Periodically loaded dipole array supporting left-handed propagation

Periodically loaded dipole arrays printed on grounded dielectric substrate are shown to exhibit left-handed propagation properties. In an equivalent transmission line representation, lefthandedness emerges due to the excess series capacitance and shunt inductance. Based on this concept, the authors study the distribution of the modal fields and the variation of series capacitance and shunt inductance as the dipoles are loaded with stubs. Full wave dispersion curves that show the gradual transition from a right-handed to a left-handed medium upon periodically loading the dipoles with stubs are presented. An equivalent circuit is derived that matches to a very good extent the full wave result. The cell dimensions are a small fraction of the wavelength (),15), so the structure can be considered as an equivalent homogeneous surface. The structure is simple, readily scalable to higher frequencies and compatible with low-cost fabrication techniques.

Periodically loaded 1-D metallodielectric electromagnetic bandgap structures for miniaturisation and bandwidth enhancement

Periodic loading of 1-D metallodielectric electromagnetic bandgap (MEBG) structures has been rigorously investigated. Miniaturised and broadband MEBG structures have been produced by means of periodically loading a dipole array. A study has been carried out with regard to the loading mechanism, the number of stubs, the topology of the structure and the order of loading. Simulations have been carried out using a method of moments based software. First order uniform loading stubs have yielded a significant size reduction of the MEBG array and the bandwidth has doubled. Good agreement between simulations and measurements has been achieved. The current distribution on the proposed structure has been studied, yielding valuable insight. An interdigital topology has resulted in further miniaturisation and bandwidth enhancement. Fractal-type arrays have been produced after applying second order loading. A maximum miniaturisation of 2.5:1 has been achieved.

Anisotropic Impedance Surfaces for Linear to Circular Polarization Conversion

Anisotropic impedance surfaces are employed as low-profile and broadband reflectors that convert orthogonal linear to right- and left-handed circular polarization respectively. By virtue of anisotropy, it is possible to independently control the reflection characteristics of two orthogonal linearly polarized incident plane waves and therefore achieve linear to circular polarization conversion. Equivalent circuits for anisotropic impedance surfaces with arbitrarily shaped elements are employed to demonstrate the operating principle and a design procedure is proposed. The proposed design procedure is demonstrated by means of an example involving a dipole array. A prototype is designed and its performance characteristics are evaluated. The 3-dB relative axial ratio bandwidth exceeds 60%, while low loss and angular stability are also reported. Numerical and experimental results on a fabricated prototype are presented to validate the synthesis and the performance. © 2006 IEEE.

BER Driven Synthesis for Directional Modulation Secured Wireless Communication

Directional modulation (DM) is a recently introduced technique for secure wireless transmission using direct physical layer wave-front manipulation. This paper provides a bit error rate (BER)-based DM array synthesis method. It is shown for the first time that the standard constellation mappings in In-phase and Quadrature (IQ) space to a pre-specified BER can be exactly achieved along a given specified spatial direction. Different receiver capabilities are investigated and different assessment metrics for each case are discussed. The approach is validated for a 1 × 4 element dipole array operating at 1 GHz.

Monitoramento temporal da pluma de contaminação do aterro controlado de Rio Claro (SP) por meio do método da eletrorresistividade

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

Estudo da contaminação do lençol freático através da integração de técnicas geofísicas e geoquímicas em Ji-Paraná-RO

Pós-graduação em Geociências e Meio Ambiente - IGCE

Modelagem de eletrorresistividade 2-D a partir do potencial elétrico secundário

Um dos métodos clássicos da geofísica de exploração é o Método de Eletrorresistividade, estabelecido há um século pelos irmãos Schlumberger e desde então amplamente empregado em prospecção mineral, estudos ambientais e hidrogeologia e em pesquisa de fontes geotermais. Conceitualmente o método consiste de injeção de corrente elétrica na subsuperfície e de medida de diferença de potencial elétrico, resultante da interação da corrente com o meio. As localizações dessas fontes e receptores são determinadas pelo arranjo escolhido para o levantamento. Após o processamento, obtém-se pseudo-seções de resistividade aparente que indicam a distribuição de condutividade em subsuperfície. Devido à simplicidade dos fundamentos físicos de sua formulação, o método apresenta fácil implementação computacional quando comparado aos métodos eletromagnéticos de fonte controlada. Na literatura há inúmeros trabalhos de modelagem computacional, onde se calcula a resposta para problemas 2-D e 3-D. Nestes trabalhos, as pseudo-seções são obtidas a partir do cálculo do potencial elétrico total. Neste trabalho, apresentaremos a resposta da modelagem de eletroresistividade 2-D com o arranjo dipolo-dipolo, obtida a partir do potencial elétrico secundário. A solução é calculada através do método de elementos finitos usando malhas não estruturadas. Para efeito de validação, os resultados são comparados com a resposta 2-D obtida a partir dos potencias totais.

MÉTODOS DA ELETRORESISTIVIDADE E DA POLARIZAÇÃO INDUZIDA APLICADOS NO ESTUDO DO ATERRO

Investigações geofísicas, pelos métodos geoelétricos de eletrorresistividade e polarização induzida (IP), através das técnicas de sondagem elétrica vertical e caminhamento elétrico (configurações Schlumberger e dipolo-dipolo), foram executadas na área do aterro controlado da cidade de Piracicaba (SP), com o objetivo de avaliar as potencialidades da integração dos métodos na caracterização geoelétrica da área. A área sobre a qual está assentado o aterro de Piracicaba é constituída por sedimentos da Formação Corumbataí (sedimentos argilosos e/ou silto-argilosos, com intercalações de arenitos). A interpretação conjunta da resistividade e da polarizabilidade permitiu mapear zonas de percolação de chorume e identificar os diferentes litotipos das formação, identificando materiais arenosos e siltosos. Ficou evidente que a polarizabilidade é sensível à presença de resíduos urbanos e que o efeito de IP é relacionado a materiais polarizáveis dispostos na cava, como latas, papéis, restos eletrônicos e materiais de empréstimo utilizados para a cobertura dos resíduos. Além disso, o método de IP pode ser mais indicado para o mapeamento de zonas de resíduos onde não exista contraste de resistividade entre o meio natural e os resíduos. Palavras-chave: Eletrorresisitividade, polarização induzida, aterro sanitário.

Performance comparison between uniformly and nonuniformly spaced adaptive antennas with respect to tolerance to pointing errors

The paper presents theoretical and experimental investigations into performances of narrowband uniformly and nonuniformly spaced adaptive linear dipole array antennas that are subjected to pointing errors. The analysis focuses on the array's output Signal to Interference plus Noise Ratio. The presence of mutual coupling between the array elements is taken into account. It is shown that the array's tolerance to pointing errors can be enhanced by controlling the interelement spacing. (c) 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Receiving mutual impedance between two normal-mode helical antennas (NMHAs)

A new mutual impedance - the receiving mutual impedance - between two normal-mode helical antennas is defined, measured, and theoretically calculated. The variations of the receiving mutual impedance with antenna separation, with frequency, and with excitation source direction are critically investigated. An application of the receiving mutual impedance in direction finding demonstrates its more accurate description of the mutual coupling effect than that using the conventional mutual impedance.

Ultracompact Retrodirective Antenna Arrays With Superdirective Radiation Patterns

It is shown that the direction-of-arrival (DoA) information carried by an incident electromagnetic (EM) wave can be encoded into the evanescent near field of an electrically small resonance antenna array with a spatial rate higher than that of the incident field oscillation rate in free space. Phase conjugation of the received signal leads to the retrodirection of the near field in the antenna array environment, which in turn generates a retrodirected far-field beam toward the original DoA. This EM phenomenon enables electrically small retrodirective antenna arrays with superdirective, angular super-resolution, auto-pointing properties for an arbitrary DoA. A theoretical explanation of the phenomenon based on first principal observations is given and full-wave simulations demonstrate a realizability route for the proposed retrodirective terminal that is comprised of resonance dipole antenna elements. Specifically, it is shown that a three-element disk-loaded retrodirective dipole array with 0.15\lambda spacings can achieve a 3.4-dBi maximal gain, 3-dBi front-to-back ratio, and 13% return loss fractional bandwidth (at the 10-dB level). Then, it is demonstrated that the radiation gain of a three-element array can be improved to approximately 6 dBi at the expense of the return loss fractional bandwidth reduction (2%).

Classification of Vehicles using Magnetic Dipole Model

This paper presents an efficient approach to the modeling and classification of vehicles using the magnetic signature of the vehicle. A database was created using the magnetic signature collected over a wide range of vehicles(cars). A vehicle is modeled as an array of magnetic dipoles. The strength of the magnetic dipole and the separation between the magnetic dipoles varies for different vehicles and is dependent on the metallic composition and configuration of the vehicle. Based on the magnetic dipole data model, we present a novel method to extract a feature vector from the magnetic signature. In the classification of vehicles, a linear support vector machine configuration is used to classify the vehicles based on the obtained feature vectors.

Beamforming correction for dipole measurement using two-dimensional microphone arrays

In this paper, a beamforming correction for identifying dipole sources by means of phased microphone array measurements is presented and implemented numerically and experimentally. Conventional beamforming techniques, which are developed for monopole sources, can lead to significant errors when applied to reconstruct dipole sources. A previous correction technique to microphone signals is extended to account for both source location and source power for two-dimensional microphone arrays. The new dipole-beamforming algorithm is developed by modifying the basic source definition used for beamforming. This technique improves the previous signal correction method and yields a beamformer applicable to sources which are suspected to be dipole in nature. Numerical simulations are performed, which validate the capability of this beamformer to recover ideal dipole sources. The beamforming correction is applied to the identification of realistic aeolian-tone dipoles and shows an improvement of array performance on estimating dipole source powers. © 2008 Acoustical Society of America.