东灵山地区植被图的编制

本论文充分利用野外调查的结果、地形底图、航空照片和收集到的各种文字、图件等资料，编制了东灵山地区北京森林站1:20,000在比例尺现状植被图，对图例进行了简要说明。综合利用群落生态学原则和多元分析、种间相关等数量分析方法，进行了群落分类并确定了分类和图例系统，这是植被制图方法的一种尝试。并利用EPPL7地理信息系统软件，绘制了北京森林站的系列彩色图（1:50,000植被图，1:50,000土壤图、1:65,000地质图等）。

东灵山地区辽东栎种群生物学研究

辽东栎是我国暖温带落叶阔叶林主要优势种之一。它具有很强的萌蘖能力，在东灵山地区存在于多种林分中，并成为辽东栎林和落叶阔叶混交林的优势种。本文以植物种群构件理论为基础，对辽东栎的种子、幼苗、幼树和成体四个阶段不同侧面进行了调查统计和试验分析。初步得出如下结果： 1. 种子库统计表明：（1）种子雨持续时间短、强度大，种子散落总密度为123个m~2。（2）土壤种子库存在时间约100天左右，种子密度最高时为42.7个／m~2。（3）土壤种子库输出途径主要有死亡后腐烂、发芽、动物当场取食和搬运，其中动物搬运是影响种子库动态的最重要因子。（4）动物搬运和取食是影响种子命运的主要因素，如果没有该因素的影响，辽东栎能够完成从种子到幼苗的过程;（5）被啮齿动物贮藏的种子大多被取食，极少存活;（6）地表覆盖物能减少动物搬运、取食的影响，但对成苗效果不明显。 2. 干旱处理和模拟去叶试验的结果表明：（1）干旱将显著降低单叶面积、叶面积比和叶比重，从而也显著降低了单株生物量，但根比重却较对照组有显著上升;（2）去叶显著提高了单株叶数、叶面积比和叶比重，尽管单株生物量只稍高于对照组。这说明了辽东栎幼苗在去叶后具有一定的补偿能力。 3. 芽的命运调查发现：（1）辽东栎的芽或保持休眠状态，或死亡后脱落，或分化为营养枝、雄花枝、雄花序、雌花枝和两花枝等;（2）不同生境中芽的命运不同，生活在林窗中的幼树上的芽分化为具有生殖功能的枝条的比例高于郁闭林中的幼树，而与成熟个体接近;（3）同一个体内部，上层芽分化为生殖枝的比例明显大于中、下层;（4）芽的命运与枝长关系密切，长枝上的芽分化为生殖枝的可能性较大;（5）结实枝的平均枝长、枝上平均叶数都明显高于非结实枝。 4. 构型分析表明：（1）不同发育阶段的辽东栎个体的分枝格局不同：幼苗阶段，高生长显著，枝条伸长较快，但分枝率低;幼树阶段，分枝率显著小于成株阶段;但上层枝条的平均枝节倾角大于其它两阶段，上层枝条的长度也大于成株阶段;成株阶段，冠幅迅速扩展，分枝率较前两时期显著增加，同时顶端优势减弱，引起休眠芽萌生苗的发生。（2）不同生境的辽东栎个体分枝格局也有较大差异：混交林中的辽栎个体多生活在林隙中，同灌丛中的个体相比，枝冠窄小，枝倾角较大，第一枝级枝条（上层）较长，但分枝率较小叶面积指数较低;枝、叶的方位角，叶倾角（上层）在不同生境中未发生显著变化。 5. 叶群体统计表明：（1）不同个体，同一个体内部不同层次，叶数量动态趋势都基本一致。现叶期和叶落半衰期很短，现叶方式为爆发型;（2）不同个体间叶期差异很大，暗示在辽东栎种群内部或许存在有强烈的遗传分化。 6. 对叶的生长和光合作用测定发现：（1）辽东栎叶的长度、面积和干重的增加有共同趋势：即在叶生长早期增加很快，其后渐渐降低，叶长度、面积约在六月初达极大值，叶干重稍后达极大值;（2）净光合速率在整个生生季里随叶的生长发育是先上升，至七月中旬达极大值，然后逐渐下降;而暗呼吸速率除在落叶前有微弱上升外，一直都处在下降状态;（3）叶的净光合速率日进程具“午休”现象，可能由高温和强光照引起;（4）叶的形成初期，碳的输入较高，展叶后约十天左右，输入输出达到平衡;碳输出在七月中旬达极大值，随后下降。可见：（5）叶的光合能力与叶的生长发育状况有密切关系。 7. 对叶养分季节动态的测定表明：（1）N、P、K、Ca、Mg、Fe等6种元素的浓度和贮量在叶的生活史中都发生了明显的季节变化，其中N、P、K等3种元素的浓度在展叶初期下降很快，随后逐渐下降的，但贮量是在7月下旬达到最大值;（2）Ca浓度和贮量整个生长季中一直保持上升趋势，Mg的季节变化无一定规律;（3）N、P、K、Mg都有一定程度的回收，其中N、P的回收率分别为67％和，Ca、Fe在叶中有所积累。 对栎属植物养分动态的比较分析表明：（1）落叶植物成熟叶中的N浓度显著高于常绿植物，但N、P的回收率与成熟叶中的浓度无明显相关性;（2）栎属植物的成熟叶和落叶中的N、P浓度间呈显著相关。

北京东灵山暖温带典型植被类型物种构成及物种多样性对氮素转化过程的影响

通过调查东灵山地区7个典型植被类型的物种多样性，并测定各林型中植物叶片养分特征，凋落物品质，土壤理化特性，豆科植物的生物固氮作用以及土壤有机质的净N矿化与硝化作用，研究了不同林型及其物种多样性对氮素转化过程的可能影响。结果表明： 1) 各林型乔灌草三层13个物种多样性指数之间都不同程度存在差异，且都表现基本一致的大小顺序，各样地乔灌草三层3个丰富度指数和5个多样性指数之间大都表现草本层>灌木层>乔木层的大小顺序。 2) 林型对植物叶片养分特征、叶片凋落物品质指标、土壤的大多数理化特性都有显著影响，其中，落叶阔叶林与针叶林之间的差异最为明显，优势种不同的针叶林之间也不同程度地存在差异。各林型物种多样性对植物叶片养分特征，凋落物品质和土壤理化特性也都不同程度存在显著影响，且乔灌草三层的物种多样性的影响不同。我们的结果支持物种多样性对生态系统过程存在显著影响的观点。 3) 胡枝子(Lespedeza bicolor)％FNDA值较低，在0～53.3％之间，与国外学者对某些木本豆科固氮植物的研究结果接近，但低于三叶草、野豌豆等草本豆科固氮植物。胡枝子生物固氮具有明显的季节差异，不同样地生境对胡枝子％FNDA值也存在显著影响，大都都表现铁塔辽东栎样地>重力点样地>站下灌丛样地>垭口样地的趋势。除胡枝子之外的其他豆科植物的％FNDA都高于胡枝子，且存在种间差异，以三籽两型豆(Amphicarpaea capillipes)最高(100％)，歪头菜(Vicia unijuga)最低(平均66.4％)，这些结果与国外相关研究接近。不同林型之间和同一林型不同样地之间也影响豆科植物的％FNDA。东灵山地区有相当数量的植物种具有和固氮植物相近的δ15N值和全N含量，具有潜在的生物固氮能力。6个林型中所有豆科植物的％FNDA平均值主要受乔木层和草本层物种多样性的影响，乔木层和草本层物种多样性提高，豆科植物的％FNDA将随之显著降低。 4) 气温、土壤温度和降水量显著影响各林型净氮硝化速率的季节动态，都表现为温度升高，降水量增加，净氮硝化速率也随之增大。 5) 在不同取样时间，不同林型在土壤NH4+、N03-含量，矿化、硝化速率以及年度总净矿化、硝化量之间均不同程度存在显著差异，其中，以辽东栎落叶阔叶林与针叶林之间，常绿针叶林与落叶针叶林之间，纯林与混交林之间的差异最为明显。 6) 土壤初始N0_3含量与年度总净硝化量，年度总净矿化量及其占TKN的百分比呈显著正相关关系;植物叶片全N浓度与净氮矿化、硝化作用呈显著负相关：植物叶片凋落物的品质指标与净氮矿化、硝化作用没有显著相关。 7) 胡枝子固氮作用(％FNDA值)越强，土壤有机氮的净硝化量就越大，胡枝子在从大气中获取大量N，的同时，很可能会增加氮素的淋溶损失量。胡枝子固氮作用(％FNDA值)与净氮矿化量不存在显著相关关系。 8) 只有乔木层和草本层部分种多样性指数对净氮矿化、硝化量存在显著影响。乔木层均匀度提高，土壤净氮碳化量将随之增大;而草本层物种多样性提高，均匀度提高，净氮矿化、硝化作用将随之降低，草本层植物对土壤氮素矿化作用具有显著抑制作用。 9) 落叶阔叶林与针叶林的供氮能力和维持无机氮素的能力之间存在比较明显的差异，而不同针叶林的矿化／硝化作用也有所差别。其中，辽东栎落叶阔叶林的供氮能力和维持氮素能力均高于针叶林和山杏灌丛;油松林的供氮能力与防止氮素损失的能力显然要强于落叶松林和山杏灌丛。 10) 尽管箭叶锦鸡儿灌丛植物叶片与凋落物中全N、全P浓度在大多数取样点上都低于硕桦(高于草甸)，但表层土中全N浓度高于硕桦和草甸，且其土壤有机质的供氮能力以及维持氮素能力都高于硕桦林和草甸，表明，锦鸡儿灌丛为侵入草甸和硕桦入侵提供了良好的养分条件，在该演替序列的发展过程中起了一定的推动作用。

东灵山地区辽东栎群中植物种群的时空格局研究

在北京东灵山地区以辽东栎（Quercus liaotungensis Koidz.）林群落为主要对象，研究了辽东栎种群和主要伴生种的空间格局、种间联结以及辽东栎种子雨的时间格局，井对空间格局的表达方法进行尝试性的探讨。 对辽东栎林群落中主要乔木树种辽东栎、大叶白蜡（Fraxinus thynchophylla）和五角枫（Acer mono）种群空间格局与动态的考察结果显示：各种群大多表现出聚集分布的趋势;辽东栎种群在各个龄级层均显示出较强优势，但种群内竞争激烈，龄级结构相对稳定;人叶白蜡的幼苗对环境适应能力较强，在成熟林中呈现出较五角枫种群更明显的增长型趋势：幼林中3个种群均呈衰退型趋势。 种间联结性的测定结果较好地反映了植物对环境的适应性，用关联分析法作出的树状图利用临界种将样方划分为若干组，体现出小生境之间的差异，反映了植物对其生境亦具有一定指示作用。 辽东栎种子雨的时间格局研究结果表明：种群种子雨密度随时间的变化呈正态分布趋势，种群水平利个体水平的种子雨累积随时间变化均符台Logistic曲线，具有很高的相关性。 空间格局表达方法的探讨显示：可以用集合论的方法对数学模型进行形象表达。

Community engagement and groundwater investigation in a rural/peri urban basaltic aquifier system, Tamborine Mountain, South East Queensland

The Tamborine Mt area is a popular residential and tourist area in the Gold Coast hinterland, SE Qld. The 15km2 area occurs on elevated remnant Tertiary Basalts of the Beechmont Group, which comprise a number of mappable flow units originally derived from the Tweed volcanic centre to the south. The older Albert Basalt (Tertiary), which underlies the Beechmont Basalt at the southern end of the investigation area, is thought to be derived from the Focal Peak volcanic centre to the south west. The Basalts contain a locally significant ‘un-declared’ groundwater resource, which is utilised by the Tamborine Mt community for: • domestic purposes to supplement rainwater tank supplies, • commercial scale horticulture and • commercial export off-Mountain for bottled water. There is no reticulated water supply, and all waste water is treated on-site through domestic scale WTPs. Rainforest and other riparian ecosystems that attract residents and tourist dollars to the area, are also reliant on the groundwater that discharges to springs and surface streams on and around the plateau. Issues regarding a lack of compiled groundwater information, groundwater contamination, and groundwater sustainability are being investigated by QUT, utilising funding provided by the Federal Government’s ‘Caring for our Country’ programme through SEQ Catchments Ltd. The objectives of the two year project, which started in April 2009, are to: • Characterise the nature and condition of groundwater / surface water systems in the Tamborine Mountain area in terms of the issues being raised; • Engage and build capacity within the community to source local knowledge, encourage participation, raise awareness and improve understanding of the impacts of land and water use; • Develop a stand-alone 3D Visualisation model for dissemination into the community and use as a communication tool.

The Idea of Mountain

Poem

Geologic map of the Valley Mountain 15’ quadrangle, San Bernardino and Riverside Counties, California: U.S. Geological Survey Geologic Quadrangle Map GQ–1767, scale 1:62,500

The Valley Mountain 15’ quadrangle straddles the Pinto Mountain Fault, which bounds the eastern Transverse Ranges in the south against the Mojave Desert province in the north. The Pinto Mountains, part of the eastern Transverse Ranges in the south part of the quadrangle expose a series of Paleoproterozoic gneisses and granite and the Proterozoic quartzite of Pinto Mountain. Early Triassic quartz monzonite intruded the gneisses and was ductiley deformed prior to voluminous Jurassic intrusion of diorite, granodiorite, quartz monzonite, and granite plutons. The Jurassic rocks include part of the Bullion Mountains Intrusive Suite, which crops out prominently at Valley Mountain and in the Bullion Mountains, as well as in the Pinto Mountains. Jurassic plutons in the southwest part of the quadrangle are deeply denuded from midcrustal emplacement levels in contrast to supracrustal Jurassic limestone and volcanic rocks exposed in the northeast. Dikes inferred to be part of the Jurassic Independence Dike Swarm intrude the Jurassic plutons and Proterozoic rocks. Late Cretaceous intrusion of the Cadiz Valley Batholith in the northeast caused contact metamorphism of adjacent Jurassic plutonic rocks...

Stone Weathering in the Monastic Building Complex on Mountain of St Aaron in Petra, Jordan.

Since 1997 the Finnish Jabal Haroun Project (FJHP) has studied the ruins of the monastery and pilgrimage complex (Gr. oikos) of Aaron located on a plateau of the Mountain of Prophet Aaron, Jabal an-Nabi Harûn, ca. 5 km to the south-west of the UNESCO World Heritage site of Petra in Jordan. The state of conservation and the damaging processes affecting the stone structures of the site are studied in this M.A. thesis. The chapel was chosen as an example, as it represents the phasing and building materials of the entire site. The aim of this work is to act as a preliminary study with regards to the planning of long-term conservation at the site. The research is empirical in nature. The condition of the stones in the chapel walls was mapped using the Illustrated Glossary on Stone Deterioration, by the ICOMOS International Scientific Committee for Stone. This glossary combines several standards and systems of damage mapping used in the field. Climatic conditions (temperature and RH %) were monitored for one year (9/2005-8/2006) using a HOBO Microstation datalogger. The measurements were compared with contemporary measurements from the nearest weather station in Wadi Musa. Salts in the stones were studied by taking samples from the stone surfaces by scraping and with the “Paper Pulp”-method; with a poultice of wet cellulose fiber (Arbocel BC1000) and analyzing what main types of salts were to be found in the samples. The climatic conditions on the mountain were expected to be rapidly changing and to differ clearly from conditions in the neighboring areas. The rapid changes were confirmed, but the values did not differ as much as expected from those nearby: the 12 months monitored had average temperatures and were somewhat drier than average. Earlier research in the area has shown that the geological properties of the stone material influence its deterioration. The damage mapping showed clearly, that salts are also a major reason for stone weathering. The salt samples contained several salt combinations, whose behavior in the extremely unstable climatic conditions is difficult to predict. Detailed mapping and regular monitoring of especially the structures, that are going remain exposed, is recommended in this work.

Concordant molecular and phenotypic data delineate new taxonomy and conservation priorities for the endangered mountain yellow-legged frog

The mountain yellow-legged frog Rana muscosa sensu lato, once abundant in the Sierra Nevada of California and Nevada, and the disjunct Transverse Ranges of southern California, has declined precipitously throughout its range, even though most of its habitat is protected. The species is now extinct in Nevada and reduced to tiny remnants in southern California, where as a distinct population segment, it is classified as Endangered. Introduced predators (trout), air pollution and an infectious disease (chytridiomycosis) threaten remaining populations. A Bayesian analysis of 1901 base pairs of mitochondrial DNA confirms the presence of two deeply divergent clades that come into near contact in the Sierra Nevada. Morphological studies of museum specimens and analysis of acoustic data show that the two major mtDNA clades are readily differentiated phenotypically. Accordingly, we recognize two species, Rana sierrae, in the northern and central Sierra Nevada, and R. muscosa, in the southern Sierra Nevada and southern California. Existing data indicate no range overlap. These results have important implications for the conservation of these two species as they illuminate a profound mismatch between the current delineation of the distinct population segments (southern California vs. Sierra Nevada) and actual species boundaries. For example, our study finds that remnant populations of R. muscosa exist in both the southern Sierra Nevada and the mountains of southern California, which may broaden options for management. In addition, despite the fact that only the southern California populations are listed as Endangered, surveys conducted since 1995 at 225 historic (1899-1994) localities from museum collections show that 93.3% (n=146) of R. sierrae populations and 95.2% (n=79) of R. muscosa populations are extinct. Evidence presented here underscores the need for revision of protected population status to include both species throughout their ranges.

Fritz Gottschalk and his children boating on a mountain lake; Titisee, Germany.

From left to right: Ursula, Walter, Hal, Kurt, Fritz, and Elizabeth Gottschalk; the lake is probably the Titisee near the Swiss border in the Black Forest, Germany

Gottschalk children on vacation at a mountain lake; Titisee, Germany.

Front left to right: Ursula and Walter; back left to right: Kurt, Elizabeth, and Hal

Fritz Gottschalk and his children boating on a mountain lake; Titisee, Germany.

From left to right: Ursula, Walter, Hal, Kurt, Fritz, and Elizabeth Gottschalk; the lake is probably the Titisee near the Swiss border in the Black Forest, Germany