Far-infrared optical properties of the heavy fermion superconductor UB[E13]

Temperature dependent resistivity, p, magnetic susceptibility, X, and far-infrared reflectance measurements were made on the low Tc superconductor UBe13. Two variants of UBe13 have been proposed, named 'L'- (for low Tc ) and 'H'-type (for high Tc ). Low temperature resistivity measurements confirmed that our sample was of H-type and that the transition temperature was at 0.9 K. This was further confirmed with the observation of this transition in the AC-susceptibility. Low temperature reflectance measurements showed a decrease in the reflectivity as the temperature is lowered from 300 to 10 K, which is in qualitative agreement with the increasing resistivity in this temperature range as temperature is lowered. No dramatic change in the reflectivity was observed between 10 and 0.75 K. A further decrease of the reflectance was observed for the temperature of 0.5 K. The calculated optical conductivity shows a broad minimum near 80 cm-1 below 45 K. Above 45 K the conductivity is relatively featureless. As the temperature is lowered, the optical conductivity decreases. The frequency dependent scattering rate was found to be flat for temperatures between 300 and 45 K. The development of a peak, at around 70 cm-1 was found for temperatures of 45 K and below. This peak has been associated with the energy at which the transition to a coherent state occurs from single impurity scattering in other heavy fermion systems. The frequency dependent mass enhancement coefficient was found to increase at low frequencies as the frequency decreases. Its' magnitude as frequency approaches zero also increased as the temperature decreased.

Reply to Camens : how recently did modern monotremes diversify?

Camens (1) responds to our analysis of morphological data (2) in which platypuses (Ornithorhynchidae) and echidnas (Tachyglossidae) were inferred to be each other's closest relatives, to the exclusion of Early Cretaceous forms, Teinolophos and Steropodon. Our phylogeny is consistent with the late appearance of undisputed fossil echidnas and platypuses. Molecular dating provided important independent corroboration, revealing that platypuses and echidnas diverged only 19–48 Ma, implying that Teinolophos and Steropodon (105–121 Ma) must lie outside the platypus–echidna dichotomy...

Atmospheric gas plasma–induced ROS production activates TNF-ASK1 pathway for the induction of melanoma cancer cell apoptosis

Atmospheric gas plasmas (AGPs) are able to selectively induce apoptosis in cancer cells, offering a promising alternative to conventional therapies that have unwanted side effects such as drug resistance and toxicity. However, the mechanism of AGP-induced cancer cell death is unknown. In this study, AGP is shown to up-regulate intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels and induce apoptosis in melanoma but not normal melanocyte cells. By screening genes involved in apoptosis, we identify tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-family members as the most differentially expressed cellular genes upon AGP treatment of melanoma cells. TNF receptor 1 (TNFR1) antagonist-neutralizing antibody specifically inhibits AGP-induced apoptosis signal, regulating apoptosis signal-regulating kinase 1 (ASK1) activity and subsequent ASK1-dependent apoptosis. Treatment of cells with intracellular ROS scavenger N-acetyl-l-cysteine also inhibits AGP-induced activation of ASK1, as well as apoptosis. Moreover, depletion of intracellular ASK1 reduces the level of AGP-induced oxidative stress and apoptosis. The evidence for TNF-signaling dependence of ASK1-mediated apoptosis suggests possible mechanisms for AGP activation and regulation of apoptosis-signaling pathways in tumor cells.

Evaluación financiera de la explotación apícola El Jobo, en el municipio de San Ramón, departamento de Matagalpa (Período Julio 1999 - Junio 2000)

El Presente trabajo se llevó a cabo en la finca El Jobo en los Apiarios Propiedad de CODAPI, la finca se ubica en el Municipio de San Ramón, carretera Pancasan, Matlguas en las coordenadas 12" 55' Latitud Norte y 85" 55' Longitud Oeste con una altura de 640 msnm y una Temperatura de 20- 26" C. El clima existente se clasifica de Trópico semi húmedo con bosque perenne y una flora útil para la Apicultura. La época seca se presenta de Febrero a mayo y un periodo lluvioso de Junio - Enero, con una precipitación de 2000 - 2400 mm /ano. Para el levantamiento de la información se realizó un estudio de casos con entrevistas semi - estructuradas, a lo largo del ciclo apícola 1999-2000, con visitas quincenales, que permitieron conocer el manejo de los apiarios, producción de miel y los costos de producción. El análisis de la información permitió evaluar el calendario apícola, los costos de producción divididos en mano de obra, insumos, servicios; así como determinar parámetros productivos como kilogramos de miel por ciclo, por apiario, por colmena. Se calcularon además la relación beneficio costo, margen bruto por apiario, margen bruto por colmena y margen bruto por dial hombre. Los resultados indicaron que la estrategia de producción principal de este ciclo fue la producción de colonias, aprovechando la flor amarilla, miel que no tiene demanda en el mercado internacional, no obstante permitió salvar el ciclo. Una vez realizada la evaluación financiera se pudo determinar que la relación beneficio - costo de este ciclo apícola fue de 0.88. Entre los factores que influyeron en estos resultados se pueden mencionar: La falta de capacitación en el manejo gerencial, administrativo y financiero del apiario. Factores climatológicos como fuertes vientos durante la época seca deshidrataron la flora. La no realización de un calendario apícola después del Huracán Mitch que dejó desvastada la flora de la zona norte del País, lo cual incidió de forma significativa en la producción de miel al momento de la trashumancia. Afecto J también el problema zoo-sanitario del acaro varroa a partir de 1999, aumentando los costos de producción de la empresa. De los costos de producción el 43.70 % correspondió a insumos, el27.7% a servicios, el7.37% a mano de obra y un 22.8% a las amortizaciones; La reproducción de miel que se obtuvo fue de 438 Kg. en el ciclo apícola en tres cosechas, 48 Kg. en agosto, 112 Kg. en Noviembre y 278 Kg. en abril del2000, lo que refleja 109. 7 Kg. de miel/ apiario/ ciclo y 5.2 Kg. de miel/ colmena / apiario / ciclo. De los ingresos que se obtuvieron en este ciclo el 71. 67 % corresponde a la venta de cámaras de crías y el 28.33 % a la venta de miel. El margen bruto 1 apiario 1 ciclo fue de C$ 1429.75, el margen bruto 1 colmena de C$ 68.9 y el margen bruto / día/ hombre fue de C$ 62.84, lo que muestra parámetros económicos deficientes para mantener las operaciones en la explotación y el margen neto de C$ -6 339 .38.

Colaboración como oficial de crédito en las áreas de crédito y certificaciones de UCASUMAN R.L Unión de cooperativas agropecuarias de servicios unidas de Mancotal, Departamento de Jnotega-Informe final

Durante el proceso de pasantías realizadas en por un periodo de seis meses calendario como forma de culminación de estudio en UCASUMAN R. L Unión de Cooperativas Agropecuarias de Crédito y Servicios Unidas de Mancotal me desempeñe como oficial de crédito en las cooperativas, San Francisco, San Isidro, Rubén Darío, Asturias y La Unión los Robles con 200 productores y productoras que trabajan con tecnologías orgánicas y convencionales certificados por Mercado Justo y Ocia Internacional, cuya función es fomentar una estrategia de desarrollo para las organizaciones de productores. El proceso de Pasantías es importante para el pasante ya que el estudiante participa en el desarrollo de actividades propias de la empresa que incrementa su formación académica y de esta manera se tiene la oportunidad de integrarse al campo laboral como parte del desarrollo de sí mismo en dicha empresa demostrando la habilidad de asumir responsabilidades y desarrollar un puesto de trabajo. La metodología utilizada durante el proceso de pasantías fue la entrevista a los productores mediante visitas directas a la propiedad gestionando cobros realizadas por la oficial de crédito con el objetivo de incentivar al productor a realizar entregas de café al centro de acopio de su cooperativa de base. La función del área de crédito es la colocación de crédito a las cooperativas de base y su recuperación, visitas técnicas y apoyo en campo al área de certificaciones en sus actividades. Durante el periodo de trabajo las funciones del pasante fueron el seguimiento de cartera a través de cartas de cobro para recuperación de cosecha, levantamiento de solicitudes de crédito, apoyo a las cooperativas para las visitas de las certificadoras, levantamientos de fichas diagnosticas para gestión de proyectos parte de la ejecución del plan de trabajo. Las actividades realizadas durante el proceso de proceso de pasantía son: levantamiento de 200 fichas diagnósticas, elaboración y levantamiento de 150 solicitudes de crédito para fines crediticios, 180 visitas de campo para gestión de cobro, llenado de 100 cuadernos de registro y 100 charlas brindadas sobre normas orgánicas para la certificación. El trabajo en equipo realizado por el pasante con sus compañeros de trabajo y jefa inmediata , comunicación con los socios, elaboración o ejecución de planes de trabajo, las diferentes situaciones presentadas en la etapa de campo fueron parte de las lecciones aprendidas durante mi desempeño ya que pude conocer y comprender el modo de producción de estos productores apoyando en la prevención de la contaminación de las fuentes de agua con desechos sólidos, fomentar la reforestación como una opción amigable con el medio ambiente y la implementación de obras de conservación de suelo para mejorar su producción y fertilidad.

Caracterización socioeconómica de las familias beneficiadas con microcréditos en tres comunidades de Rancho Grande Matagalpa 2011-2013

Con el presente estudio se caracterizó la situación social y económica de los productores beneficiados con los microcréditos otorgados por medio de la UNAG y el PCAC en tres comunidades del Municipio de Rancho Grande en el departamento de Matagalpa durante el periodo 2011-2013. De esta manera se identificaron los beneficios que han obtenido los productores, el destino del microcrédito, las repercusiones del programa de microcréditos en las prácticas agrícolas y en los servicios básicos de los productores y sus familias. El tipo de investigación desarrollada es cuantitativa no experimental de tipo descriptiva, el estudio se realizó a 53 productores de las 3 comunidades del municipio de Rancho Grande, donde se aplicó la técnica de la encuesta a los 53 beneficiarios. Mediante la aplicación de esta técnica se constató que los productores se dedican a las actividades agropecuarias laborando en terrenos propios con escrituras; a través de las ganancias obtenidas con la inversión del microcrédito tienen la oportunidad de incrementar sus ingresos y su producción en distintos rubros, además les ha ayudado a cubrir necesidades del hogar como alimentación, educación para los hijos, medicina y vestimenta; se identificó que el 60% de los productores están atrasados con el pago de las cuotas de los microcréditos otorgados debido a la poca producción por condiciones climáticas, falta de asistencia técnica y el desvío del dinero para consumo privado.

Surface markers of regionalization in the vertebrate nervous system

In order to identify new molecules that might play a role in regional specification of the nervous system, we generated and characterized monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) that have positionally-restricted labeling patterns.

The FORSE-1 mAb was generated using a strategy designed to produce mAbs against neuronal cell surface antigens that might be regulated by regionally-restricted transcription factors in the developing central nervous system (CNS). FORSE-1 staining is enriched in the forebrain as compared to the rest of the CNS until E18. Between E11.5-E13.5, only certain areas of the forebrain are labeled. There is also a dorsoventrally-restricted region of labeling in the hindbrain and spinal cord. The mAb labels a large proteoglycan-like cell-surface antigen (>200 kD). The labeling pattern of FORSE-1 is conserved in various mammals and in chick.

To determine whether the FORSE-1 labeling pattern is similar to that of known transcription factors, the expression of BF-1 and Dlx-2 was compared with FORSE-1. There is a striking overlap between BF-1 and FORSE-1 in the telencephalon. In contrast, FORSE-1 and Dlx-2 have very different patterns of expression in the forebrain, suggesting that regulation by Dlx-2 alone cannot explain the distribution of FORSE-1. They do, however, share some sharp boundaries in the diencephalon. In addition, FORSE-1 identifies some previously unknown boundaries in the developing forebrain. Thus, FORSE-1 is a new cell surface marker that can be used to subdivide the embryonic forebrain into regions smaller than previously described, providing further complexity necessary for developmental patterning.

I also studied the expression of the cell surface protein CD9 in the developing and adult rat nervous system. CD9 is implicated in intercellular signaling and cell adhesion in the hematopoetic system. In the nervous system, CD9 may perform similar functions in early sympathetic ganglia, chromaffin cells, and motor neurons, all of which express the protein. The presence of CD9 on the surfaces of Schwann cells and axons at the appropriate time may allow the protein to participate in the cellular interactions involved in myelination.

Deep Fractionation of Clinopyroxene in the East Pacific Rise 13 degrees N: Evidence from High MgO MORB and Melt Inclusions

Mid-ocean ridge basalts (MORBs) from East Pacific Rise (EPR) 13 degrees N are analysed for major and trace elements, both of which show a continuous evolving trend. Positive MgO-Al2O3 and negative MgO-Sc relationships manifest the cotectic crystallization of plagioclase and olivine, which exist with the presence of plagioclase and olivine phenocrysts and the absence of clinopyroxene phenocrysts. However, the fractionation of clinopyroxene is proven by the positive correlation of MgO and CaO. Thus, MORB samples are believed to show a "clinopyroxene paradox". The highest magnesium-bearing MORB sample E13-3B (MgO = 9.52%) is modelled for isobaric crystallization with COMAGMAT at different pressures. Observed CaO/Al2O3 ratios can be derived from E13-3B only by fractional crystallization at pressure > 4 +/- 1 kbar, which necessitates clinopyroxene crystallization and is not consistent with cotectic crystallization of olivine plus plagioclase in the magma chamber (at pressure similar to 1 kbar). The initial compositions of the melt inclusions, which could represent potential parental magmas, are reconstructed by correcting for post-entrapment crystallization (PEC). The simulated crystallization of initial melt inclusions also produce observed CaO/Al2O3 ratios only at > 4 +/- 1 kbar, in which clinopyroxene takes part in crystallization. It is suggested that MORB magmas have experienced clinopyroxene fractionation in the lower crust, in and below the Moho transition zone. The MORB magmas have experienced transition from clinopyroxene+plagioclase+olivine crystallization at > 4 +/- 1 kbar to mainly olivine+plagioclase crystallization at < 1 kbar, which contributes to the explanation of the "clinopyroxene paradox".

The role of the dopaminergic neurotrophin growth/differentiation factor-5 in the developing rat ventral midbrain

Growth differentiation factor-5 (GDF-5) is a member of the transforming growth factor-β superfamily, a family of proteins that play diverse roles in many aspects of cell growth, proliferation and differentiation. GDF-5 has also been shown to be a trophic factor for embryonic midbrain dopaminergic neurons in vitro (Krieglstein et al. 1995) and after transplantation to adult rats in vivo (Sullivan et al. 1998). GDF-5 has also been shown to have neuroprotective and neurorestorative effects on adult dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra in animal models of Parkinson’s disease (Sullivan et al. 1997, 1999; Hurley et al. 2004). This experimental evidence has lead to GDF-5 being proposed as a neurotrophic factor with potential for use in the treatment of Parkinson’s disease. However, it is not know if GDF-5 is expressed in the brain and whether it plays a role in dopaminergic neuron development. The experiments presented here aim to address these questions. To that end this thesis is divided into five separate studies each addressing a particular question associated with GDF-5 and its expression patterns and roles during the development of the rat midbrain. Expression of the GDF-5 in the developing rat ventral mesencephalon (VM) was found to begin at E12 and peak on E14, the day that dopaminergic neurons undergo terminal differentiation. In the adult rat, GDF-5 was found to be restricted to heart and brain, being expressed in many areas of the brain, including striatum and midbrain. This indicated a role for GDF-5 in the development and maintenance of dopaminergic neurons. The appropriate receptors for GDF-5 (BMPR-II and BMPR-Ib) were found to be expressed at high levels in the rat VM at E14 and BMPR-II expression was demonstrated on dopaminergic neurons in the E13 mouse VM. GDF-5 resulted in a three-fold increase in the numbers of dopaminergic neurons in cultures of E14 rat VM, without affecting the numbers of neurones or total cells. GDF-5 was found to increase the proportion of neurons that were dopaminergic. The numbers of Nurr1-positive cells were not affected by GDF-5 treatment, but GDF-5 did increase the numbers of Nurr1- positive cells that expressed tyrosine hydroxylase (TH). Taken together this data indicated that GDF-5 increases the conversion of Nurr1-positive, TH-negative cells to Nurr1-positive, TH-positive cells. In GDF-5 treated cultures, total neurite length, neurite arborisation and somal area of dopaminergic were all significantly increased compared to control cultures. Thus this study showed that GDF-5 increased the numbers and morphological differentiation of VM dopaminergic neurones in vitro. In order to examine if GDF-5 could induce a dopaminergic phenotype in neural progenitor cells, neurosphere cultures prepared from embryonic rat VM were established. The effect of the gestational age of the donor VM on the proportion of cell types generated from neurospheres from E12, E13 and E14 VM was examined. Dopaminergic neurons could only be generated from neurospheres which were prepared from E12 VM. Thus in subsequent studies the effect of GDF-5 on dopaminergic induction was examined in progentior cell cultures prepared from the E12 rat VM. In primary cultures of E12 rat VM, GDF-5 increased the numbers of TH-positive cells without affecting the proliferation or survival of these cells. In cultures of expanded neural progenitor cells from the E12 rat VM, GDF-5 increased the expression of Nurr1 and TH, an action that was dependent on signalling through the BMPR-Ib receptor. Taken together, these experiments provide evidence that GDF-5 is expressed in the developing rat VM, is involved in both the induction of a dopaminergic phenotype in cells of the VM and in the subsequent morphological development of these dopaminergic neurons

The activity of mouse Cerberus like 2 during cardiogenesis - genetic and morphogenetic studies

Cardiogenesis is a delicate and complex process that requires the coordination of an intricate network of pathways and the different cell types. Therefore, understanding heart development at the morphogenetic level is an essential requirement to uncover the causes of congenital heart disease and to provide insight for disease therapies. Mouse Cerberus like 2 (Cerl2) has been defined as a Nodal antagonist in the node with an important role in the Left-Right (L/R) axis establishment, at the early embryonic development. As expected, Cerl2 knockout mice (Cerl2-/-) showed multiple laterality defects with associated cardiac failure. In order to identify the endogenous role of Cerl2 during heart formation independent of its described functions in the node, we accurately analyzed animals where laterality defects were not present. We thereby unravel the consequences of Cerl2 lossof- function in the heart, namely increased left ventricular thickness due to hyperplasia of cardiomyocytes and de-regulated expression of cardiac genes. Furthermore, the Cerl2 mutant neonates present impaired cardiac function. Once that the cardiac expression of Cerl2 is mostly observed in the left ventricle until around midgestration, this result suggest a specific regulatory role of Cerl2 during the formation of the left ventricular myoarchitecture. Here, we present two possible molecular mechanisms underlying the cardiac Cerl2 function, the regulation of Cerl2 antagonist in activation of the TGFßs/Nodal/Activin/Smad2 signaling identified by increased Smad2 phosphorilation in Cerl2-/- hearts and the negative feedback between Cerl2 and Wnt/ß-catenin signaling in heart formation. In this work and since embryonic stem cells derived from 129 mice strain is extensively used to produce targeted mutants, we also present echocardiographic reference values to progressive use of juveniles and young adult 129/Sv strain in cardiac studies. In addition, we investigate the cardiac physiology of the surviving Cerl2 mutants in 129/Sv background over time through a follow-up study using echocardiographic analysis. Our results revealed that Cerl2-/- mice are able to improve and maintain the diastolic and most of systolic cardiac physiologic parameters as analyzed until young adult age. Since Cerl2 is no longer expressed in the postnatal heart, we suggest that an intrinsic and compensatory mechanism of adaptation may be active for recovering the decreased cardiac function found in Cerl2 mutant neonates. Altogether, these data highlight the role of Cerl2 during embryonic heart development in mice. Furthermore, we also suggest that Cerl2-/- may be an interesting model to uncover the molecular, cellular and physiological mechanisms behind the improvement of the cardiac function, contributing to the development of therapeutic approaches to treat heart failures.