Las enfermedades mentales según Tomás de Aquino : sobre las enfermedades (mentales) en sentido estricto

Continuando un artículo anterior en el que se definió el concepto de enfermedad, en orden al esclarecimiento del de enfermedad mental, en el presente estudio se desarrolla el tema de aquellas que pueden ser llamadas enfermedades en el estricto sentido del término. En un primer parágrafo, se mencionan los trastornos que son mencionados por Santo Tomás, y se los explica colocándolos en el contexto de la medicina medieval, con particular referencia al Canon de Medicina de Avicena. En un segundo parágrafo, se desarrolla el tema de las enfermedades psicosomáticas, es decir aquellas causadas por una “pasión animal". Se deja para un tercer artículo el esclarecimiento de la naturaleza de lo que el Aquinate llama “aegritudo animalis".

Psicomotricidad en el deficiente mental : balance psicomotor H. Bucher.

Estudiar el tipo de transtornos que en los niños deficientes ha contribuido a reducir sus capacidades básicas. 4 sujetos. Balance psicomotor H. Bucher. La motricidad está en el origen de todo conocimiento ya en la primera infancia, por ello es conveniente, en un primer momento, potenciar este aspecto con diversos ejercicios: ritmo, gimnasia, expresión corporal, muy útiles en los parvularios y en edades preescolares. El movimiento es la esencia de la función motora y resulta de la actividad muscular. En la base de la psicomotricidad lo motor y lo afectivo constituyen toda una relación y expresión psicofísica. Los disturbios afectivos psicomotores se refuerzan si en dicha relación se produce un desequilibrio. Por ello, es muy conveniente un ambiente favorable, buenas condiciones educativas y afectivas, circustancias fundamentales para un buen desarrollo progresivo en psicomotricidad. Hay que diferenciar entre motricidad: como acto de moverse y psicomotricidad: como movimiento intencionado. La tonicidad sigue una evolución: en un principio el niño muy pequeño tiene manifestaciones tónicas, sobre las que no ejerce ningún control y le envuelven por completo: al ir progresando en diversos planos consigue dominar dichas manifestaciones. El diálogo es fundamental en todo tipo de educación, y en la educación especial conviene llegar a este dialogo desde varias perspectivas: corporal, comunicativa y comprensiva. En cuanto a los métodos que se aplican, generalmente, al estudio del deficiente, es totalmente seguro que aquellos cuyo objetivo es la simple baremación del cociente intelectual no llegarán a prácticos, ni a completos resultados, en cambio se consideran más interesantes aquellos cuyo estadio comprende otras facetas como por ejemplo, la observación, que va más allá del estudio merámente intelectual. El terapéuta en psicomotricidad ha de penetrar en lo vivenciado por el sujeto, consiguiendo de este modo su autonomía y equilibrio. La originalidad de toda terapía psicomotricidad está en introducir el estudio de toda dimensión corporal.

El Aprendizaje del principio de la equidad y la inclusión en la educación artística en el marco de un taller de arte con orientación terapéutica para personas con trastorno mental severo

El arteterapia es un acompañamiento (Klein 2006, 2008; López Fdez. Cao, 2009), a través de sus producciones artísticas, de personas que sufren en mayor o menor medida ya sea psicológica, física o socialmente. El arteterapia busca permitir a esas personas el recrearse a sí mismas, construirse de nuevo por medio de un recorrido simbólico que va de creación en creación. Su objetivo es facilitar y hacer posible un cambio significativo y permanente en el sujeto ante un desequilibrio humano. Dice el catedrático en psiquiatría Dr. José Guimón (2004) “que la pintura encierra un gran valor homeostático. "Homeostasis" significa "equilibrio", y la pintura es, a mi juicio, un poderoso guardador de la homeostasis”

Neurolinguistic contributions to understanding the bilingual mental lexicon

Introduction Many bilinguals will have had the experience of unintentionally reading something in a language other than the intended one (e.g. MUG to mean mosquito in Dutch rather than a receptacle for a hot drink, as one of the possible intended English meanings), of finding themselves blocked on a word for which many alternatives suggest themselves (but, somewhat annoyingly, not in the right language), of their accent changing when stressed or tired and, occasionally, of starting to speak in a language that is not understood by those around them. These instances where lexical access appears compromised and control over language behavior is reduced hint at the intricate structure of the bilingual lexical architecture and the complexity of the processes by which knowledge is accessed and retrieved. While bilinguals might tend to blame word finding and other language problems on their bilinguality, these difficulties per se are not unique to the bilingual population. However, what is unique, and yet far more common than is appreciated by monolinguals, is the cognitive architecture that subserves bilingual language processing. With bilingualism (and multilingualism) the rule rather than the exception (Grosjean, 1982), this architecture may well be the default structure of the language processing system. As such, it is critical that we understand more fully not only how the processing of more than one language is subserved by the brain, but also how this understanding furthers our knowledge of the cognitive architecture that encapsulates the bilingual mental lexicon. The neurolinguistic approach to bilingualism focuses on determining the manner in which the two (or more) languages are stored in the brain and how they are differentially (or similarly) processed. The underlying assumption is that the acquisition of more than one language requires at the very least a change to or expansion of the existing lexicon, if not the formation of language-specific components, and this is likely to manifest in some way at the physiological level. There are many sources of information, ranging from data on bilingual aphasic patients (Paradis, 1977, 1985, 1997) to lateralization (Vaid, 1983; see Hull & Vaid, 2006, for a review), recordings of event-related potentials (ERPs) (e.g. Ardal et al., 1990; Phillips et al., 2006), and positron emission tomography (PET) and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies of neurologically intact bilinguals (see Indefrey, 2006; Vaid & Hull, 2002, for reviews). Following the consideration of methodological issues and interpretative limitations that characterize these approaches, the chapter focuses on how the application of these approaches has furthered our understanding of (1) selectivity of bilingual lexical access, (2) distinctions between word types in the bilingual lexicon and (3) control processes that enable language selection.

Is there something quantum-like about the human mental lexicon?

Following an early claim by Nelson & McEvoy suggesting that word associations can display `spooky action at a distance behaviour', a serious investigation of the potentially quantum nature of such associations is currently underway. In this paper quantum theory is proposed as a framework suitable for modelling the mental lexicon, specifically the results obtained from both intralist and extralist word association experiments. Some initial models exploring this hypothesis are discussed, and they appear to be capable of substantial agreement with pre-existing experimental data. The paper concludes with a discussion of some experiments that will be performed in order to test these models.

Interventions for co-occurring addictive and other mental disorders (AMDs)

While research on the management of co-occurring addictive and mental disorders (AMDs) has grown substantially in recent years, we still have little guidance on specific strategies. Consideration of epidemiological research and ethical principles can supplement existing clinical trials in providing a way forward. High frequencies of co-occurring disorders, equity of access for affected individuals and potential clashes between services in priorities and procedures, suggest that a stepped model of care by a single service may often be required. Typically, problems are multiple rather than dual, with potential for mutual influence, suggesting a need for interventions that are sensitive to and encompass complex co-occurring problems. Motivational problems are endemic, initial gains are often partial and unstable, and relapses potentially have serious consequences, suggesting a need for long-term, assertive follow-up. Principles such as these provide a solid framework for designing both services and interventions. However, there is a continuing need for controlled trials that unpack effective components of interventions, and increase their impact.

Mental health issues and resources in rural and regional communities : an exploration of perceptions of service providers

Objective: To identify service providers’ and community organisations’ perceptions of the resources available to support people with mental illness and the unmet needs of this client group in rural Queensland. Design: An exploratory study was undertaken involving focus group interviews across the study sites. Setting: Five regional towns in rural Queensland. Participants: Ten to 14 members were recruited for each of the five focus groups. The groups represented a diverse mix of participants including health and community service providers and representatives from community organisations. Results: Participants identified gaps in services in relation to health, employment and education, housing and accommodation, transport and social inclusion and health promotion. Inter-service communication and inappropriate funding models were themes affecting service delivery. Conclusions: Specific service issues of housing and transport were identified to be particularly problematic for people with mental illness across all towns. Intersectoral communication and funding models require further research.

Current evidence on integrated treatment for serious mental disorder and substance misuse

Substance misuse in people with serious mental disorders is common and has a wideranging negative impact. The multiplicity of problems suggests that this comorbidity is better conceptualized as a type of complex disorder than by ‘dual diagnosis’. Problems with sequential and parallel treatments have led to the development of integrated approaches, with one practitioner or team addressing both the substance use and mental disorder. These treatments are typically characterized by motivation enhancement, minimizing treatment-related stress, emphasizing harm reduction as well as abstinence, and assertive outreach. A review of published randomized trials demonstrates that superior effects to controls are rarely consistent across treatment foci and over time. While motivational interventions assist engagement, more intervention is usually required for integrated treatment programs to improve long-term outcomes more than control conditions. More intensive case management does not consistently improve impact, but extended cognitive-behavioral therapies have promise. Suggestions for maximizing treatment effects and improving research evidence are provided.

Should mental health issues be addressed in primary care, and can it be done? Views of rural general practitioners in Queensland

Objective: The aim of this paper was to examine self-efficacy and perceived appropriateness among rural general practitioners (GPs) in regards to screening and intervention for physical, lifestyle and mental health issues. ----- Method: Fifty GPs from 25 practices in eight rural Queensland towns completed a written survey designed for the study. ----- Results: General practitioners rated opportunistic screening or assessment for smoking and for detection of relapse of mental disorders as the most appropriate, with even cardiovascular and diabetes risk falling behind these. Self-efficacy was highest for medical disorders for smoking assessment. It was significantly lower for alcohol, mental health issues, and addressing risks of physical disorder in people with mental disorders. ----- Conclusions: High appropriateness ratings suggest that current strategies to boost self-efficacy of GPs in addressing mental health issues are timely.

Challenges faced by general practitioners and allied mental health services in providing mental health services in rural Queensland

Objective: To examine the views of rural practitioners concerning issues and challenges in mental health service delivery and possible solutions. Design: A qualitative study using individual semi-structured interviews. Setting: Eight general practices from eight rural Queensland towns, three rural mental health services and two non-government organisations, with interviews being conducted before recent changes in government-subsidised access to allied health practitioners. Participants: A sample of 37 GPs, 19 Queensland Health mental health staff and 18 participants from community organisations. Main outcome measures: Analysis of qualitative themes from questions about the key mental health issues facing the town, bow they might be addressed and what challenges would be faced in addressing them. Results: There was substantial consensus that there are significant problems with inter-service communication and liaison, and that improved collaboration and shared care will form a critical part of any effective solution. Differences between groups reflected differing organisational contexts and priorities, and limitations to the understanding each had of the challenges that other groups were facing. C onclusions: Improvements to mental health staffing and to access to allied health might increase the ability of GPs to meet the needs of less complex patients, but specific strategies to promote better integrated services are required to address the needs of rural and regional patients with complex mental health problems. The current study provides a baseline against which effects of recent initiatives to improve mental health care can be assessed.

Challenges in implementing evidence-based practice into mental health services

This paper highlights challenges in implementing mental health policy at a service delivery level. It describes an attempt to foster greater application of recovery-orientated principles and practices within mental health services. Notwithstanding a highly supportive policy environment, strong support from service administrators, and an enthusiastic staff response to training, application of the training and support tools was weaker than anticipated. This paper evaluates the dissemination trial against key elements to promote sustained adoption of innovations. Organisational and procedural changes are required before mental health policies are systematically implemented in practice.