Evaluation of cardiopulmonary parameters and recovery from anesthesia in cougars (Puma concolor) anesthetized with detomidine/ketamine and isoflurane or sevoflurane

Abstract: The aim of this study was to assess the cardiopulmonary effects, the onset time after the administration of a detomidine/ketamine combination, and the recovery from anesthesia of cougars (Puma concolor) anesthetized with detomidine/ketamine and isoflurane or sevoflurane for abdominal ultrasound imaging. Fourteen animals were randomly allocated into two experimental groups: GISO (n=7) and GSEVO (n=7). Chemical restraint was performed using 0.15mg/kg detomidine combined with 5mg/kg ketamine intramuscularly; anesthesia induction was achieved using 2mg/kg propofol intravenously and maintenance with isoflurane (GISO) or sevoflurane (GSEVO). The following parameters were assessed: heart rate, respiratory rate, systolic and diastolic arterial blood pressure, mean arterial blood pressure, oxyhemoglobin saturation, rectal temperature, central venous pressure, and end-tidal carbon dioxide. The time to sternal recumbency (TSR) and time to standing position (TSP) were also determined. There was not statistically significant difference for the cardiopulmonary variables or TSP whereas TSR was significantly shorter in GSEVO. The time to onset of anesthesia was 11.1±1.2 minutes and 11.3±1.8 minutes for GISO and GSEVO, respectively. The anesthesia of cougars with detomidine/ketamine and isoflurane or sevoflurane was conducted with safety, cardiopulmonary stability, and increased time to sternal recumbency in the GISO group.

Evaluation of ophthalmic and hemodynamic parameters in capuchin monkeys (Sapajus sp.) submitted to dissociative anesthetic protocols

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Efeitos cardiovasculares da anestesia dissociativa na reposição volêmica com colóide e solução hipertônica em cães: avaliação biotelemétrica

Avaliaram-se os efeitos cardiovasculares por um período de 24 horas, após a administração de solução salina hipertônica (NaCl) 7,5% ou em associação ao hidroxietilamido 130/0,4 (HES), em cães com hipovolemia induzida e tratados com cetamina levógira ou racêmica. Após a indução da hipovolemia, administrou-se NaCl 7,5% (4mL/kg) no grupo hipertônica levógira (GHL) e no grupo hipertônica racêmica (GHR) ou HES 130/0,4 na mesma proporção de sangue retirado, associado a NaCl 7,5% (4mL/kg) no grupo hipertônica colóide levógira (GHCL) e no grupo hipertônica colóide racêmica (GHCR). Após 30 minutos, administrou-se por via intravenosa, cetamina levógira (CL; 5mg/kg) no GHL e GHCL ou cetamina racêmica (CR; 10mg/kg) no GHR e GHCR. A frequência cardíaca (FC) e a pressão arterial sistólica (PAS) foram menores após a hipovolemia e após a CR. A pressão arterial média (PAM) e a pressão arterial diastólica (PAD) foram menores após a hipovolemia e após a administração de CL e CR. Não foram observadas diferenças significativas entre os grupos em relação à FC, PAS, PAM e PAD durante o período de mensuração por biotelemetria desde T210 até T1440. A administração de HES associado ao NaCl 7,5% propiciou restabelecimento imediato da PAM, a administração de NaCl 7,5% não restaurou a PAM em pacientes hipovolêmicos, a administração de CR ou CL produziu efeitos semelhantes e todos os tratamentos mantiveram estáveis as pressões arteriais e a FC por um período de até 24 horas.

Hepatic function evolution in dogs anesthetized with Zolazepam/Tiletamine

The hepatic effects of the anesthetic association zolazepam/tiletamine were investigated in dogs by analyzing the serum concentration of hepatic enzymes. Ten healthy dogs were divided into two groups of five, group I (GI) and group II (GII). The animals of GI received a single dose of 6,6 mg/kg of zolazepam/tiletamine, by intramuscular (IM) injection. GII dogs received 6,6 mg/kg of zolazepam/tiletamine by the IM route; after a period of 50 - 80 minutes the animals received two additional doses (3,3 mg/kg) by intravenous administration[SAH1]. The hepatic function were analyzed by monitoring the serum concentrations of alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and gamma-glutamyl-transferase (GGT). Four blood samples were collected in different moments during the analyses: M0, before the first application of the drug; and M1 to M4. M1 through M3 was collected with intervals of 20 minutes before M0, while M4 was obtained 24 hours after M1. The normality of the obtained results was analyzed by Kolmogorov-Smirnov Test; while the Tukey`s test compared the means, using a level of significance of 5% for both statistical analyses. The mean values of all enzymes evaluated were within normal limits for both experimental groups, without any significant statistical alteration being observed between and within these groups. These results demonstrated that the association of zolazepam/tiletamine at the dosage of 6.6 mg/kg, followed by two applications additional of 3.3 mg/kg resulted in elevation of the evaluated hepatic enzymes without exceeding the physiologic values. Additionally, a single application of 6.6 mg/kg of zolazepam/tiletamine by the intramuscular route resulted in lower values when compared to three applications.

Goniometria dos membros pélvicos de pacas (Cuniculus paca) criadas em cativeiro

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

Avaliação algimétrica por estímulo nociceptivo térmico e pressórico em cães pré-tratados com levomepromazina, midazolam e quetamina associados ou não ao butorfanol ou buprenorfina

OBJETIVO: Quantificar a dor em cães sob anestesia dissociativa através de estímulo térmico e pressórico e o período hábil de dois analgésicos opióides. MÉTODOS: Empregaram-se 30 cães alocados em três grupos (n=10), onde os animais de GI receberam levomepromazina e midazolam associado na mesma seringa à quetamina. Os animais de GII receberam o mesmo tratamento de GI porém associado ao butorfanol e por fim os animais de GIII receberam o mesmo tratamento de GI associando-se a buprenorfina. Procedeu se a avaliação paramétrica rotineira, empregando-se, entretanto, a termoalgimetria mensurada em °C em média de 52°C e a pressoalgimetria em kg. RESULTADOS: Na termoalgimetria houve diferença significativa em GI nos momentos M0 e M1,e em M4 e M5. em GII houve diferença em M0, M1, M5 e M6. em GIII houve diferença entre momentos M0 e M1. Na pressoalgimetria houveram diferenças em GI em diferentes momentos: M0, M2 e M3. em GII observaram-se diferenças em todos os momentos. em GIII observaram-se diferenças em M0 e M9. Ocorreram diferenças entre os grupos, sendo o M2 de GII menor que GI e GIII. Já em M4 e M5 de GIII demonstrou-se maior que GI e GII. E na avaliação dos períodos observou-se um período de latência significativamente maior em GI, porém com período hábil e de recuperação menor em relação à GII e GIII. Já a recuperação do tônus postural foi maior em GIII seguido de GII e finalmente de GI. CONCLUSÃO: O método empregado para mensuração do estímulo álgico foi eficiente, observando-se um período hábil analgésico de 3 horas para o butorfanol e de 6 horas para a buprenorfina.

Levomepromazina e atropina como medicações pré-anestésicas na anestesia pela associação tiletamina/zolazepam, em cães

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Eletrocardiografia em cães anestesiados com cetamina-s ou cetamina

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Effects of tiletamine/zolazepam-romifidine-atropine in ocelots (Leopardus pardalis)

Objectives: To evaluate the effects of a combination of tiletamine-zolazepam-romifidine-atropine in ocelots. Design: Prospective experimental trial. Animals: Eight captive adult ocelots (three females and five males). Methods: Calculated doses of tiletamine-zolazepam (3.75 mg kg -1), romifidine (50 μg kg-1) and atropine (0.04 mg kg-1) were administered intramuscularly. After immobilization, animals were weighed and the real doses determined. Heart rate, respiratory frequency, noninvasive systolic, diastolic, and mean arterial pressure, arterial oxygen hemoglobin saturation, and rectal temperature were measured. Data were analyzed by means of ANOVA for repeated measures, followed by the Tukey test to compare values over time. Results: Doses administered were 3.4 ± 0.6 mg kg-1 of tiletamine-zolazepam, 0.04 ± 7.0 mg kg-1 of romifidine, and 0.03 ± 0.007 mg kg-1 of atropine. The mean time to recumbency and duration of immobilization were 7.0 ± 4.5 and 109.2 ± 27.9 minutes, respectively. The median times to standing and walking were 52.3 [0-90] and 2.3 [0-69.3] minutes, respectively. A decrease in heart rate was observed 45 minutes following drug administration. Arterial blood pressure was maintained during the study. Conclusions and clinical relevance: This protocol produced good immobilization in ocelots with minimal changes over time in cardiovascular parameters.

Efeitos da instilação de morfina na inflamação ocular induzida experimentalmente em coelhos

Pós-graduação em Cirurgia Veterinária - FCAV

Different fasting periods in tiletamine-zolezepam-anethetized cats: Glycemia, recovery, blood-gas and cardiorrespiratory parameters

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Avaliação algimétrica por estímulo nociceptivo térmico e pressórico em cães pré-tratados com levomepromazina, midazolam e quetamina associados ou não ao butorfanol ou buprenorfina

This study aimed at quantifies the pain in dogs under dissociative anesthesia, across thermal and pressoric stimulus and quantify the reasonable period between two different opioids analgesics. In this study, 30 dogs were used and, divided into three groups of 10 animals each, in which the animals of GI received methotrimeprazine and midazolam put on the same syringe with ketamine. The animals of GII received the same treatment of GI but associated with butorphanol and finally the animals of GIII received the same treatment of GI but associated with buprenorphine. The routine parametric evaluations has been proceeded, although using the thermo algimetry measured in degrees C with the average of 52 degrees C and the pressoric algimetry in Kg. In the thermo algimetry, there has been significant difference in GI at the moments M0, M1, M4 and M5; in GII it was found at M0, M1, M5 and M6 and in GIII it was observed the significant at M0 and M1. It has also been shown in pressoric algimetry significant difference in GI at the moments M0, M2 and M3. Among GII it has observed significant difference at all moments and it has found at M0, M9 in GIII. Thus, it has observed significant differences between all groups; for such the M2 of GII smaller than the others; and M4, M5 of GIII bigger than GI and GII. In the assessment of all periods it was observed significant latent period bigger in GI, however, with reasonable period and short recovery in GII and GIII. In the order hand, the postural tonus recovery it was longer in GIII, followed by GII and finally GI. The used method for the measurement of algic stimulus was efficient, noticing a reasonable analgesic period of 3 hours for butorphanol and 6 hours for buprenorphine.

Avaliação algimétrica por estímulo nociceptivo térmico e pressórico em cães pré-tratados com levomepromazina, midazolam e quetamina associados ou não ao butorfanol ou buprenorfina

This study aimed at quantifies the pain in dogs under dissociative anesthesia, across thermal and pressoric stimulus and quantify the reasonable period between two different opioids analgesics. In this study, 30 dogs were used and, divided into three groups of 10 animals each, in which the animals of GI received methotrimeprazine and midazolam put on the same syringe with ketamine. The animals of GII received the same treatment of GI but associated with butorphanol and finally the animals of GIII received the same treatment of GI but associated with buprenorphine. The routine parametric evaluations has been proceeded, although using the thermo algimetry measured in degrees C with the average of 52 degrees C and the pressoric algimetry in Kg. In the thermo algimetry, there has been significant difference in GI at the moments M0, M1, M4 and M5; in GII it was found at M0, M1, M5 and M6 and in GIII it was observed the significant at M0 and M1. It has also been shown in pressoric algimetry significant difference in GI at the moments M0, M2 and M3. Among GII it has observed significant difference at all moments and it has found at M0, M9 in GIII. Thus, it has observed significant differences between all groups; for such the M2 of GII smaller than the others; and M4, M5 of GIII bigger than GI and GII. In the assessment of all periods it was observed significant latent period bigger in GI, however, with reasonable period and short recovery in GII and GIII. In the order hand, the postural tonus recovery it was longer in GIII, followed by GII and finally GI. The used method for the measurement of algic stimulus was efficient, noticing a reasonable analgesic period of 3 hours for butorphanol and 6 hours for buprenorphine.

Comparison of medetomidine-ketamine and dexmedetomidine-ketamine anesthesia in golden-headed lion tamarins

The cardiovascular, respiratory, and anesthetic effects of medetomidine-ketamine (20 μg/kg bodyweight [BW] and 10 mg/kg BW) (MK group) or dexmedetomidine-ketamine (10 μg/kg BW and 10 mg/kg BW) (DK group) were studied in golden-headed lion tamarins. Heart rate decreased after administration of both combinations; this reduction was statistically greater in the DK group than in the MK group after 15 and 45 minutes. Systolic arterial pressure decreased in a similar way in both groups, except at 15 minutes, when systolic arterial pressure was significantly lower in the DK group. Diastolic arterial pressure, mean arterial pressure, respiratory rate, and rectal temperature were progressively reduced in all groups. Sedation time was significantly shorter and anesthesia time was significantly longer in the DK group compared with MK group. Anesthetic quality and analgesia scores were significantly greater at 5 and 15 minutes in the DK group compared with the MK group. The administration of dexmedetomidine-ketamine is as safe and effective as the administration of medetomidine-ketamine in tamarins.

Effects of constant rate infusion of anesthetic or analgesic drugs on general anesthesia with isoflurane: A retrospective study in 200 dogs

Constant rate infusion (CRI) shows several advantages in balanced anesthesia, such as reduction of requirement for inhaled anesthetics and control of pain. The most commonly used drugs in these protocols are local anesthetics, dissociative, and opioids, which may be administered alone or in combinations. We evaluated the records of 200 dogs that underwent various surgical procedures with anesthetic or analgesic CRI in the perioperative period during 2011 and 2012 at the Veterinary Hospital of Franca University (Unifran), and identified possible complications during the transoperative period. Records evaluated included clinical state, laboratory tests, drugs used in premedication and induction, and CRI protocol. Acepromazine and morphine were the main drugs used in premedication. Propofol was used to induce anesthesia alone or in combination with other agents. We evaluated records of the 25 different CRI protocols. Fentanyl was the main drug employed in CRI, either alone or in combination. There were 128 episodes of anesthetic complications during CRI;the most common were hypotension, hypertension, and tachycardia, which occurred in 43 (32%), 35 (26.3%), and 19 (14.2%) dogs, respectively. Cardiac arrhythmia was reported in only 4 dogs. Signs of respiratory depression were present in dogs treated with 6 different CRI protocols. The consumption of isoflurane (vol %) reduced between 15.7% and 21.05% after 30minutes of the CRI in the fentanyl and fentanyl-lidocaine-ketamine CRI groups (p<0.05). In conclusion, CRI is a valid component of balanced anesthesia in dogs, safe, and has a low incidence of adverse effects. However, future studies are warranted to describe the results of the clinical use of CRI to better characterize and refine this technique.