E7 du VPH. La Nutlin-3 a été testée sur des cellules HEKn-hTERT-E6-E7, des cellules CaSki et HeLa. L’effet de sensibilisation et de radio-sensibilisation a été confirmé dans ces trois lignées. Tel que suggéré par son action sur mdmd2, la Nutlin-3 permet la stabilisation de p53 dans les cellules HEKn-hTERT-E6-E7 et CaSki et sa réactivation dans les lignées cellulaires HeLa et CaSki. Malgré cette stabilisation de p53, de façon surprenante, l’effet de la Nutlin-3 sur la sensibilisation et la radio-sensibilisation des cellules HeLa et CaSki semble indépendant de p53, tel qu’observé en utilisant des cellules HeLa-GSE et CaSki-GSE dont le p53 est déficient. In vivo la Nutlin-3a montre dans un essai préliminaire l’inhibition de la croissance tumorale des xénogreffes HeLa chez des souris RAG2γc. Ce résultat reste à confirmer avec un essai impliquant un nombre d’échantillons plus grand. À plus long terme, nous comptons étudier l’implication de mdm2 dans l’effet de sensibilisant de la Nutlin-3 dans les cellules CCUs, ainsi que les autres cibles pouvant être impliquées dans la création de cet effet sensibilisant observé.

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Acute expression of E7 oncogene from human papillomavirus (HPV) 16 or HPV18 is sufficient to overcome tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha cytostatic effect on primary human keratinocytes. In the present study, we investigated the molecular basis of E7-induced TNF resistance through a comparative analysis of the effect of this cytokine on the proliferation and global gene expression of normal and E7-expressing keratinocytes. Using E7 functional mutants, we show that E7-induced TNF resistance correlates with its ability to mediate pRb degradation and cell transformation. On the other hand, this effect does not depend on E7 sequences required to override DNA damage-induced cell cycle arrest or extend keratinocyte life span. Furthermore, we identified a group of 66 genes whose expression pattern differs between normal and E7-expressing cells upon cytokine treatment. These genes are mainly involved in cell cycle regulation suggesting that their altered expression may contribute to sustained cell proliferation even in the presence of a cytostatic stimulus. Differential expression of TCN1 (transcobalamin I), IFI44 (Interferon-induced protein 44), HMGB2 (high-mobility group box 2) and FUS [Fusion (involved in t(12; 16) in malignant liposarcoma)] among other genes were further confirmed by western-blot and/or real-time polymerase chain reaction. Moreover, FUS upregulation was detected in HPV-positive cervical high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions when compared with normal cervical tissue. Further evaluation of the role of such genes in TNF resistance and HPVassociated disease development is warranted.