鳞毛蕨科、叉蕨科和藤蕨科的分子系统学研究

利用叶绿体rbcL和atpB基因对鳞毛蕨科、叉蕨科和藤蕨科进行了系统发育重建。对鳞毛蕨科的范畴和科下划分进行了重点研究，同时基于叶绿体rps4-trnS和trnL-F序列对该科三个东亚特有属（玉龙蕨属、柳叶蕨属和鞭叶蕨属）的分类等级进行了研究，基于rbcL、atpB和accD基因重新讨论了拟贯众属的系统位置。主要内容包括： 1.鳞毛蕨科的界定及三个东亚特有属的系统位置 利用rbcL和atpB基因，探讨了鳞毛蕨类及其近缘类群的系统发育关系。取样包括了鳞毛蕨类所有主要的分类群，尤其是增加了中国和东亚地区的类群代表。两个基因片段的联合分析较好地解决了鳞毛蕨类及其近缘类群的系统发育关系。研究结果显示广义鳞毛蕨科是个多系类群，传统上置于鳞毛蕨科中的蹄盖蕨类athyrioid、球子蕨类onocleoid和叉蕨类植物tectarioid均应该从鳞毛蕨科分出而独立成科。我们的研究结果支持Smith et al.（2006）对鳞毛蕨科的重新界定，但被作者暂时置于鳞毛蕨科的三个属：大膜盖蕨属Leucostegia、肿足蕨属Hypodematium和Didymochlaena应该从鳞毛蕨科分立出去;红腺蕨属Diacalpe、毛枝蕨属Leptorumohra和黔蕨属Phanerophlebiopsis应该作为鳞毛蕨科的成员，同时被Smith et al.（2006）保留在叉蕨科的黄腺羽蕨属Pleocnemia也应该作为鳞毛蕨科成员。鳞毛蕨科下分为四个主要的分支：鳞毛蕨支dryopteroids、耳蕨支polystichoids、肋毛蕨支ctenitoids和舌蕨支elaphoglossoids。鳞毛蕨支和耳蕨支互为姐妹群，舌蕨支是其他三个分支的姐妹群。 玉龙蕨属Sorolepidium、柳叶蕨属Cyrtogonellum和鞭叶蕨属Cyrtomidictyum是鳞毛蕨科中的三个东亚特有属，这三个特有属的分类等级和系统位置在不同的分类系统中存在争议。本文对rbcL基因进行分析并结合孢子扫描电镜观察，不支持玉龙蕨属成为一个独立的属，而应该作为耳蕨属的异名。利用rbcL、atpB、trnL-F和rps4-trnS四个DNA片段对柳叶蕨属和鞭叶蕨属进行的系统学分析，支持鞭叶蕨属作为一个独立的属，并且位于整个耳蕨类植物的基部位置。柳叶蕨属同耳蕨属近缘，尤其是同耳蕨属的细裂耳蕨组Sphaenopolystichum、半开羽耳蕨组Haplopolystichum和戟叶耳蕨组Crucifilix关系较近。但是柳叶蕨属的分类等级以及与耳蕨属的属间界限尚需要进一步研究。 2.叉蕨科的分子系统学研究 对rbcL和atpB两个基因片段的单独和联合分析均表明，秦仁昌定义的叉蕨科Tectariaceae不是一个自然的单系类群。在系统发育树上，肋毛蕨属Ctenitis、轴鳞蕨属Dryopsis、节毛蕨属Lastreopsis和黄腺羽蕨属Pleocnemia与鳞毛蕨科聚在一起构成一个强支持的分支。当把上述四个属排除以后，叉蕨属Tectaria、轴鳞蕨属Ctenitopsis、地耳蕨属Quercifilix、牙蕨属Pteridrys和沙皮蕨属Hemigramma形成一个单系类群，并得到很好的支持，该单系类群同条蕨科、骨碎补科和水龙骨科形成姐妹群关系。该单系类群同目前Smith et al.（2006）对叉蕨科的定义一致。在rbcL基因单独分析中，爬树蕨属Arthropteris同叉蕨属－沙皮蕨属聚在一起，但支持率较低。 3.藤蕨科的分子系统学研究及拟贯众属的系统位置 根据对薄囊蕨类114个分类群的rbcL基因和30个代表类群的rbcL、atpB和accD基因的系统发育分析，发现传统的藤蕨科Lomariopsidaceae不是单系类群，除了藤蕨属和Thysanosoria仍然为藤蕨科成员外，藤蕨科的主要成员（实蕨属Bolbitis、网藤蕨属Lomagramma、舌蕨属Elaphoglossum和Teratophyllum）同鳞毛蕨科植物聚在一起，因此应该被归并到鳞毛蕨科。根据Smith et al.（2006）对藤蕨科的最新定义，藤蕨科包括藤蕨属Lomariopsis、肾蕨属Nephrolepis等在内的4个属。但是本文的研究不支持把肾蕨属作为藤蕨科成员，而应该作为一个独立的分类单元，即成立肾蕨科更为合适。根据我们的分析，拟贯众属Cyclopeltis既不是鳞毛蕨科也不是叉蕨科成员，而与藤蕨属Lomariopsis聚成一个强支持的姐妹群。叶片奇数一回羽状、侧生羽片以关节着生于叶轴，叶脉游离等形态特征支持两者的近缘关系。

Contribution to the knowlegde of Galician xenoflora (NW Iberian Peninsula, Spain).

Information on 12 exotic plants of diverse interest for the Galician flora are presented. All of them were collected in Ribeira council (SW of the A Coruña province). The total includes 8 novelties at a regional level (Aeonium haworthii, Aloe mitriformis, Brugmansia × candida, Nephrolepis cordifolia, Osteospermum ecklonis, Pelargonium capitatum, Sedum mexicanum, Sparaxis tricolor), and 2 provincial novelties. In addition, information on two taxa hardly mentioned in the literature on Galician vascular flora is also included. All the cited specimens are deposited at the SANT Herbarium.

New records of interesting xenophytes in the Iberian Peninsula. V

As a continuation of previous research on the naturalization of non-native vascular plants in the Iberian Peninsula new chorological data are presented for 16 xenophytes recorded between 2010 and 2014, mostly in the provinces of Huelva and Barcelona (Spain) and in the Algarve and Estremadura (Portugal). For each taxon details about distribution, habitats occupied, previous records, degree of naturalization, etc. are provided. Lachenalia bulbifera and Cyperus albostriatus are probably reported for the first time in the wild in Europe, as are Gamochaeta filaginea, and Dysphania anthelmintica and Oenothera lindheimeri for Portugal and Spain respectively. Cosmos bipinnatus is cited as a novelty for the Algarve (Portugal). Newly reported or confirmed for the province of Huelva are: Amaranthus hypochondriacus, Epilobium brachycarpum, Nephrolepis cordifolia, Ficus microcarpa, Tamarix parviflora and Tamarix ramosissima, while Atriplex semibaccata, Chloris truncata, and Elymus elongatus subsp. ponticus are new for Barcelona. Finally, Passiflora caerulea is a novelty for both Barcelona and Huelva provinces.

Age model and pollen analysis from site GIK16867 in the northern Angola Basin

Sporomorphs and dinoflagellate cysts from site GIK16867 in the northern Angola Basin record the vegetation history of the West African forest during the last 700 ka in relation to changes in salinity and productivity of the eastern Gulf of Guinea. During most cool and cold periods, the Afromontane forest, rather than the open grass-rich dry forest, expanded to lower altitudes partly replacing the lowland rain forest of the borderlands east of the Gulf of Guinea. Except in Stage 3, when oceanic productivity was high during a period of decreased atmospheric circulation, high oceanic productivity is correlated to strong winds. The response of marine productivity in the course of a climatic cycle, however, is earlier than that of wind vigour and makes wind-stress-induced oceanic upwelling in the area less likely. Monsoon variation is well illustrated by the pollen record of increased lowland rain forest that is paired to the dinoflagellate cyst record of decreased salinity forced by increased precipitation and run-off.