Ducks unlimited, a practical plan to perpetuate and steadily improve duck shooting in the United States by the production of millions of more wild ducks annually through the resoration and businesslike management of Canadian duck breeding grounds.

Mode of access: Internet.

The book of duck decoys, their construction, management, and history

Mode of access: Internet.

Results of the ... Illinois waterfowl hunter survey.

"Job no. 101.3."

Duck hepatitis B virus expresses a regulatory HBx-like protein from a hidden open reading frame

Duck hepatitis B viruses (DHBV), unlike mammalian hepadnaviruses, are thought to lack X genes, which encode transcription-regulatory proteins believed to contribute to the development of hepatocellular carcinoma. A lack of association of chronic DHBV infection with hepatocellular carcinoma development supports this belief. Here, we demonstrate that DHBV genomes have a hidden open reading frame from which a transcription-regulatory protein, designated DHBx, is expressed both in vitro and in vivo. We show that DHBx enhances neither viral protein expression, intracellular DNA synthesis, nor virion production when assayed in the full-length genome context in LMH cells. However, similar to mammalian hepadnavirus X proteins, DHBx activates cellular and viral promoters via the Raf-mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathway and localizes primarily in the cytoplasm. The functional similarities as,well as the weak sequence homologies of DHBx and the X proteins of mammalian hepadnaviruses strongly suggest a common ancestry of ortho- and avihepadnavirus X genes. In addition, our data disclose similar intracellular localization and transcription regulatory functions of the corresponding proteins, raise new questions as to their presumed role in hepatocarcinogenesis, and imply unique opportunities for deciphering of their still-enigmatic in vivo functions.

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Shooting Up Infections among injecting drug users in the united Kingdom 2008 - An update 2009

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Infections among injecting drug users in the UK 2005 - An Update: October 2006

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Infections Among Drug Users in the UK 2003