733 resultados para Dengue


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Climate change is a naturally occurring phenomenon in which the earth‘s climate goes through cycles of warming and cooling; these changes usually take place incrementally over millennia. Over the past century, there has been an anomalous increase in global temperature, giving rise to accelerated climate change. It is widely accepted that greenhouse gas emissions from human activities such as industries have contributed significantly to the increase in global temperatures. The existence and survival of all living organisms is predicated on the ability of the environment in which they live not only to provide conditions for their basic needs but also conditions suitable for growth and reproduction. Unabated climate change threatens the existence of biophysical and ecological systems on a planetary scale. The present study aims to examine the economic impact of climate change on health in Jamaica over the period 2011-2050. To this end, three disease conditions with known climate sensitivity and importance to Jamaican public health were modelled. These were: dengue fever, leptospirosis and gastroenteritis in children under age 5. Historical prevalence data on these diseases were obtained from the Ministry of Health Jamaica, the Caribbean Epidemiology Centre, the Climate Studies Group Mona, University of the West Indies Mona campus, and the Meteorological Service of Jamaica. Data obtained spanned a twelve-year period of 1995-2007. Monthly data were obtained for dengue and gastroenteritis, while for leptospirosis, the annual number of cases for 1995-2005 was utilized. The two SRES emission scenarios chosen were A2 and B2 using the European Centre Hamburg Model (ECHAM) global climate model to predict climate variables for these scenarios. A business as usual (BAU) scenario was developed using historical disease data for the period 2000-2009 (dengue fever and gastroenteritis) and 1995-2005 (leptospirosis) as the reference decades for the respective diseases. The BAU scenario examined the occurrence of the diseases in the absence of climate change. It assumed that the disease trend would remain unchanged over the projected period and the number of cases of disease for each decade would be the same as the reference decade. The model used in the present study utilized predictive empirical statistical modelling to extrapolate the climate/disease relationship in time, to estimate the number of climate change-related cases under future climate change scenarios. The study used a Poisson regression model that considered seasonality and lag effects to determine the best-fit model in relation to the diseases under consideration. Zhang and others (2008), in their review of climate change and the transmission of vector-borne diseases, found that: ―Besides climatic variables, few of them have included other factors that can affect the transmission of vector-borne disease….‖ (Zhang 2008) Water, sanitation and health expenditure are key determinants of health. In the draft of the second communication to IPCC, Jamaica noted the vulnerability of public health to climate change, including sanitation and access to water (MSJ/UNDP, 2009). Sanitation, which in its broadest context includes the removal of waste (excreta, solid, or other hazardous waste), is a predictor of vector-borne diseases (e.g. dengue fever), diarrhoeal diseases (such as gastroenteritis) and zoonoses (such as leptospirosis). In conceptualizing the model, an attempt was made to include non-climate predictors of these climate-sensitive diseases. The importance of sanitation and water access to the control of dengue, gastroenteritis and leptospirosis were included in the Poisson regression model. The Poisson regression model obtained was then used to predict the number of disease cases into the future (2011-2050) for each emission scenario. After projecting the number of cases, the cost associated with each scenario was calculated using four cost components. 1. Treatment cost morbidity estimate. The treatment cost for the number of cases was calculated using reference values found in the literature for each condition. The figures were derived from studies of the cost of treatment and represent ambulatory and non-fatal hospitalized care for dengue fever and gastroenteritis. Due to the paucity of published literature on the health care cost associated with leptospirosis, only the cost of diagnosis and antibiotic therapy were included in the calculation. 2. Mortality estimates. Mortality estimates are recorded as case fatality rates. Where local data were available, these were utilized. Where these were unavailable, appropriate reference values from the literature were used. 3. Productivity loss. Productivity loss was calculated using a human capital approach, by multiplying the expected number of productive days lost by the caregiver and/or the infected person, by GDP per capita per day (US$ 14) at 2008 GDP using 2008 US$ exchange rates. 4. No-option cost. The no-option cost refers to adaptation strategies for the control of dengue fever which are ongoing and already a part of the core functions of the Vector Control Division of the Ministry of Health, Jamaica. An estimated US$ 2.1 million is utilized each year in conducting activities to prevent the post-hurricane spread of vector borne diseases and diarrhoea. The cost includes public education, fogging, laboratory support, larvicidal activities and surveillance. This no-option cost was converted to per capita estimates, using population estimates for Jamaica up to 2050 obtained from the Statistical Institute of Jamaica (STATIN, 2006) and the assumption of one expected major hurricane per decade. During the decade 2000-2009, Jamaica had an average inflation of 10.4% (CIA Fact book, last updated May 2011). This average decadal inflation rate was applied to the no-option cost, which was inflated by 10% for each successive decade to adjust for changes in inflation over time.

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Pós-graduação em Saúde Coletiva - FMB

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Mientras que los países desarrollados presentan un 2% de su población infectada con parásitos o enfermedades infecciosas, los países en desarrollo alcanzan el 40%. Esto está asociado a las diferencias socioeconómicas reflejadas en la nutrición, sanidad, calidad de viviendas, condiciones de trabajo y servicios de salud. Por este motivo, el efecto del cambio climático sobre la salud en estos países debe centrarse en estas convalecencias. Argentina se encuentra en el límite sur de la distribución del dengue y la malaria en América del Sur, y es por ello que el estudio del riesgo de estas enfermedades frente a cambios climáticos es de suma importancia.

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En este estudio se modela la relación entre los factores climáticos y el nivel de vulnerabilidad de 4 enfermedades: diarreicas, infecciones respiratorias, malaria y dengue, y se usa un modelo para simular los efectos del cambio climático previsto por el modelo PRECIS hasta el año 2100. La modelación se realizó a nivel municipal para poder tomar en cuenta la gran heterogeneidad de Bolivia.

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

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Pós-graduação em Biologia Geral e Aplicada - IBB

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

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Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

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Os arbovírus constituem um importante problema de saúde pública no Brasil, especialmente na Amazônia por sua capacidade de causar epidemias com indices consideráveis de morbi-mortalidade tanto em humanos quanto em animais. Quatro, Vírus, dengue (VDEN), Vírus da febre amarela (VFA), Vírus Mayaro (VMAY) e Vírus Oropouche (VORO) tem especial relevância para a região, principalmente naqueles ambientes onde os impactos ambientais são iminentes. Estudos de prevalência de anticorpos para arboviroses nessa região são limitados. Este estudo teve como objetivo estimar a prevalência de anticorpos para as principais arboviroses de interesse em saúde pública nas comunidades que vivem sob a influência da Usina Hidrelétrica de Tucuruí no estado do Pará. O estudo foi observacional do tipo transversal analítico, realizado em indivíduos de ambos os sexos, maiores de 18 anos, residentes à margem esquerda e direita do lago UHE de Tucuruí e proveniente das RDS de Alcobaça e Pucuruí-Ararão. A coleta das amostras de sangue e o preenchimento do questionário foram realizados em dois momentos distintos, cheia e vazante do lago. Todas as amostras foram analisadas pelo Instituto Evandro Chagas onde foram submetidas ao teste de Inibição da Hemaglutinação para a pesquisa de anticorpos contra 19 tipos de Arbovírus e teste de MAC-ELISA para detecção de anticorpos IgM. A análise dos dados foi descritiva e analítica, sendo empregado o cálculo de razão de chances com intervalo de confiança de 95% para verificar a associação entre as variáveis do estudo e o teste qui-quadrado e/ou exato de Fisher a fim de verificar a significância das associações estatísticas entre as variáveis do estudo com um nível alfa de 0,05. Ao todo, foram estudados 635 indivíduos e a pesquisa de anticorpos para arbovírus teve associação estatisticamente significante com as características sociodemográficas dos indivíduos, como sexo, profissão e tempo de residência na área do estudo. Não foi observada associação estatisticamente significante entre a presença de anticorpos arbovirais e as demais características estudadas.

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

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Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)