Dones, treball i formació : problemàtica i perspectives. 'Mujer, trabajo y formación : problemática y perspectivas'.

Este artículo forma parte del segundo taller, titulado Mujer, trabajo y formación, que impartieron Francesca Salvà Mut y Lisa de Sotelo

Do women in female-dominated occupations exit the labour market more? Evidence from Italy, Spain, Denmark and the UK

Literature on sex occupational segregation has typically focused on the micro and macro determinants of it, on mobility patterns over the life course, on implications of segregation and mobility for gender inequalities. Rarely the link between sex-type occupations and women’s risk of labour market interruptions over family formation has been explored. In this piece of work we shall analyse whether women who are working in the female-dominated, male-dominated or integrated occupations have more or less chances to remain attached to the labour market, controlling for qualifications, class, sector and contract positions. By drawing from ECHP, and comparing Italy, Spain, Denmark and the UK, we shall in particular see whether such connection varies across countries with different institutional and cultural configurations.We find that, ceteris paribus, only in the UK the sex-composition of an occupation matters: women in female occupations are more likely to move to inactivity than women in mixed or male occupations. In the other countries considered the main cleavages lie elsewhere. In Italy what matters most is the sector of employment (public vs. private). In Spain the sector is relevant too, but also social class and the type of contract held (permanent vs. temporary). In Denmark women’s transitions to inactivity are largely independent of human capital and job characteristics.

Les Formes de gestió del treball domèstic assalariat a l'Estat Espanyol

L’ objectiu principal d’aquesta tesina és analitzar les estratègies de gestió de la mà d’obra en el mercat del treball domèstic assalariat (TDA) en el context espanyol. Dins d’aquestes estratègies protagonitzades majoritàriament per les dones-, s’estudien aquelles que es basen en l’externalització d’aquestes activitats, ja sigui a l’esfera del mercat, l’esfera pública o l’esfera semipública. Allò que es vol veure és sota quines condicions s’efectua aquesta externalització, és a dir, si s’efectua seguint unes pautes laborals (neo)servilistes, on l’imaginari del "criat" encara hi és molt present, o s’efectua seguint uns criteris de "qualitat" i una voluntat de professionalitzar aquesta feina.

Civilitzar l'organització del treball = Civilizar la organización del trabajo

Aquest que teniu a les mans és el número 30 de DUODA. Revista d'Estudis Feministes. La comissió directiva i la permanent del Centre de Recerca en Estudis de les dones de la Universitat de Barcelona -que es diu també Duoda- volem celebrar amb totes les lectores i els lectors de la revista aquest número, que va acompanyat d'un CD-ROM commemoratiu en el qual Maria-Milagros Rivera Garretas ha ordenat les aportacions, potser, més originals publicades en la revista al llarg dels últims quinze anys. Són aportacions fetes des del feminisme el qual, com ha escrit Lia Cigarini, ofereix una mediació al l’experiència humana femenina tant pràcticament com teòrica, com la relació primera -la relació amb la mare-, acompanyada, quan ho està, per l'amor del pare, fundat també en la seva relació amb la seva mare, relació que -com diu Maria-Milagros Rivera Garretas- no s'acaba amb la infància sinó que afecta a tots i a cadascun dels essers humans durant tota la vida

Trabajo y niveles de vida en el Franquismo. Un estado de la cuestión desde una perspectiva de género.

El objetivo del trabajo es plantear preguntas sobre la situación general de las mujeres en el franquismo. Para ver cómo se ha estudiado el trabajo y los niveles de vida de las mujeres en el franquismo es útil distinguir tres grandes temas o niveles de análisis: (a) el Estado franquista, (b) la construcción ideológica y jurídica de "la mujer" y "el varón" como grupos sociales con distintos derechos y funciones, y (c) la división del trabajo entre mujeres y hombres.

Mujeres en la casa, la escuela y la fábrica. El singular discurso de la domesticidad de la escuela economista española (1861-1909)

Los textos de la Escuela Economista Española (segunda mitad del XIX) contienen una valoración del papel de las mujeres en la economía y la sociedad transgresor frente al discurso dominante, que defendía un único y exclusivo rol para todas las mujeres: el hogar y la maternidad. La mayoría de los miembros de esta corriente económica defienden el trabajo femenino en las fábricas, basándose en argumentos salariales; e incluso demandan una formación profesional para aquellas que en muchos casos ni tan siquiera eran alfabetizadas por ser mujeres. Los textos de estos economistas transmiten nuevas ideas sobre el papel económico y social de las mujeres en una España dominada por un discurso que negaba la necesidad del trabajo femenino para las familias trabajadoras.

Women at home, at school and in the factory. The particular discourse of domesticity done by the Spanish Escuela Economista (1861-1909)

The texts by the Spanish Economist School (second half of the 19th century) contain an assessment of the role of women in the economy and society that is transgressor in front of the prevailing discourse that defended a unique and exclusive role for all women: being at home and a mother. Most members of that economic trend defended female work in the factories, basing themselves on wage arguments and even asked for a professional training for those who in many cases could not even write and read for the fact of being a woman. The texts of those economists give new ideas about the economic and social role of women in a Spain dominated by a discourse that denied the necessity of female work for the working families.

The Part-time pay penalty in a segmented labor market

This paper is the first to examine the implications of switching to PT work for women's subsequent earnings trajectories, distinguishing by their type of contract: permanent or fixedterm. Using a rich longitudinal Spanish data set from Social Security records of over 76,000 prime-aged women strongly attached to the Spanish labor market, we find that PT work aggravates the segmentation of the labor market insofar there is a PT pay penalty and this penalty is larger and more persistent in the case of women with fixed-term contracts. The paper discusses problems arising in empirical estimation (including a problem not discussed in the literature up to now: the differential measurement error of the LHS variable by PT status), and how to address them. It concludes with policy implications relevant for Continental Europe and its dual structure of employment protection.

Factores determinantes de la participación de las mujeres como promotoras de proyectos LEADER+

Como es bien sabido, uno de los objetivos de las políticas de desarrollo rural en la UE es aumentar la participación de las mujeres en el mercado de trabajo y fomentar su participación en la promoción de proyectos en el mundo rural. El objetivo de este artículo es analizar los factores que determinan la participación de las mujeres en la promoción de proyectos en zonas rurales en base al análisis de los proyectos que recibieron subvenciones en los doce Grupos del Programa Leader+ de Catalunya. A partir de los resultados obtenidos se formulan una serie de consideraciones y recomendaciones para fomentar la presencia femenina en el empresariado del mundo rural.

Mujer, trabajo e inmigración

El principal objectiu d’aquest treball és mostrar quina es la situació actual i la relació existent entre tres importants variables com son la immigració, el treball i la dona. Al primer capítol es desenvolupa la immigració des d’una perspectiva històrica, continuant amb els tipus i etapes del procés migratori finalitzant amb els factors socials i psicològics que influeixen en aquest procés. A continuació es tracta el treball, revelant la situació del mercat a l’actualitat, també per als immigrants i sense oblidar el fenomen de l’atur i de les repercussions psicològiques que s’hi deriven. Finalment tractarem el tema de la dona; la seva evolució a la societat, al mercat de treball, el lideratge i també el paper de la dona immigrant al món professional i quina relació existeix entre aquests dos grups de dones.

Invisible work, unseen hazards: the health of women immigrant household service workers in Spain

Backgroud: Household service work has been largely absent from occupational health studies. We examine the occupational hazards and health effects identified by immigrant women household service workers. Methods: Exploratory, descriptive study of 46 documented and undocumented immigrant women in household services in Spain, using a phenomenological approach. Data were collected between September 2006 and May 2007 through focus groups and semi-structured individual interviews. Data were separated for analysis by documentation status and sorted using a mixed-generation process. In a second phase of analysis, data on psychosocial hazards were organized using the Copenhagen Psychosocial Questionnaire as a guide. Results: Informants reported a number of environmental, ergonomic and psychosocial hazards and corresponding health effects. Psychosocial hazards were especially strongly present in data. Data on reported hazards were similar by documentation status and varied by several emerging categories: whether participants were primarily cleaners or carers and whether they lived in or outside of the homes of their employers. Documentation status was relevant in terms of empowerment and bargaining, but did not appear to influence work tasks or exposure to hazards directly. Conclusions:Female immigrant household service workers are exposed to a variety of health hazards that could be acted upon by improved legislation, enforcement, and preventive workplace measures, which are discussed.

Women's work histories in Italy: education as investment in reconciliation and legitimacy?

Within pre-enlargement Europe, Italy records one of the widest employment rate gaps between highly and poorly educated women, as well one of the largest differences in the share, among working women, of public sector employment. Building on these stylized facts and using the Longitudinal Survey of Italian Households (ILFI), we investigate the working trajectories of three cohorts of Italian women born between 1935 and 1964 and observed from their first job until they are in their forties. We use mainly, but not exclusively, event history analysis in order to identify the main factors that influence entry into and exit from paid work over the life course. Our results suggest that in the Italian context, where employment protection policies have also been used as surrogate measures to favour reconciliation between family and work, and where traditional gender norms still persist, education is so important for women's employment decisions because it represents an investment in 'reconciliation' and 'work legitimacy' over and above investment in human capital.

Parental care time in four European countries: comparing types and contexts

The intensity of parental investments in child care time is expected to vary across families with different norms and time-constraints. Additionally, it should also differ across countries, since the abilities of parents to harmonize family and work vary by national context. In our opinion, however, this question remains inconclusive for two main reasons: 1) only some countries have been studied from a comparative approach; 2) previous studies have not paid enough attention to the analysis of how the conditional effects of education and employment affect parental investments.In this paper we used nationally representative time-use data from Denmark, Flanders, Spain and the United Kingdom (N=4,031) to explore how employment and education predict variations in child care time. IN Britain and Spain employment has a strong negative effect on fathers’ child care, but a weaker one in Flanders and particularly in Denmark. In contrast, maternal employment has a strong negative impact in all four countries. Education increases child care time significantly only among Spanish mothers and fathers, as well as British mothers. Nonetheless, we find that college-educated mothers under similar time-constraints increase substantially their expected child care time in Britain, Flanders and Spain; for fathers we find a more mixed picture. Routine child care activities are more sensitive to both maternal and paternal employment than interactive child care activities. Finally, we observe that working a public sector job generally increases a total time allocated to parental care, controlling for several demographic and socioeconomic variables.

The impact of labour market status on second and higher-order births. A comparative study of Denmark, Italy, Spain and United Kingdom

This paper investigates the effects of women‘s labour force participation on fertility, as well as the effects of the combined labour force participation of both members of a couple. It specifically focuses on such dimensions as unemployment, earnings, temporary contracts and part-time jobs, and it shows that their effects differ in accordance with national institutions and labour market regulations. Event-history methods and a longitudinal sample of the European Community Household Panel are used in the analyses, concerning the years 1993-2000. The results show that labour market insecurity of one or both members of a couple has a particularly strong impact in reducing birth rates in the Southern European countries studied. The more conventional model of men’s employment combined with housewifery has a positive impact on second or higher order births in United Kingdom, Spain and Italy, while in Denmark the effect is the opposite. These differences are consistent with different national models of combining parental responsibilities and participation by gender across the life course.

Social bases of changing income distributions

On the backdrop of very little sociological concern with rising income inequality, this paper examines how key changes in sociodemographic behaviour may help shed additional light on changes in household income distribution and especially on long-term income dynamics and inter-generational mobility. The paper argues that the joint effect of rising marital homogamy in terms of human capital and labour supply contributes generally to widen the income gap between households. Only uner very restrictive conditions, namely when the labour supply of low educated women grows dis-proportionally fast, will women's earnings contribute to more equality. Finally, the paper suggests that women's rising employment commitments contribute positively to equalizing the opportunity structure both via the income effect and if quality care is available, also via more homogenous cultural and cognitive stimulation of children. Mother's work does not generally have adverse effects for children's development.