Préparations de docosanol nanoformulées pour usage topique

La réduction de la taille des particules jusqu’à l’obtention de nanocristaux est l’une des approches utilisées afin d’améliorer la pénétration cutanée des médicaments à usage topique. Nous proposons que la fabrication d’une formulation semi solide (hydrogel) à base de nanosuspension de docosanol, aboutira à une diffusion du principe actif supérieure à celle du produit commercial Abreva®, à travers des membranes synthétiques de polycarbonates. Le broyage humide est la technique proposée pour la production des nanoparticules de docosanol. Nous proposons aussi la préparation d’une formulation semi-solide (hydrogel) à usage topique à partir de la nanosuspension de docosanol. La nanosuspension de docosanol est obtenue par dispersion du docosanol en solution aqueuse en présence du polymère stabilisant hydroxypropylcellulose (HPC) et du surfactant laurylsulfate de sodium (SDS) suivi d’un broyage humide à faible ou à haute énergie. L’hydrogel de docosanol nanoformulé est préparé à l’aide de la nanosuspension de docosanol qui subit une gélification par le carbopol Ultrez 21 sous agitation mécanique suivie d’une neutralisation au triéthanolamine TEA. La taille des particules de la nanosuspension et de l’hydrogel a été déterminée par diffusion dynamique de la lumière (DLS). Une méthode analytique de chromatographie liquide à haute performance (HPLC) munie d’un détecteur évaporatif (ELSD) a été développée et validée pour évaluer la teneur de docosanol dans les préparations liquides, dans les différentes nanosuspensions et dans les hydrogels de docosanol. L’état de cristallinité des nanocristaux dans la nanosuspension et dans l’hydrogel a été étudié par calorimétrie différentielle à balayage. La morphologie de la nanosuspension et de l’hydrogel de docosanol a été examinée par microscopie électronique à balayage (MEB). Les propriétés rhéologiques et de stabilité physique à différentes températures ont été aussi étudiées pour la formulation semi-solide (hydrogel). De même, la libération in vitro du docosanol contenu dans l’hydrogel et dans le produit commercial Abreva® a été étudiée à travers deux membranes de polycarbonates de taille de pores 400 et 800 nm. Dans le cas de nanosuspensions, des cristaux de docosanol de taille nanométrique ont été produits avec succès par broyage humide. Les nanoparticules de tailles variant de 197 nm à 312 nm ont été produites pour des pourcentages différents en docosanol, en polymère HPC et en surfactant SDS. Après lyophilisation, une augmentation de la taille dépendant de la composition de la formulation a été observée tout en restant dans la gamme nanométrique pour la totalité presque des formulations étudiées. Dans le cas des hydrogels examinés, la taille moyenne des particules de docosanol est maintenue dans la gamme nanométrique avant et après lyophilisation. L’analyse thermique des mélanges physiques, des nanosuspensions et des hydrogels de docosanol a révélé la conservation de l’état de cristallinité des nanocristaux de docosanol après broyage et aussi après gélification. L’examen par microscopie électronique à balayage (MEB) a montré que la nanosuspension et l’hydrogel ont tous deux une morphologie régulière et les nanoparticules ont une forme sphérique. De plus les nanoparticules de la nanosuspension ont presque la même taille inférieure à 300 nm en accord avec le résultat obtenu par diffusion dynamique de la lumière (DLS). Les nanoparticules de l’hydrogel ont une légère augmentation de taille par rapport à celle de la nanosuspension, ce qui est en accord avec les mesures de DLS. D’après les mesures rhéologiques, l’hydrogel de docosanol a un comportement pseudoplastique et un faible degré de thixotropie. L’étude de stabilité physique a montré que les formulations d’hydrogel sont stables à basse température (5°C) et à température ambiante (21°C) pendant une période d’incubation de 13 semaines et instable au-delà de 30°C après deux semaines. La méthode HPLC-ELSD a révélé des teneurs en docosanol comprises entre 90% et 110% dans le cas des nanosuspensions et aux alentours de 100% dans le cas de l’hydrogel. L’essai de diffusion in vitro a montré qu’il y a diffusion de docosanol de l’hydrogel à travers les membranes de polycarbonates, qui est plus marquée pour celle de pore 800 nm, tandis que celui du produit commercial Abreva® ne diffuse pas. Le broyage humide est une technique bien adaptée pour la préparation des nanosuspensions docosanol. Ces nanosuspensions peuvent être utilisée comme base pour la préparation de l’hydrogel de docosanol nanoformulé.

Dual-Drug Delivery System Based on In Situ Gel-Forming Nanosuspension of Forskolin to Enhance Antiglaucoma Efficacy

The present study was designed to improve the bioavailability of forskolin by the influence of precorneal residence time and dissolution characteristics. Nanosizing is an advanced approach to overcome the issue of poor aqueous solubility of active pharmaceutical ingredients. Forskolin nanocrystals have been successfully manufactured and stabilized by poloxamer 407. These nanocrystals have been characterized in terms of particle size by scanning electron microscopy and dynamic light scattering. By formulating Noveon AA-1 polycarbophil/poloxamer 407 platforms, at specific concentrations, it was possible to obtain a pH and thermoreversible gel with a pH(gel)/T-gel close to eye pH/temperature. The addition of forskolin nanocrystals did not alter the gelation properties of Noveon AA-1 polycarbophil/poloxamer 407 and nanocrystal properties of forskolin. The formulation was stable over a period of 6 months at room temperature. In vitro release experiments indicated that the optimized platform was able to prolong and control forskolin release for more than 5 h. The in vivo studies on dexamethasone-induced glaucomatous rabbits indicated that the intraocular pressure lowering efficacy for nanosuspension/hydrogel systems was 31% and lasted for 12 h, which is significantly better than the effect of traditional eye suspension (18%, 4-6 h). Hence, our investigations successfully prove that the pH and thermoreversible polymeric in situ gel-forming nanosuspension with ability of controlled drug release exhibits a greater potential for glaucoma therapy.

Sphere to ring morphological transformation in drying nanofluid droplets in a contact-free environment

Understanding the transients of buckling in drying colloidal suspensions is pivotal for producing new functional microstructures with tunable morphologies. Here, we report first observations and elucidate the buckling instability induced morphological transition (sphere to ring structure) in an acoustically levitated, heated nanosuspension droplet using dynamic energy balance. Droplet deformation featuring the formation of symmetric cavities is initiated by capillary pressure that is two to three orders of magnitude greater than the acoustic radiation pressure, thus indicating that the standing pressure field has no influence on the buckling front kinetics. With an increase in heat flux, the growth rate of surface cavities and their post-buckled volume increase while the buckling time period reduces, thereby altering the buckling pathway and resulting in distinct precipitate structures. However, irrespective of the heating rate, the volumetric droplet deformation exhibits a linear time dependence and the droplet vaporization is observed to deviate from the classical D-2-law.

Nanonization of megestrol acetate by laser fragmentation in aqueous milieu

Faculté de Pharmacie

Nanoformulations de nystatine pour une efficacité antifongique améliorée

Hypothèse : Le nanobroyage d'une suspension de nystatine augmentera son efficacité antifongique in vitro et in vivo. Méthode : Une nanosupension de nystatine a été obtenue en utilisant le broyage humide. Elle a été caractérisée pour sa distribution de taille des particules et pour sa teneur en principe actif. L'activité in vitro a été évaluée contre les souches de C. albicans SC5314 et LAM-1 aux concentrations 12.5 μg/mL jusqu'à 5000 μg/mL. L'efficacité in vivo a été évaluée en utilisant un modèle murin de candidose oropharyngée. Résultats : La taille médiane des particules de la nanosuspension de nystatine a été réduite de 6577 nm à 137 nm. L'analyse CLHP a demontré une teneur de 98.7 ± 0.8%. L'activité in vitro de la nanosuspension était supérieure à la suspension aux concentrations 100 μg/mL à 5000 μg/mL. La charge fongique orale était inférieure dans le groupe traité par la nanosuspension comparativement aux autres groupes. La survie des souris était aussi supérieure.

Antitumor Activity of Kielmeyera Coriacea Leaf Constituents in Experimental Melanoma, Tested in Vitro and in Vivo in Syngeneic Mice

Purpose: The antitumor activity of Kielmeyera coriacea (Clusiaceae), a medicinal plant used in the treatment of parasitic, as well as fungal and bacterial infections by the Brazilian Cerrado population, was investigated. Methods: A chloroform extract (CE) of K. coriacea was tested in the murine melanoma cell line (B16F10-Nex2) and a panel of human tumor cell lines. Tumor cell migration was determined by the wound-healing assay and the in vivo antitumor activity of CE was investigated in a melanoma cell metastatic model. 1H NMR and GC/MS were used to determine CE chemical composition. Results: We found that CE exhibited strong cytotoxic activity against murine melanoma cells and a panel of human tumor cell lines in vitro. CE also inhibited growth of B16F10- Nex2 cells at sub lethal concentrations, inducing cell cycle arrest at S phase, and inhibition of tumor cell migration. Most importantly, administration of CE significantly reduced the number of melanoma metastatic nodules in vivo. Chemical analysis of CE indicated the presence of the long chain fatty compounds, 1-eicosanol, 1-docosanol, and 2-nonadecanone as main constituents. Conclusion: These results indicate that K. coriacea is a promising medicinal plant in cancer therapy exhibiting antitumor activity both in vitro and in vivo against different tumor cell lines.

Materiali Ceramici per Edilizia con Funzionalità Fotocatalitica

This thesis wad aimed at the study and application of titanium dioxide photocatalytic activity on ceramic materials. As a matter of fact, photocatalysis is a very promising method to face most of the problems connected with the increasing environmental pollution. Furthermore, titanium dioxide, in its anatase crystallographic phase, is one of the most investigated photocatalytic material and results to be perfectly compatible with silicate body mixes. That goal was pursued by two different strategies: 1. the addition to a body mix used for heavy clay products of several titania powders, with different mean crystallite size, surface area, morphology and anatase/rutile ratio and a titania nanosuspension as well. The titania addition followed two procedures: bulk and spray addition over the ceramic samples surface. Titania was added in two different percentages: 2.5 and 7.5 wt.% in both of the methods. The ceramic samples were then fired at three maximum temperatures: 900, 950 and 1000 °C. Afterwards, the photocatalytic activity of the prepared ceramic samples was evaluated by following the degradation of an organic compound in aqueous medium, under UV radiation. The influence of titania morphological characteristics on the photoactivity of the fired materials was studied by means of XRD and SEM observations. The ceramic samples, sprayed with a slip containing 7.5 wt.% of titania powder and fired at 900 °C, have the best photoactivity, with a complete photo-decomposition of the organic compound. At 1000 °C no sample acted as a photocatalyst due to the anatase-to-rutile phase transformation and to the reaction between titania and calcium and iron oxides in the raw materials. 2. The second one foresaw the synthesis of TiO2-SiO2 solid solutions, using the following stoichiometry: Ti1-xSixO2 where x = 0, 0.1, 0.3 and 0.5 atoms per formula unit (apfu). The mixtures were then fired following two thermal cycles, each with three maximum temperatures. The effect of SiO2 addition into the TiO2 crystal structure and, consequently, on its photocatalytic activity when fired at high temperature, was thoroughly investigated by means of XRD, XPS, FE-SEM, TEM and BET analysis. The photoactivity of the prepared powders was assessed both in gas and liquid phase. Subsequently, the TiO2-SiO2 solid solutions, previously fired at 900 °C, were sprayed over the ceramic samples surface in the percentage of 7.5 wt.%. The prepared ceramic samples were fired at 900 and 1000 °C. The photocatalytic activity of the ceramic samples was evaluated in liquid phase. Unfortunately, that samples did not show any appreciable photoactivity. In fact, samples fired at 900 °C showed a pretty low photoactivity, while the one fired at 1000 °C showed no photoactivity at all. This was explained by the excessive coarsening of titania particles. To summarise, titania particle size, more than its crystalline phase, seems to have a relevant role in the photocatalytic activity of the ceramic samples.

Fatty acids, alcohols and hydrocarbons of microbial mats from Lake 2A on Kiritimati Island

Modern microbial mats are widely recognized as useful analogs for the study of biogeochemical processes relevant to paleoenvironmental reconstruction in the Precambrian. We combined microscopic observations and investigations of biomarker composition to investigate community structure and function in the upper layers of a thick phototrophic microbial mat system from a hypersaline lake on Kiritimati (Christmas Island) in the Northern Line Islands, Republic of Kiribati. In particular, an exploratory incubation experiment with 13C-labeled bicarbonate was conducted to pinpoint biomarkers from organisms actively fixing carbon. A high relative abundance of the cyanobacterial taxa Aphanocapsa and Aphanothece was revealed by microscopic observation, and cyanobacterial fatty acids and hydrocarbons showed 13C-uptake in the labeling experiment. Microscopic observations also revealed purple sulfur bacteria (PSB) in the deeper layers. A cyclic C19:0 fatty acid and farnesol were attributed to this group that was also actively fixing carbon. Background isotopic values indicate Calvin-Benson cycle-based autotrophy for cycC19:0 and farnesol-producing PSBs. Biomarkers from sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB) in the top layer of the mat and their 13C-uptake patterns indicated a close coupling between SRBs and cyanobacteria. Archaeol, possibly from methanogens, was detected in all layers and was especially abundant near the surface where it contained substantial amounts of 13C-label. Intact glycosidic tetraether lipids detected in the deepest layer indicated other archaea. Large amounts of ornithine and betaine bearing intact polar lipids could be an indicator of a phosphate-limited ecosystem, where organisms that are able to substitute these for phospholipids may have a competitive advantage.