Gerasimov-Drell-Hearn sum rule and the single-pion photoproduction multipole E0+ close to threshold

The long-standing discrepancy between the Gerasimov-Drell-Hearn sum rule and the analysis of pion photoproduction multipoles is greatly diminished by use of s-wave multipoles that are in accord with the predictions of chiral perturbation theory and describe the experimental data in the threshold region. The remaining difference may be due to contributions of channels with more pions and/or heavier mesons whose contributions to the sum rule remain to be investigated by a direct measurement of the photoabsorption cross sections.

Adubação em "torrão paulista" de Eucalyptus Saligna SM

Num ensaio de adubação com N, P, K e estêrco (E) de mudas de eucalipto (Eucalyptus saligna Sm.) em "torrão paulista" nos viveiros da Cia. Paulista de Estrada de Ferro, em Rio Claro, SP, foi usado um delineamento fatorial de 3x3x3x2, com resultados estatisticamente significativos para N, P e estêrco. As alturas médias das mudas, em centímetros, 3(1/2) meses após a repicagem para os torrões, foram as seguintes. N0 42,4 ± 1,5 P0 56,4 ± 1,5 E0 54,9 ± 1,2 N1 62,8 ± 1,5 P1 58,4 ± 1,5 E1 64,0 ± 1,2 N2 73,2 ± 1,5 P2 63,6 ± 1,5 As médias de algumas combinações interessantes de tratamentos são dadas a seguir, em centímetros. N0PoK0Eo 41,3 ± 6,2 N2P2K0E1 83,0 ± 6,2 N2P0K0E0 59,6 ± 6,2 N2P2K2E1 87,4 ± 6,2 N2P2K0E0 64,0 ± 6,2

Status epilepticus: an independent outcome predictor after cerebral anoxia.

BACKGROUND: Prognosis of status epilepticus (SE) depends on its cause, but there is uncertainty as to whether SE represents an independent outcome predictor for a given etiology. Cerebral anoxia is a relatively homogenous severe encephalopathy. Postanoxic SE is associated to a nearly 100% mortality in this setting; however, it is still unclear whether this is a severity marker of the underlying encephalopathy, or an independent factor influencing outcome. The goal of this study was to assess if postanoxic SE is independently associated with mortality after cerebral anoxia. METHODS: This was a retrospective observation of consecutive comatose survivors of cardiac arrest, including subjects treated with hypothermia. On the subgroup with EEG recordings in the first hospitalization days, univariate and multivariate analyses were applied to potential determinants of in-hospital mortality, and included the following variables: age, gender, type and length of cardiac arrest, occurrence of circulatory shock, presence of therapeutic hypothermia, and electrographic SE. RESULTS: Out of 166 postanoxic patients, 107 (64%) had an EEG (median latency from admission, 2 days); in this group, therapeutic hypothermia was administered in 59%. Death occurred in 71 (67%) patients. Postanoxic SE was associated with mortality regardless of type of acute cardiac rhythm and administration of hypothermic treatment. CONCLUSION: In this hospital-based cohort, postanoxic status epilepticus (SE) seems to be independently related to death in cardiac arrest survivors, suggesting that SE might determine a bad prognosis for a given etiology. Confirmation of these results in a prospective assessment is needed.

Antigenic characterization of Brazilian bovine viral diarrhea virus isolates by monoclonal antibodies and cross-neutralization

Nineteen Brazilian isolates of bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) were characterized antigenically with a panel of 19 monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) (Corapi WV, Donis RO and Dubovi EJ (1990) American Journal of Veterinary Research, 55: 1388-1394). Eight isolates were further characterized by cross-neutralization using sheep monospecific antisera. Analysis of mAb binding to viral antigens by indirect immunofluorescence revealed distinct patterns of reactivity among the native viruses. Local isolates differed from the prototype Singer strain in recognition by up to 14 mAbs. Only two mAbs - one to the non-structural protein NS23/p125 and another to the envelope glycoprotein E0/gp48 - recognized 100% of the isolates. No isolate was recognized by more than 14 mAbs and twelve viruses reacted with 10 or less mAbs. mAbs to the major envelope glycoprotein E2/gp53 revealed a particularly high degree of antigenic variability in this glycoprotein. Nine isolates (47.3%) reacted with three or less of 10 E2/gp53 mAbs, and one isolate was not recognized by any of these mAbs. Virus-specific antisera to eight isolates plus three standard BVDV strains raised in lambs had virus-neutralizing titers ranging from 400 to 3200 against the homologous virus. Nonetheless, many antisera showed significantly reduced neutralizing activity when tested against heterologous viruses. Up to 128-fold differences in cross-neutralization titers were observed for some pairs of viruses. When the coefficient of antigenic similarity (R) was calculated, 49 of 66 comparisons (74.24%) between viruses resulted in R values that antigenically distinguish strains. Moreover, one isolate had R values suggesting that it belongs to a distinct serologic group. The marked antigenic diversity observed among Brazilian BVDV isolates should be considered when planning diagnostic and immunization strategies.

Orbis veteribus notus.

Vasemmassa alakulmassa: Gravé par d'aprés Danville par Tardieu.

Spec. karta Evropejskoj Rossìi. 40 (25/54) / [sostavlena pri Voenno-Topografičeskom" otděle Glavnago štaba v" 1865-1871 gg.] pod" redakcìej Strěl'bickago.

Masštab" v" Anglìjskom" dûjmě 10 russk. verst" ili 1:420000.

Recombinant E2 glycoprotein of bovine viral diarrhea virus induces a solid humoral neutralizing immune response but fails to confer total protection in cattle

Two recombinant baculoviruses were produced in order to obtain a bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) immunogen: AcNPV/E2 expressing E2 glycoprotein, and AcNPV/E0E1E2 expressing the polyprotein region coding for the three structural proteins of BVDV (E0, E1, and E2). Mice were immunized with Sf9 cells infected with the recombinant baculoviruses in a water in oil formulation and the production of neutralizing antibodies was evaluated. Since E2 elicited higher neutralizing antibody titers than E0-E1-E2 polyprotein, it was selected to immunize cattle. Calves received two doses of recombinant E2 vaccine and were challenged with homologous BVDV 37 days later. The recombinant immunogen induced neutralizing titers which showed a mean value of 1.5 ± 0.27 on the day of challenge and reached a top value of 3.36 ± 0.36, 47 days later (84 days post-vaccination). On the other hand, sera from animals which received mock-infected Sf9 cells did not show neutralizing activity until 25 days post-challenge (62 days post-vaccination), suggesting that these antibodies were produced as a consequence of BVDV challenge. Even when no total protection was observed in cattle, in vitro viral neutralization assays revealed that the recombinant immunogen was able to induce neutralizing antibody synthesis against the homologous strain as well as against heterologous strains in a very efficient way.

Nefropatia por IgA: análise histológica e correlação clínico-morfológica em pacientes do Estado de Minas Gerais

INTRODUÇÃO: A Nefropatia por IgA (NIgA) é a glomerulopatia primária mais comum. OBJETIVO: Classificar a NIgA segundo a nova proposta de Classificação de Oxford. MÉTODOS: Foram analisadas biópsias do Serviço de Nefropatologia da UFTM, no período de 1996 a 2010, com diagnóstico de NIgA. Foram avaliados gênero, idade, presença de hematúria, padrões/intensidade das lesões, deposições de IgA, IgG, IgM, Kappa, Lambda, C3, C1q e fibrinogênio. Histologicamente, as biópsias foram caracterizadas conforme a Classificação de Oxford, e realizou-se a correlação clínico-morfológica. RESULTADOS: Das 164 biópsias avaliadas, houve predomínio do gênero masculino (53,7%) e adulto (93,3%). Caracterizando os pacientes conforme a classificação de Oxford, obtivemos predominância M0 (85,3%), S1 (53,1%), E0 (65,2%) e T0 (70,1%). À correção clínico-morfológica, observamos maior proteinúria M1 em relação a M0 (p < 0,008), menor taxa de filtração glomerular estimada (p < 0,001) e maior frequência de hipertensão (p < 0,001) comparando-se T0,T1 e T2. À imunofluorescência, predominância de IgA (100% dos casos), com codeposição de C3 (99,37% dos casos), Kappa (96,25%), Lambda (91,25%) e IgM (76,92%). Foi observada correlação entre a intensidade de deposição de IgA com C3, Kappa e Lambda. CONCLUSÃO: No presente estudo, a NIgA foi predominante em homens, mais comuns foram os padrões M0, S1, E0 e T0, com maior proteinúria e aumento da hipercelularidade mesangial, além de maior prevalência de hipertensão/pior função renal conforme a gravidade das repercussões túbulo-intersticiais.

Leaching of nitrate from cropped rainfed terraces in the mid-hills of Nepal

Intensification of crop production in the mid-hills of Nepal has led to concerns that nitrogen loss by leaching may increase. This study estimated the amount of N leached during two years from rainfed terraces (bari-land) at three locations in Nepal. Maize or upland rice grown in the monsoon season was given either no nutrient inputs or inputs via either nitrogen fertilizer or farmyard manure. Nitrate concentration in soil solution was measured regularly with porous ceramic cup samplers and drainage estimated from a simple soil water balance. Estimated losses of nitrogen by leaching ranged from 0 to 63.5 kg N ha(-1) depending on location and the form of nitrogen applied. Losses from plots receiving no nutrient inputs were generally small (range: 0-35 kg N ha(-1)) and losses from plots where nitrogen was applied as manure (range: 2-41 kg N ha(-1)) were typically half those from plots with nitrogen applied as fertilizer. Losses during the post-monsoon crops of finger millet were small (typically <5% of total loss) although losses from the one site with blackgram were larger (about 13%). The highest concentrations of nitrate in solution were measured early in the season as the monsoon rains began and immediately following fertilizer applications. Leaching losses are likely to be minimised if manure is applied as a basal nutrient dressing followed by fertilizer nitrogen later in the season.

The influence of carbon surface oxygen groups on Dubinin–Astakhov equation parameters calculated from CO2 adsorption isotherm

We present the results of a systematic study of the influence of carbon surface oxidation on Dubinin–Astakhov isotherm parameters obtained from the fitting of CO2 adsorption data. Using GCMC simulations of adsorption on realistic VPC models differing in porosity and containing the most frequently occurring carbon surface functionalities (carboxyls, hydroxyls and carbonyls) and their mixtures, it is concluded that the maximum adsorption calculated from the DA model is not strongly affected by the presence of oxygen groups. Unfortunately, the same cannot be said of the remaining two parameters of this model i.e. the heterogeneity parameter (n) and the characteristic energy of adsorption (E0). Since from the latter the pore diameters of carbons are usually calculated, by inverse-type relationships, it is concluded that they are questionable for carbons containing surface oxides, especially carboxyls.

Acute exhaustive exercise regulates IL-2, IL-4 and MyoD in skeletal muscle but not adipose tissue in rats

Background: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of exhaustive exercise on proteins associated with muscle damage and regeneration, including IL-2, IL-4 and MyoD, in extensor digitorum longus (EDL) and soleus muscles and mesenteric (MEAT) and retroperitoneal adipose tissues (RPAT). Methods: Rats were killed by decapitation immediately (E0 group, n = 6), 2 (E2 group, n = 6) or 6 (E6 group, n = 6) hours after the exhaustion protocol, which consisted of running on a treadmill at approximately 70% of VO(2max) for fifty minutes and then at an elevated rate that increased at one m/min every minute, until exhaustion. Results: The control group (C group, n = 6) was not subjected to exercise. IL-2 protein expression increased at E0 in the soleus and EDL; at E2, this cytokine returned to control levels in both tissues. In the soleus, IL-2 protein expression was lower than that in the control at E6. IL-4 protein levels increased in EDL at E6, but the opposite result was observed in the soleus. MyoD expression increased at E6 in EDL. Conclusion: Exhaustive exercise was unable to modify IL-2 and IL-4 levels in MEAT and RPAT. The results show that exhaustive exercise has different effects depending on which muscle is analysed.

Exhaustive Exercise Increases Inflammatory Response via Toll Like Receptor-4 and NF-kappa Bp65 Pathway in Rat Adipose Tissue

Cytokines (IL-6, IL-10, and TNF-alpha) are increased after exhaustive exercise in the retroperitoneal adipose tissue (RPAT) and mesenteric adipose tissue (MEAT). An exhaustive acute exercise protocol induces inflammation in adipose tissue that lasts 6 h after the exercise has ended. It is well-established that this protocol increases circulating plasma levels of non-esterified fatty acids (NEFAs) and lipopolysaccharides (LPS), compounds that are important in stimulating signaling via toll like receptor-4 (TLR-4) in different type cells. In the present study, we investigated the regulation of TLR-4 and DNA-binding of nuclear factor-kappa Bp65 (NF-kappa Bp65) in different depots of adipose tissue in rats after exhaustive exercise. Rats were killed by decapitation immediately (E0 group, n = 6), 2 (E2 group, n = 6), and 6 h (E6 group, n = 6) after the exhaustive exercise, which consisted of running on a treadmill (approximately 70% V(O2max)) for 50 min and then running at an elevated rate that increased at 1 m/min, until exhaustion. The control group (C group, n = 6) was not subjected to exercise. In RPAT, TLR-4, MYD-88, and IkB alpha increased in the E2 group after exercise. MYD-88 and TRAF6 remained increased in the E6 group in comparison with the control group. DNA-binding of NF-kappa Bp65 was not altered. In MEAT, TLR-4, MYD-88, TRAF6, and DNA-binding of NF-kappa Bp65 were increased only in the E6 group. In conclusion, we have shown that increases in pro-inflammatory cytokines in adipose tissue pads after exhaustive exercise may be mediated via TLR-4 signaling, leading to increases in NF-kappa Bp65 binding to DNA in MEAT. J. Cell. Physiol. 226: 1604-1607, 2011. (C) 2010 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

Exhaustive exercise causes an anti-inflammatory effect in skeletal muscle and a pro-inflammatory effect in adipose tissue in rats

It is well known that exhaustive exercise increases serum and skeletal muscle IL-6 concentrations. However, the effect of exhaustive exercise on the concentrations of other cytokines in the muscle and in the adipose tissue is controversial. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of exhaustive exercise on mRNA and protein expression of IL-10, TNF-alpha and IL-6 in different types of skeletal muscle (EDL, soleus) and in two different depots of white adipose tissue (mesenteric-MEAT and retroperitoneal-RPAT). Rats were killed by decapitation immediately (E0 group, n = 6), 2 (E2 group, n = 6) and 6 (E6 group, n = 6) hours after the exhaustion protocol, which consisted of running on a treadmill (approximately 70% VO(2max) for 50 min and then subsequently at an elevated rate that increased at 1 m/min every minute, until exhaustion). The control group (C group, n = 6) was not subjected to exercise. Cytokine protein expression increased in EDL, soleus, MEAT and RPAT from all exercised groups, as detected by ELISA. EDL IL-10 and TNF-alpha expression was higher than that of the soleus. The IL-10/TNF-alpha ratio was increased in the skeletal muscle, especially in EDL, but it was found to be decreased in the adipose tissue. These results show that exhaustive exercise presents a different effect depending on the tissue which is analysed: in the muscle, it induces an anti-inflammatory effect, especially in type 2 fibres, while the pro-inflammatory effect prevails in adipose tissue, possibly contributing to increased lipolysis to provide energy for the exercising muscle.

Surface spin disorder in nickel ferrite nanomagnets studied by in-field Mossbauer spectroscopy

The magnetic structure of NiFe(2)O(4) nanoparticles has been investigated by means of Mossbauer spectra at T=4.2 K in applied fields up to 12 T. Four samples were studied, with mean particle diameters ranging from 4.3 to 8.9 nm. All spectra could be decomposed into three sextets, two corresponding to the ferrimagnetic sublattices of Fe ions in the spinel structure (core) and the third one to randomly frozen spins near the particle surface (shell). The shell thickness, calculated from the fraction of disordered spins, was found to be about one-third of the particle radius at H (app)=e0 and to decrease with the applied field toward a common limit of similar to 0.4 nm. The mean canting angle relative to the field was also found to decrease for increasing fields, at a rate inversely correlated to the particle size.