Soluções de melhoria de desempenho térmico na reabilitação de edifícios

O presente relatório pretende descrever a atividade desenvolvida durante o estágio efetuado na empresa Porto Vivo, SRU - Sociedade de Reabilitação Urbana da Baixa Portuense, SA, à qual se encontra inserida num tema importantíssimo nos dias de hoje: a Reabilitação Urbana. Irá ainda ser dada uma ênfase especial a um caso de estudo relativo ao comportamento térmico de um edifício em reabilitação no Centro Histórico do Porto promovido pela mesma empresa. Este estágio que decorreu desde o dia 3 de Dezembro até 3 de Junho, teve em vista a conclusão do Mestrado em Engenharia Civil, na área das Construções, no Instituto Superior de Engenharia do Porto e foi realizado no âmbito da disciplina de DIPRE. Neste documento, procurar-se-á descrever, com detalhe e objetividade, toda a informação necessária para dar a conhecer o trabalho desenvolvido ao longo do estágio. Procurar-se-á igualmente abordar o tema da Reabilitação Urbana, o funcionamento da própria empresa, Porto Vivo, SRU e ainda expor as principais implicações ao nível das soluções construtivas exigidas pelo estudo do comportamento térmico de edifícios a reabilitar.

Análise do desempenho térmico de construções: projeto e soluções alternativas

O presente Relatório de Estágio representa o último passo para a obtenção do Grau de Mestre em Engenharia Civil – Ramo de Construções, lecionado no Instituto Superior de Engenharia do Porto (ISEP). Este relatório refere-se ao trabalho desenvolvido em estágio na entidade acolhedora Concexec – Arquitetura, Lda., através da elaboração e desenvolvimento dos projetos de térmica de edifícios referentes a duas moradias unifamiliares. Os referidos projetos foram elaborados em colaboração com a entidade patronal do estágio, precedidos de visitas aos locais das respetivas obras e análise dos respetivos projetos de especialidades considerados relevantes. Numa primeira parte do relatório está descrita a realidade da situação energética atual em Portugal, sucedida da referência e descrição de soluções construtivas disponíveis no mercado nacional que visam a melhoria da eficiência energética em edifícios de habitação. Numa segunda parte do relatório encontram-se descritos, de uma forma detalhada, os projetos de térmica de edifícios referidos e respetivas soluções alternativas, sucedidos de uma análise energética e económica que permita deduzir qual a melhor solução a ser aplicada mediante o caso. Os resultados obtidos cumpriram com todos os requisitos regulamentares estabelecidos, permitindo obter conclusões adequadas ao âmbito do presente Relatório de Estágio, cumprindo, desta forma, os objetivos que lhe foram estabelecidos. No final estão descritas as conclusões que foram obtidas durante todo o processo de pesquisa e desenvolvimento do estágio realizado.

Proposta de método para avaliação do desempenho térmico de residências unifamiliares em clima quente e úmido

Nowadays, evaluation methods to measure thermal performance of buildings have been developed in order to improve thermal comfort in buildings and reduce the use of energy with active cooling and heating systems. However, in developed countries, the criteria used in rating systems to asses the thermal and energy performance of buildings have demonstrated some limitations when applied to naturally ventilated building in tropical climates. The present research has as its main objective to propose a method to evaluate the thermal performance of low-rise residential buildings in warm humid climates, through computational simulation. The method was developed in order to conceive a suitable rating system for the athermal performance assessment of such buildings using as criteria the indoor air temperature and a thermal comfort adaptive model. The research made use of the software VisualDOE 4.1 in two simulations runs of a base case modeled for two basic types of occupancies: living room and bedroom. In the first simulation run, sensitive analyses were made to identify the variables with the higher impact over the cases´ thermal performance. Besides that, the results also allowed the formulation of design recommendations to warm humid climates toward an improvement on the thermal performance of residential building in similar situations. The results of the second simulation run was used to identify the named Thermal Performance Spectrum (TPS) of both occupancies types, which reflect the variations on the thermal performance considering the local climate, building typology, chosen construction material and studied occupancies. This analysis generates an index named IDTR Thermal Performance Resultant Index, which was configured as a thermal performance rating system. It correlates the thermal performance with the number of hours that the indoor air temperature was on each of the six thermal comfort bands pre-defined that received weights to measure the discomfort intensity. The use of this rating system showed to be appropriated when used in one of the simulated cases, presenting advantages in relation to other evaluation methods and becoming a tool for the understanding of building thermal behavior

Utilização de um aplicativo de simulação computacional na avaliação de desempenho térmico de protótipo de habitação de interesse social (his)

This Masters Degree dissertation seeks to make a comparative study of internal air temperature data, simulated through the thermal computer application DesignBuilder 1.2, and data registered in loco through HOBO® Temp Data Logger, in a Social Housing Prototype (HIS), located at the Central Campus of the Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte UFRN. The prototype was designed and built seeking strategies of thermal comfort recommended for the local climate where the study was carried out, and built with panels of cellular concrete by Construtora DoisA, a collaborator of research project REPESC Rede de Pesquisa em Eficiência Energética de Sistemas Construtivos (Research Network on Energy Efficiency of Construction Systems), an integral part of Habitare program. The methodology employed carefully examined the problem, reviewed the bibliography, analyzing the major aspects related to computer simulations for thermal performance of buildings, such as climate characterization of the region under study and users thermal comfort demands. The DesignBuilder 1.2 computer application was used as a simulation tool, and theoretical alterations were carried out in the prototype, then they were compared with the parameters of thermal comfort adopted, based on the area s current technical literature. Analyses of the comparative studies were performed through graphical outputs for a better understanding of air temperature amplitudes and thermal comfort conditions. The data used for the characterization of external air temperature were obtained from the Test Reference Year (TRY), defined for the study area (Natal-RN). Thus the author also performed comparative studies for TRY data registered in the years 2006, 2007 and 2008, at weather station Davis Precision Station, located at the Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais INPE-CRN (National Institute of Space Research), in a neighboring area of UFRN s Central Campus. The conclusions observed from the comparative studies performed among computer simulations, and the local records obtained from the studied prototype, point out that the simulations performed in naturally ventilated buildings is quite a complex task, due to the applications limitations, mainly owed to the complexity of air flow phenomena, the influence of comfort conditions in the surrounding areas and climate records. Lastly, regarding the use of the application DesignBuilder 1.2 in the present study, one may conclude that it is a good tool for computer simulations. However, it needs some adjustments to improve reliability in its use. There is a need for continued research, considering the dedication of users to the prototype, as well as the thermal charges of the equipment, in order to check sensitivity

Desempenho térmico de coberturas: Um estudo comparativo entre as telhas de material reciclado, de fibra e betume, fibrocimento e cerâmica

This study aims to compare the thermal performance of tiles made from recycled material (waste packaging cardboard with aluminized film) with the tiles of fiber and bitumen, fiber cement and red ceramic with the aim of verifying the suitability of tile to be used in hot and humid climate of low latitude. The samples were selected according to the availability from Natal - RN market, as they are sold to the consumers. The methodology was based on studies that used experimental apparatus composed of thermal chambers heated by banks of incandescent bulbs, to analyze the thermal performance of materials. The tiles in the study were submitted to analysis of thermal performance, thermophysical properties and absorptance, using chambers of thermal performance, measuring the thermophysical properties and portable spectrometer, respectively. Comparative analysis of thermal performance between two samples of the recycled material with dimple sizes and different amounts of aluminum were made, in order to verify, if these characteristics had some interference on the thermal performance of them; the results showed no significant performance differences between the samples. The data obtained in chambers of thermal performance and confirmed by statistical analysis, showed, that the tile of recycled material have similar thermal performance to the tile of fiber cement. In addition to these tests was carried out the automatic monitoring of a building covered with tiles of recycled material, to verify its thermal performance in a real situation. The results showed that recycled shingles must be used with technical criteria similar to those used for fiber cement tiles, with regard to the heat gain into the building. Within these criteria should be taken into account local characteristics, especially in regions with hot and humid climate, and its use must be associated, according to the literature, to elements of thermal insulation and use of passive techniques such as vented attics, ceilings and right foot higher

Desempenho térmico de aviário de postura acondicionado naturalmente

The work aimed at presenting analyses and comparisons of the thermal performance of a laying hens housing in the region of Bastos, in the state of São Paulo, adapted from natural alternatives of acclimatization, having a not adapted housing as reference, that is, of a more common typology in the area, and another one, artificially acclimatized. The index evaluated was the temperature and humidity (THI), the black globe temperature and humidity index (GTHI) and the thermal radiation charge (TRC). It was calculated from the measurement of the temperature of dry bulb, temperature of wet bulb, temperature of black globe and air speed. The measurements were made both in the intern and the extern environment, at four times (5 a.m, 11 a.m., 3 p.m. and 4 p.m. o'clock) and in two seasons (late spring and early summer), for ten days in a row. The results allow to conclude that the house naturally acclimatized (NA) has presented intermediate performance as compared with the others, making it to possible to control environment at adequate levels only during spring.

Análise do desempenho térmico de sistema constutivo de concreto com EPS como agregado graúdo

In the last decades there was a concentrate effort of researchers in the search for options to the problem of the continuity of city development and environmental preservation. The recycling and reuse of materials in industry have been considerate as the best option to sustainable development. One of the relevant aspects in this case refers to the rational use of electrical energy. At this point, the role of engineering is to conceive new processes and materials, with the objective of reducing energy consumption and maintaining, at the same time the benefits of the technology. In this context, the objective of the present research is to analyze quantitatively the thermal behavior of walls constructed with concrete blocks which composition aggregates the expanded polystyrene (EPS) reused in the shape of flakes and in the shape of a board, resulting in a “light concrete”. Experiments were conducted, systematically, with a wall (considerate as a standard) constructed with blocks of ordinary concrete; two walls constructed with blocks of light concrete, distinct by the proportion of EPS/sand; a wall of ceramic bricks (“eight holes” type) and a wall with ordinary blocks of cement, in a way to obtain a comparative analysis of the thermal behavior of the systems. Others tests conducted with the blocks were: stress analysis and thermal properties analysis (ρ, cp e k). Based on the results, it was possible to establish quantitative relationship between the concentration (density) of EPS in the constructive elements and the decreasing of the heat transfer rate, that also changes the others thermal properties of the material, as was proved. It was observed that the walls of light concrete presents better thermal behavior compared with the other two constructive systems world wide used. Based in the results of the investigation, there was shown the viability of the use of EPS as aggregate (raw material) in the composition of the concrete, with the objective of the fabrication of blocks to non-structural masonry that works as a thermal insulation in buildings. A direct consequence of this result is the possibility of reduction of the consume of the electrical energy used to climatization of buildings. Other aspect of the investigation that must be pointed was the reuse of the EPS as a raw material to civil construction, with a clear benefit to reducing of environmental problems

Análise do desempenho térmico de um sistema de aquecimento solar utilizando coletor com superfície absorvedora em chapas de PVC

It s presented a solar collector to be used in a system for heating bath water, whose main characteristic is its low cost. The collector consists of five plates of PVC with 10 mm thick, 200 mm in width and 1400mm in length, with an area equal to 1.4 square meters. The plates were connected in parallel to the ends of PVC tubes of  40 mm and 32 mm. The plates were coated on one side with aluminum sheets of soft drinks and beers cans open. The system worked on a thermosiphon and was tested in two configurations: the plates uncoated and coated with aluminum material, to determine the influence of material on the efficiency of the collector. For both configurations was used EPS plates below the surface to minimize heat losses from the botton. The thermal reservoir of the heating system is, also, alternative and low cost, since it was constructed from a polyethylene tank for storing water, with volume of 150 end 200 liters. It will be presented the thermal efficiency, heat loss, water temperature of the thermal reservoir at the end of the process and simulation of baths for a house with four residents. The will be demonstrated thermal, economic and material viability of the proposed collector, whose main innovation is the use of recyclables materials, cans of beer and soft drinks, to increase the temperature of the absorber plate.

Análise do desempenho térmico de um sistema de aquecimento solar de baixo custo

It presents a solar collector to be used in a system for heating water for bathing, whose main characteristics are low cost and easy manufacturing and assembly. The system operates under natural convection or thermosiphon. The absorbing surface of the collector is formed by twelve PVC pipes of 25 mm outside diameter connected in parallel via connections in T of the same material. The tubes were covered with absorbing fins made with recycled aluminum cans. We studied eight settings between absorber plate, thermal insulating EPS boards and thermal reservoirs 150 and 200 liters. It was determined the most efficient configuration for the correct purpose. We evaluated thermal parameters that proved the viability of the heating system studied

Avaliação através do desempenho térmico de edificação verticalizada em Belém-PA

A presente dissertação de mestrado estuda o desempenho térmico de materiais de fachada em uma edificação verticalizada na cidade de Belém – PA, Brasil. Este trabalho tem por objetivo contribuir com estudo do desempenho térmico e eficiência de materiais utilizados na envoltória das edificações residenciais verticalizadas, entre os elementos opacos, foram selecionados dois tipos de materiais, bastante utilizados atualmente na construção civil, a pintura e revestimento cerâmico. Também estuda-se a influência da altura da edificação sobre seu desempenho térmico e eficiência energética. O estudo foi desenvolvido com o uso de modelagem em código computacional no programa EnergyPlus que permite avaliar o desempenho térmico da edificação, a influência da altura na eficiência energética da mesma. Compara-se o desempenho térmico dos dois materiais selecionados, verificou-se que o prédio com revestimento cerâmico apresentou a temperatura interna média anual de 0,42 º C acima da temperatura referente ao prédio pintado, portanto com menor desempenho térmico. A influência da altura do pavimento não produziu uma variação significativa na temperatura interna, pois com seu acréscimo, ocorreu pequena diminuição da temperatura interna, com gradiente térmico da ordem de -0,07ºC /m em decorrência da velocidade do vento que é maior quando mais alto é o pavimento. Considera-se também para este estudo a ventilação natural como estratégia passiva para a edificação em estudo, que segundo a análise da Carta Bioclimática de Givoni contribuiria positivamente para a condição de temperatura interna e umidade do ar, e consequentemente do usuário.

Análise do desempenho térmico de habitações populares da microrregião de Guaratinguetá - SP

Pós-graduação em Engenharia Mecânica - FEG

Contêineres metálicos para canteiros de obras: análise experimental de desempenho térmico e melhorias na transferência de calor pela envoltória.

Os contêineres metálicos foram desenvolvidos para a utilização no setor de logística e transporte, mas por sua escala adaptável à das edificações e pela mobilidade e praticidade de instalação, tiveram sua utilização apropriada também pelo setor da construção civil. Essas instalações possuem diversas qualidades ambientalmente amigáveis, mas seu aspecto térmico é extremamente insuficiente: sem isolamento térmico, demandam alta carga térmica de refrigeração e aquecimento, no verão e inverno, respectivamente e, consequentemente, um alto consumo energético. Tal característica foi crucial para que se determinassem como objetivos da presente pesquisa investigar o comportamento térmico dessas construções metálicas, avaliar seus parâmetros de desempenho, conforto e estresse térmicos, por meio de uma ampla coleta de dados experimentais. O experimento com duração de um ano - contou com três tipologias de contêiner em escala real, sendo o primeiro em aço Tipo X sem isolamento térmico, o segundo com um isolamento térmico para o fenômeno da condução e o terceiro com isolamento térmico para o fenômeno da radiação. Os diferentes tipos de tratamentos térmicos proporcionaram melhorias à envoltória dos contêineres, chegando a uma diferença nas temperaturas internas de até 9 °C. Constatou-se a extrema necessidade de adequação do tipo de isolamento térmico dos contêineres ao uso a que tais instalações se destinam escritório ou alojamento, no caso dos canteiros de obras para que as características da envoltória minimizem de fato a demanda ou mesmo atinjam a eliminação da necessidade de condicionamento artificial.

Recanto do vale do pium: condomínio de habitações com ênfase no baixo impacto ambiental e no desempenho térmico do ambiente construído

This work describes the design process of a small recreational gated community in Pium, Nísia Floresta/RN, from concept to final design stages, with emphasis on low environmental impact, thermal comfort and the spatial quality of housing. The process consisted in a review of the literature and relevant standards, studies of design references and architectural programming. The project development was initially focused on the project’s feasibility, with the definition of the number of units, implantation, size and location of the dwellings and the common areas of the development. Two types of houses (four low rise and five duplex units) have been proposed in order to attend the premises of architectural programming. The conception of the architectural design began with the rooms’ zoning according to the lots. This resulted in the pre-selection of three alternatives that were evaluated in terms of spatial quality and environmental performance. The development of sketches focused on the envelope consistent with the bioclimatic guidelines and on the language of the compatible proposal with the lowest possible environmental impact of the building system, which resulted in the selection of the eucalyptus wood type. During the working drawings, the Quality Technical Regulation for the Level of Energy Efficiency Residential Buildings (RTQ -R) was adopted for the evaluation of the envelope, which resulted in "B" level of efficiency for the first case. After minor adjustments, mainly in frames, the efficiency level rose to "A", demonstrating that early project decisions contributed to the envelope energy performance. Besides the design of the two types of units, the final proposal of the gated community includes the design of the equipment for the common areas (entrance, multipurpose room and support and service sector), and the descriptive texts explaining the project and construction’s details.

Proposta de método para avaliação do desempenho térmico de residências unifamiliares em clima quente e úmido

Nowadays, evaluation methods to measure thermal performance of buildings have been developed in order to improve thermal comfort in buildings and reduce the use of energy with active cooling and heating systems. However, in developed countries, the criteria used in rating systems to asses the thermal and energy performance of buildings have demonstrated some limitations when applied to naturally ventilated building in tropical climates. The present research has as its main objective to propose a method to evaluate the thermal performance of low-rise residential buildings in warm humid climates, through computational simulation. The method was developed in order to conceive a suitable rating system for the athermal performance assessment of such buildings using as criteria the indoor air temperature and a thermal comfort adaptive model. The research made use of the software VisualDOE 4.1 in two simulations runs of a base case modeled for two basic types of occupancies: living room and bedroom. In the first simulation run, sensitive analyses were made to identify the variables with the higher impact over the cases´ thermal performance. Besides that, the results also allowed the formulation of design recommendations to warm humid climates toward an improvement on the thermal performance of residential building in similar situations. The results of the second simulation run was used to identify the named Thermal Performance Spectrum (TPS) of both occupancies types, which reflect the variations on the thermal performance considering the local climate, building typology, chosen construction material and studied occupancies. This analysis generates an index named IDTR Thermal Performance Resultant Index, which was configured as a thermal performance rating system. It correlates the thermal performance with the number of hours that the indoor air temperature was on each of the six thermal comfort bands pre-defined that received weights to measure the discomfort intensity. The use of this rating system showed to be appropriated when used in one of the simulated cases, presenting advantages in relation to other evaluation methods and becoming a tool for the understanding of building thermal behavior