The Effect of Tax Revenue Budgeting Errors on Fiscal Balance : Evidence from Swiss cantons

This study is an empirical analysis of the impact of direct tax revenue budgeting errors on fiscal deficits. Using panel data from 26 Swiss cantons between 1980 and 2002, we estimate a single equation model on the fiscal balance, as well as a simultaneous equation model on revenue and expenditure. We use new data on budgeted and actual tax revenue to show that underestimating tax revenue significantly reduces fiscal deficits. Furthermore, we show that this effect is channeled through decreased expenditure. The effects of over and underestimation turn out to be symmetric.

Liiketoiminnan jakautumisen verotus

Tutkimuksen päätavoite on ollut selvittää, saavutetaanko liiketoiminnan jakautumisella verotuksessa hyötyä ja missä tilanteissa. Tutkimus on toteutettu toimintoanalyyttisellä tutkimusotteella. Tarkoituksena on ollut analysoida kirjallisuuden ja oikeustapausten avulla liiketoiminnan täydelliseen jakautumiseen liittyviä verotuksellisia kysymyksiä. Empiiristä tietoa on tutkimuksessa mukana puolistrukturoitujen asiantuntijahaastattelujen kautta. Tutkimuksessa havaittiin, että välitöntä verohyötyä jakautuvalle ja vastaanottaville yhtiöille sekä niiden osakkeenomistajille ei jakautumisella voida saavuttaa. Tarkasteltaessa verovaikutuksia pitemmällä ajanjaksolla, jakautumisella osana sarjatoimea voi olla mahdollista saavuttaa verohyötyä. Tapauskohtaisesti on selvitettävä onko kyseessä verosuunnittelu- vai veronkiertotilanne. Esimerkiksi jakautumisessa toteutetulla varallisuuden ja yritystoiminnan erottamisella voidaan saavuttaa verohyötyä osakkeenomistajille. Verohyöty voi toteutua, kun varallisuutta sisältävän yhtiön osakkeista luovutaan. Myöhemmällä osakkeiden myynnillä ei saa olla välitöntä yhteyttä jakautumiseen.

Propuestas hacia el progreso económico en el siglo xix en Colombia: impuesto directo, aduanas, vías de comunicación & federalismo

El presente documento examina las propuestas realizadas por los ideólogos del liberalismo radical sobre temas que pretendían promover el progreso económico de la Nación. La revisión de las propuestas respecto a la tributación, las Aduanas, las Vías de comunicación y el Federalismo como arreglo político con implicaciones económicas se hace a partir de una revisión de fuentes primarias a través de los debates en la prensa del Siglo XIX y de fuentes secundarias. En general, se muestra como las propuestas mencionadas coinciden en su capacidad para exaltar el liberalismo económico y crear un ambiente propicio para el desarrollo de las capacidades económicas y, a su vez, de la civilización neogranadina.

Records relating to the early history of Boston ...

Editors: 1876-1890, W. H. Whitmore and W. S. Appleton, record commissioners; 1893-1896, W. H. Whitmore, city registrar; 1894, W. S. Appleton; 1898, E. W. McGlenen; 1900-1909, E. W. McGlenen, city registrar; 1903 (v. 32) W. H. Whitmore, W. K. Watkins, and E. W. McGlenen.

Municipal research : to promote the application of scientific principles to government /

Nos. 1-56, July 26, 1913-Aug. 15, 1914, were issued weekly in the form of leaflets; no. 57-92, Jan. 1915-Dec. 1917, monthly, in the form of pamphlets, containing studies in government; no. 93-95, irregularly issued.

Report upon the finances and internal improvements of the state of New-York. 1838.

Report submitted by Samuel B. Ruggles, Chairman of the Committee on Ways and Means, on the United States deposit fund, and on the recommendations of the comptroller to levy a direct tax.

The efficiency of direct payments versus tax reductions under uncertainty

This paper analyzes the optimal behavior of farmers in the presence of direct payments and uncertainty. In an empirical analysis for Switzerland, it confirms previously obtained theoretical results and determines the magnitude of the theoretical predicted effects. The results show that direct payments increase agricultural production between 3.7% to 4.8%. Alternatively to direct payments, the production effect of tax reductions is evaluated in order to determine its magnitude. The empirical analysis corroborates the theoretical results of the literature and demonstrates that tax reductions are also distorting, but to a substantially lesser degree if losses are not offset. However, tax reductions, independently whether losses are offset or not, lead to higher government spending than pure direct payments

Tax incentives and direct support for R&D: What do firms use and why?

This paper studies whether firms' use of R&D subsidies and R&D tax incentives is correlated to two sources of underinvestment in R&D, financing constraints and appropriability. We find that financially constrained SMEs are less likely to use R&D tax credits and more likely to obtain subsidies. SMEs using legal methods to protect their intellectual property are more likely to use tax incentives. Results are ambiguous for large firms. For both having previous experience in R&D increases the likelihood of using tax incentives, while it reduces the likelihood of using exclusively subsidies, suggesting that the latter induce entry into R&D. Results imply that direct funding and tax credits do not have the same ability to address each source of R&D underinvestment, and that on average subsidies may be better suited than tax credits at least for SMEs. From a policy perspective these tools may be complements rather than substitutes.

The efficiency of direct payments versus tax reductions under uncertainty

This paper analyzes the optimal behavior of farmers in the presence of direct payments and uncertainty. In an empirical analysis for Switzerland, it confirms previously obtained theoretical results and determines the magnitude of the theoretical predicted effects. The results show that direct payments increase agricultural production between 3.7% to 4.8%. Alternatively to direct payments, the production effect of tax reductions is evaluated in order to determine its magnitude. The empirical analysis corroborates the theoretical results of the literature and demonstrates that tax reductions are also distorting, but to a substantially lesser degree if losses are not offset. However, tax reductions, independently whether losses are offset or not, lead to higher government spending than pure direct payments

Asymmetric oligopoly and foreign direct investment: implications for host-country tax-setting

We present a duopoly model with heterogeneous firms that vary in cost-efficiency, each of which can choose to serve a foreign market by either exporting or local production. We do so to analyse the effects of a host-country corporate profit tax on both the scale and composition of FDI, and find that: strategic interaction between oligopolistic firms provides for a pattern of FDI that favours cost-inefficiency to the detriment of host-country welfare; and the host-country tax rate can be optimally used to avoid such patterns of FDI and instead promote direct investment by a relatively cost-efficient firm.

Public Attitudes Toward Social Spending in the United States: The Differences Between Direct Spending and Tax Expenditures

This paper uses a survey experiment to examine differences in public attitudes toward 'direct' and 'indirect' government spending. Federal social welfare spending in the USA has two components: the federal government spends money to directly provide social benefits to citizens, and also indirectly subsidizes the private provision of social benefits through tax expenditures. Though benefits provided through tax expenditures are considered spending for budgetary purposes, they differ from direct spending in several ways: in the mechanisms through which benefits are delivered to citizens, in how they distribute wealth across the income spectrum, and in the visibility of their policy consequences to the mass public. We develop and test a model explaining how these differences will affect public attitudes toward spending conducted through direct and indirect means. We find that support for otherwise identical social programs is generally higher when such programs are portrayed as being delivered through tax expenditures than when they are portrayed as being delivered by direct spending. In addition, support for tax expenditure programs which redistribute wealth upward drops when citizens are provided information about the redistributive effects. Both of these results are conditioned by partisanship, with the opinions of Republicans more sensitive to the mechanism through which benefits are delivered, and the opinions of Democrats more sensitive to information about their redistributive effects.

Tax differentials and inflow of foreign direct investments : evidence from foreign operations of U.S. multinational companies

This paper concerns the measurement of the impact of tax differentials across countries on inflow of Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) by using comprehensive data on the foreign operations of U.S. multinational corporations that has been collected by the Bureau of Economic Analysis (BEA), the U.S. Department of Commerce. In particular, this research focuses on examining: (1) how responsive FDI locations are to tax differentials across countries, (2) how different the tax effect on FDI inflow is between developed and developing countries, and (3) whether investment location decisions have become more or less sensitive to tax differences between countries over time ranging from the late 1990s to the early 2000s. Estimation results suggest that high rates of corporate income taxation are associated with reduced foreign assets of U.S. multinational firms in all industries by decreasing the return to foreign asset investment. Further, foreign assets of U.S. multinationals in all industries have become more responsive to non-income tax differentials across countries than to income tax differences from 1999 to 2004. Empirical estimates also indicate that foreign investment by American firms is associated with higher tax sensitivity more in developed countries than in those that are developing.

Income tax : a concise exposition of the law and practice thereof ; with instructions as to filling up and returning the necessary forms to which is prefixed a short thesis on direct and indirect taxation with forms /

Includes index.