Composicao da divida publica brasileira e a crise de 2002: uma analise contrafactual de estrategias alternativas

O objetivo deste trabalho é fazer uma decomposição da dinâmica da dívida e verificar quais foram os fatores que mais contribuíram para o crescimento da relação da Dívida/PIB no início dessa década. Primeiramente foi feita uma decomposição básica da dívida de onde se verificou que o pagamento de juros reais sobre a dívida interna foi o grande responsável pela elevação da razão Dívida/PIB. Posteriormente, foi feita uma decomposição mais detalhada da dinâmica da dívida, desagregando a dívida interna por indexador. Observou-se que o pagamento de juros reais sobre a dívida cambial foi o grande responsável pela trajetória crescente da dívida nesse período, principalmente em 2002 quando houve acentuada depreciação do câmbio. A seguir, foram feitos alguns exercícios contrafactuais para analisar qual teria sido a dinâmica da dívida em diferentes cenários.

Conferencia e votos separados sobre a collecta applicada para a divida publica.

Mode of access: Internet.

The asymmetric behavior of the U.S public debt

Our main goal in this paper was to measure how e¢ cient is risk sharing between countries. In order to do so, we have used a international risk sharIn this paper we re-analyze the question of the U.S. public debt sustainability by using a quantile autoregression model. This modeling allows for testing whether the behavior of U.S. public debt is asymmetric or not. Our results provide evidence of a band of sustainability. Outside this band, the U.S. public debt is unsustainable. We also nd scal policy to be adequate in the sense that occasional episodes in which the public debt moves out of the band do not pose a threat to long run sustainability.

Public debt sustainability and endogenous seignorage in Brazil: time-series evidence from 1947-92

Using national accounts data for the revenue-GDP and expenditure GDP ratios from 1947 to 1992, we examine two central issues in public finance. First, was the path of public debt sustainable during this period? Second, if debt is sustainable, how has the government historically balanced the budget after hocks to either revenues or expenditures? The results show that (i) public deficit is stationary (bounded asymptotic variance), with the budget in Brazil being balanced almost entirely through changes in taxes, regardless of the cause of the initial imbalance. Expenditures are weakly exogenous, but tax revenues are not;(ii) a rational Brazilian consumer can have a behavior consistent with Ricardian Equivalence (iii) seignorage revenues are critical to restore intertemporal budget equilibrium, since, when we exclude them from total revenues, debt is not sustainable in econometric tests.

Estudo de dois impactos da política monetária sobre a execução financeira do Tesouro Nacional (julho de 1994 a dezembro de 1998)

Analisa o impacto da senhoriagem e da esterilização sobre o resultado do Banco Central e, por conseqüência, do Tesouro Nacional. Aborda também, o impacto geral da taxa de juros sobre o estoque da dívida mobiliária federal fora do Banco Central e caracteriza o Plano Real e a política monetária adotada no período.

Endividamento público municipal no Brasil pós 1988: o caso da responsabilidade fiscal de São Jose do Rio Preto

Trata da questão do endividamento público dos municípios brasileiros, analisando o caso de São José do Rio Preto dentro de uma amostra de outros quinze municípios do interior paulista. Aponta as condições que permitiram que São José do Rio Preto mantivesse, ao contrário da maioria da amostra estudada, um baixo e estável endividamento no período posterior à promulgação da Constituição de 1988

O Plano Real e o crescimento da dívida pública no Brasil

Esta dissertação trata do crescimento da dívida do setor público no Brasil no contexto da implementação do Plano Real. Discute-se quais foram os fatores determinantes da evolução da razão dívida líquida do setor público durante o período 1994-1998. Inicialmente discute-se a conjuntura em que se deu a formulação do plano de estabilização monetária, argumentando-se que a política econômica adotada correspondia a um novo momento político do país e ao mesmo tempo baseava-se em outras experiências latino-americanas de planos de estabilização. Apresenta-se uma breve resenha tratando da incidência intergerações da dívida pública e do debate sobre as relações entre déficit público e inflação. Em seguida discute-se como quatro fatores contribuíram para o crescimento do endividamento público. O déficit primário do setor público, os gastos com juros reais, os custos fiscais do Proer e as privatizações são analisados enquanto determinantes da evolução do endividamento. Argumenta-se que o resultado primário das contas públicas não foi deficitário nesse período e verifica-se que o fator determinante para o crescimento da dívida entre 1994 e 1998 foi o gasto com juros reais. Conclui-se que o volume desses gastos foi determinado em grande medida pela necessidade de atrair capitais externos de curto prazo para financiar o déficit em conta corrente e pelo custo de manutenção de um alto nível de reservas internacionais. Constata-se também que o custo fiscal do Proer é significativo e que as privatizações, embora tenham gerado receitas muito expressivas, não foram capazes de impedir o crescimento da dívida provocado por outros fatores.

Public debt sustainability and endogenous seigniorage in Brazil: time-series evidence from 1947-92: revised version

Using national accounts data for the revenue-GDP and expenditureGDP ratios from 1947 to 1992, we examine three central issues in public finance. First, was the path of public debt sustainable during this period? Second, if debt is sustainable, how has the government historically balanced the budget after shocks to either revenues or expenditures? Third, are expenditures exogenous? The results show that (i) public deficit is stationary (bounded asymptotic variance), with the budget in Brazil being balanced almost entirely through changes in taxes, regardless of the cause of the initial imbalance. Expenditures are weakly exogenous, but tax revenues are not; (ii) the behavior of a rational Brazilian consumer may be consistent with Ricardian Equivalence; (iii) seigniorage revenues are critical to restore intertemporal budget equilibrium, since, when we exclude them from total revenues, debt is not sustainable in econometric tests.

Rational expectations and the service of public debt: a recursive approach

This paper uses dynamic programming to study the time consistency of optimal macroeconomic policy in economies with recurring public deficits. To this end, a general equilibrium recursive model introduced in Chang (1998) is extended to include govemment bonds and production. The original mode! presents a Sidrauski economy with money and transfers only, implying that the need for govemment fmancing through the inflation tax is minimal. The extended model introduces govemment expenditures and a deficit-financing scheme, analyzing the SargentWallace (1981) problem: recurring deficits may lead the govemment to default on part of its public debt through inflation. The methodology allows for the computation of the set of alI sustainable stabilization plans even when the govemment cannot pre-commit to an optimal inflation path. This is done through value function iterations, which can be done on a computeI. The parameters of the extended model are calibrated with Brazilian data, using as case study three Brazilian stabilization attempts: the Cruzado (1986), Collor (1990) and the Real (1994) plans. The calibration of the parameters of the extended model is straightforward, but its numerical solution proves unfeasible due to a dimensionality problem in the algorithm arising from limitations of available computer technology. However, a numerical solution using the original algorithm and some calibrated parameters is obtained. Results indicate that in the absence of govemment bonds or production only the Real Plan is sustainable in the long run. The numerical solution of the extended algorithm is left for future research.

Welfare and growth effects of alternative fiscal rules for infrastructure investment in Brazil

This article studies the interplay between fiscal rules, public investment and growth in Brazil. It is investigated if it would make sense to raise public investment and, if so, under which fiscal rule it is best to do it — whether through tax financing, debt financing, or a reduction of public consumption. We construct and simulate a competitive general equilibrium model, calibrated to Brazilian economy, in which public capital is a component of the production function and public consumption directly affects individuals’ well-being. After assessing the impacts of alternative fiscal rules, the paper concludes that the most desirable financing scheme is the reduction of public consumption, which dominates the others in terms of output and welfare gains. The model replicates the observed growth slowdown of the Brazilian economy when we increase taxes and reduce public capital formation to the levels observed after 1980 and shows that the growth impact of the expansion of tax collection in Brazil was much larger than that of public investment compression.

A risk management approach to emerging market's sovereign debt sustainability with an application to Brazilian data

In this paper we study the question of debt sustainability from a risk management perspective. The debt accumulation equation for any country involves variables that are stochastic and closely intertwined. When these aspects are taken into consideration the notion of debt sustainability is expanded to studying the stochastic properties of the debt dynamics. We illustrate the methodology by studying the Brazilian case. We find that even though the debt could be sustainable in the absence of risk, there are paths in which it is clearly unsustainable. Furthermore, we show that properties of the debt dynamics are closely related to the spreads on sovereign dollar denominated debt.

Three applications of the marginal cost of public funds concept

This paper illustrates the use of the marginal cost of public funds concept in three contexts. First, we extend Parry’s (2003) analysis of the efficiency effects excise taxes in the U.K., primarily by incorporating the distortion caused by imperfect competition in the cigarette market and distinguishing between the MCFs for per unit and ad valorem taxes on cigarettes. Our computations show, contrary to the standard result in the literature, that the per unit tax on cigarettes has a slightly lower MCF than the ad valorem tax on cigarettes. Second, we calculate the MCF for a payroll tax in a labour market with involuntary unemployment, using the Shapiro and Stiglitz (1984) efficiency wage model as our framework. Our computations, based on Canadian labour market data, indicate that incorporating the distortion caused by involuntary unemployment raises the MCF by 25 to 50 percent. Third, we derive expressions for the distributionally-weighted MCFs for the exemption level and the marginal tax rate for a “flat tax”, such as the one that has been adopted by the province of Alberta. This allows us to develop a restricted, but tractable, version of the optimal income tax problem. Computations indicate that the optimal marginal tax rate may be quite high, even with relatively modest pro-poor distributional preferences.

The marginal cost of funds from public sector borrowing

An expression for the welfare cost of a marginal increase in the public debt is derived using a simple AK endogenous growth model. This measure of the marginal cost of public funds (MCF) can be interpreted as the marginal benefit-cost ratio that a debtfinanced public project needs in order to generate a net social gain. The model predicts an increase in the public debt ratio will have little effect on the optimal public expenditure ratio and that most of the adjustment will occur on the tax side of the budget.

Política fiscal e reestruturação da dívida pública no Brasil

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)