Instrumento de avaliação metafonológica para caracterização de escolares com dislexia, transtorno e dificuldades de aprendizagem

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Efeitos de um programa de intervenção metatextual em escolares com dificuldades de aprendizagem

Pós-graduação em Educação - FFC

Formação de classes de equivalência através de reforçamento específico em crianças com dificuldades de aprendizagem

Na Análise do Comportamento, vários estudos são realizados a fim de entender como comportamentos podem produtivamente ser controlados por eventos arbitrariamente relacionados, através da formação classes de equivalência. A inclusão de estímulos reforçadores nas classes tem sido apontada como um possível facilitador de sua formação. O presente estudo teve como objetivos avaliar a formação de classes de equivalência mediada por estímulos reforçadores específicos em crianças que apresentam baixo rendimento escolar. Usando crianças com desenvolvimento típico e em maior número, comparado com a literatura, pretendeu-se obter dados com menor variabilidade intersujeitos que é comumente encontrada nesse tipo de pesquisa. Para isso, foram utilizados reforçadores específicos com quatorze crianças (no Experimento I) que apresentam dificuldades de aprendizagem. O procedimento do Experimento 1 foi dividido em 10 fases. Em todas as fases, houve reforçadores específicos (frutas ou brinquedos) para cada uma das classes potenciais que se pretendia verificar. Inicialmente foi realizado um treino de pareamento por identidade com os estímulos dos Conjuntos A (A I e A2), B (B 1 e B2) e C (C I e C2) com reforçamento contínuo, seguido do mesmo treino com Reforçamento Intermitente. Logo após esses treinos foram realizados os testes de relações emergentes AB/BA, ACICA e BCICB. Antes de cada teste foi feito o retorno às discriminações de linha de base. Os dados do Experimento I evidenciam grande variabilidade intersujeitos nos testes de formação de classes. O Experimento 2 pretendeu investigar o efeito de dois tipos de pré-treino sobre o desempenho nos testes de formação de classes. Foi realizado com seis crianças e subdividido em dois grupos. O Grupo I foi submetido a um pré-treino de pareamento por identidade e o Grupo 2 a um pré-treino de pareamento arbitrário. Os resultados confirmam parcialmente a hipótese de que pré-treino de pareamento arbitrário pode reduzir a variabilidade inter-sujeitos nesse tipo estudos, pois altas taxas de variabilidade persistem no presente estudo. .Estudos posteriores deverão explorar essa possibilidade mais sistematicamente.

As dificuldades relacionadas à aprendizagem do conceito de vetor à luz da teoria dos registros de representação semiótica

Esta dissertação foi desenvolvida no sentido de contribuir para o ensino e para aprendizagem da Geometria Analítica no ensino superior. Para realizar esta tarefa contamos com o referencial teórico de Raymond Duval - com a teoria dos Registros de Representação Semiótica - em aulas expositivas, atividades em classe e na exploração de um maior número de representações do objeto matemático Vetor. Nosso objetivo foi o de identificar e analisar as dificuldades na produção e no tratamento de representações dos vetores que caracterizam lacunas ao aprendizado do conceito desse objeto. Os sujeitos da pesquisa foram alunos de uma turma de Licenciatura em Matemática da Universidade do Estado do Pará – UEPA, Núcleo Regional do Baixo Tocantins – NURBAT localizado em Moju – PA. A pesquisa foi dividida em etapas, onde na primeira, a turma presenciou aulas teóricas com foco principal no estudo de vetores, explorando as várias representações do objeto bem como as operações básicas; a segunda etapa consistiu na resolução de lista de exercícios (atividades 1 e 2), contendo questões retiradas da indicação bibliográfica da disciplina e a avaliação individual. E por último a análise das resoluções feitas pelos sujeitos. Os instrumentos de coleta de dados envolveram questões de representação de vetores nos registros algébrico, figural e da língua natural, assim como, as conversões entre esses registros. Após analisar as resoluções, estas foram agrupadas por categorias as quais: confusão entre coordenadas de ponto e coordenadas de vetor, dificuldade na aplicação da regra do paralelogramo, dificuldade em identificar vetores iguais e conversão entre registros envolvendo o registro geométrico. Ao final das análises apontamos onde os alunos sentem mais dificuldades de acordo com as peculiaridades dos mesmos nas resoluções apresentadas e ainda, propomos a possibilidade de continuidade da pesquisa sobre o mesmo objeto.

Desenvolvimento psicomotor e as dificuldades de aprendizagem escolar em crianças de 5 a 8 anos: representações de professores

Pós-graduação em Psicologia - FCLAS

Sentimentos de quem fracassa na escola: análise das representações de alunos com dificuldades de aprendizagem

This research aimed to examine the perceptions of students with learning about themselves and to analyze what their representations are about the judgments that their teachers have of them. The subjects of this study were twenty elementary school students with low academic achievement, of both sexes, from a municipal public school in the State of São Paulo in Brazil. A semi-structured interview containing ten questions was performed. Data was transcribed and processed through content analysis and described in relation to its absolute (N) and relative (%) frequencies. The results indicated that the students believe that their teacher has a negative representation of them, as well as nourish low expectations about their performance and academic progress. The study points to the need to consider social relationships established at school and to promote reflection on the importance of these relationships in the teaching-learning process.

Elaboração de procedimento avaliativo-terapêutico computadorizado para escolares com dificuldades de aprendizagem

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Desempenho de escolares com dificuldades de aprendizagem em funçào motora fina e escrita

Aims: the aims of this study were to compare and to characterize the fine, sensory and perceptive function performance and handwritten quality between students with learning difficulties and students with good academic performance. GII, GIII and GIV: 96 students with learning difficulties, and groups GV, GVI, GVII, GVIII: 96 good academic performance. The students were submitted to evaluation of fine motor, sensorial and perception functions and handwriting evaluation under dictation. Results: the results show that the students with learning difficulties from 1st to 3rd grade had lower performance on tests of fine motor, sensory and perceptive function compared to the students with good academic performance in the same grade; the students from 4th grade, both groups, did not show changes on fine motor sensory and perceptive function; and only the students of GII showed disgraphya. Conclusions: the results presented in this study suggest that the qualitative aspects of fine motor, sensory and perceptive skills reflect the integrity and maturity of central nervous system and can probably play an important role in early diagnosis of development disorders and consequently prevent academic disorders such as handwriting performance.

Dificuldades de aprendizagem da escrita em escolares de 1a a 4a séries do ensino público

This study aims to characterize and to compare the students writing difficulties from 1st to 4th grades of public education. The study included 80 students divided into GI (20 students from 1st grade), GII (20 students from 2nd grade), GIII (20 students from 3rd grade) and GIV (20 students from 4th grade). The procedure applied was the Assessment of Learning Difficulties in Writing. The results revealed a median learning difficulty in students of GI (greater average of errors in writing). The increasing of schooling determine a decrease of the average of these errors from GI to GIV. The study revealed that the students are still in a process of construction and appropriate of the writing system, since the average of writing errors decreased as the school level increased.

Correlação entre habilidades cognitivo-linguísticas em escolares com dificuldades de aprendizagem

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Desempenho motor de escolares com dislexia, transtornos e dificuldades de aprendizagem

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Concepções de professores sobre a temática das chamadas dificuldades de aprendizagem

This study aimed to identify the conceptions of learning difficulties of teachers working in the beginning years of elementary education. In order to analyze such conceptions from the perspective of inclusive education, the study was carried out in two schools in a city of the State of Paraná. Sixteen teachers (mean age of 41 years) participated in the study. Of these, only one had no higher education. Interviews were carried out individually in the teachers` schools. The interviews were conducted with the support of a topic outline including: aspects of classroom management of the classes in which teachers worked; how to identify students with learning disabilities; causes of learning difficulties; how the school can help a student with learning difficulties. Each interview lasted 50 minutes on average. They were transcribed in full and submitted to thematic analysis. Four categories of analysis were determined: characterization of educational institutions' proposal; conceptions on the identification of students with learning difficulties; conceptions about causes of learning difficulties; possibilities for assisting students with learning difficulties. The results indicated that the main factors reported by the participants on the characterization of pupils with learning difficulties were of the cognitive order. The data also showed that the teachers based their opinions on family aspects in order to focus on causes of learning difficulties; they attributed the largest parcel of responsibility for solving such situations to students' families. One of the main conclusions of this study allowed us to consider that the schools that were investigated reported a practice that doesn't meet the inclusive education assumptions, denoted by the attempt to homogenize regular classes.

Caracterização do desempenho de escolares com e sem dificuldades de aprendizagem em tarefas de consciência fonológica

Learning to read and write at an early stage is the process of transferring the sound form of the spoken language for the graphical form of writing, a process, a time that in our system of alphabetical called writing, the letters are graphical representations in the level of phoneme. So that this representation occurs, it is necessary that the individual already can of some form perceive and manipulate the different sonorous segments of the word. This capacity of perception directed to the segments of the word calls Phonological Awareness. Thus, it was established had for objective to verify the pertaining to school performance of 1ª to 4ª series with and without of learning in Tests of Phonological Awareness. Fourth children with age average of 9 years and 3 months without learning disabilities had been submitted to the Protocol of Phonological Awareness (CIELO, 2002) using of this instrument had participated of this study 80 pertaining to school of both only the phonological tasks. The data received from quantiqualitative approach whose results were extracted inferences. The statistically significant results occurred in the tasks of Realism Face Detection, Syllables, Detecting Phonemes, Phonemic Synthesis and Reversal Phonemic. Based on the results we observed that children without learning difficulties performed better on all tasks mentioned above

Dificuldades de aprendizagem em cálculo e a relação com raciocínio lógico formal: uma análise no ensino superior

Pós-graduação em Educação - FFC

Elementos psicomotores e fatores sociais relacionados ao desenvolvimento motor e dificuldades de aprendizagem em crianças ingressantes no ensino fundamental

In humans, psychic and motor skills are interdependent, and therefore, cannot fail to take into account the influence of a good psychomotor development in the prevention of learning difficulties. Another factor that interferes with the learning process is the social. Family problems, socioeconomic status of the child, among others, may be associated with learning difficulties and, consequently, the student's performance. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate through the elements of psychomotor, if a delay in neuropsychomotor development may be related to the presence of learning problems in children entering elementary school. Also, determine whether there were differences regarding the presence or absence of these difficulties in students from middle and low social class and have family problems or not. For this, we analyzed two classes of 49 students from 1 year of elementary education at a public school in the city of Bauru/SP, aged between 6 and 7 years. These students were tested for the ENE proposed by Lefèvre (1976) to assess the maturity of the nervous system. A pre-designed questionnaire was answered by the teachers of classes to know students' academic performance, learning difficulties presented by them, social status and the presence of family problems. All students participating in the survey had the term sheet signed by the parents, allowing participation in the study. To reach the results, we applied the Anova and Tukey test for comparison analysis of mean age in the performance of ENE. To investigate the existence of a relationship between performance in the ENE and learning difficulties, we used the calculation of Pearson correlation. To analyze the difference in average scores of learning disabilities in students from different social classes and among those who had family problems or not, comparative graphs were used with the averages obtained from the questionnaire answered by the teachers for each learning...