Global analysis of aerodynamics deflectors efficiency in the grinding process

The conventional, grinding methods in some cases are not very efficient because the arising of thermal damages in the pieces is very common. Optimization methods of cutting fluid application in the grinding zone are essential to prevent thermal problems from interaction of the wheel grains with the workpiece. surface. The optimization can happen through the correct selection of the cut parameters and development of devices that eliminate air layer effects generated around the grinding wheel. This article will collaborate with the development of an experimentation methodology which allows evaluating, comparatively, the performance of the deflectors in the cutting region to minimize the air layer effect of the high speed of the grinding wheel. The air layers make the cutting fluid jet to dissipate in the machine. An optimized nozzle was used in order to compare the results with the conventional method (without baffles or deflectors) of cutting fluid application. The results showed the high eficciency of the deflectors or baffles in the finish results. Copyright © 2006 by ABCM.

Stiffer Optical Tweezers through Real-Time Feedback Control

This thesis integrates real-time feedback control into an optical tweezers instrument. The goal is to reduce the variance in the trapped bead s position, -effectively increasing the trap stiffness of the optical tweezers. Trap steering is done with acousto-optic deflectors and control algorithms are implemented with a field-programmable gate array card. When position clamp feedback control is on, the effective trap stiffness increases 12.1-times compared to the stiffness without control. This allows improved spatial control over trapped particles without increasing the trapping laser power.

Experimental investigation of optical beam deflection based on PLZT electro-optic ceramic

Based on the optical characteristics of PLZT electro-optic ceramic, two kinds of electro-optic deflectors, triangular electrode structure and optical phased array technology, are studied in detail by using transverse electro-optic effect. Theoretically, the electro-optic deflection characteristics and mechanisms of the deflectors are analyzed. Experimentally, the optical characteristics of ceramic wafer, such as the phase modulation, the hysteresis and the electro-induced loss characteristics, are measured firstly, and then the beam deflection experiments are designed to verify the theoretical results. Moreover, the effect of temperature on the performance of triangular electrode deflector is investigated. The characteristics of both deflectors are also compared and illuminated. (c) 2007 Optical Society of America.

HIRFL-CSR高压静电偏转板放电机理的研究

高压静电偏转板是HIRFL-CSR各级加速器注入引出系统的关键器件，对HIRFL-CSR的运行效率起着重要的作用。本文首先对HIRFL-CSR的几块静电偏转板做了一个简单的介绍，然后通过阅读有关资料，在得到一系列可靠数据的基础上，对静电偏转板的放电机理和优化措施进行了归纳和探讨。 本文重点对SFC引出偏转板的高压放电机理和优化进行了深入的研究。利用CST软件进行的电磁场计算表明：在电场和磁场的共同作用下，盖板损伤的发生部位与实际运行中的打火痕迹完全符合。依据相关理论和计算分析，得到了SFC引出偏转板的放电机理。该放电机理可以很合理的解释各实验现象，并将为SFC引出偏转板的改进提供明确的理论依据。 借鉴前人的经验，本文对SFC引出偏转板的改进进行了研究，这包括电场的优化、偏转板各部分的材料选择和表面处理以及盖板结构的改进。依据相关研究和计算分析，这些改进方案的实施可有效地提高SFC引出偏转板的耐压性能

Multilayered micro/nanocrystalline CVD diamond coatings for biotribology

In the present work multilayered micro/nanocrystalline (MCD/NCD) diamond coatings were developed by Hot Filament Chemical Vapour Deposition (HFCVD). The aim was to minimize the surface roughness with a top NCD layer, to maximize adhesion onto the Si3N4 ceramic substrates with a starting MCD coating and to improve the mechanical resistance by the presence of MCD/NCD interfaces in these composite coatings. This set of features assures high wear resistance and low friction coefficients which, combined to diamond biocompatibility, set this material as ideal for biotribological applications. The deposition parameters of MCD were optimized using the Taguchi method, and two varieties of NCD were used: NCD-1, grown in a methane rich gas phase, and NCD-2 where a third gas, Argon, was added to the gas mixture. The best combination of surface pre-treatments in the Si3N4 substrates is obtained by polishing the substrates with a 15 μm diamond slurry, further dry etching with CF4 plasma for 10 minutes and final ultrasonic seeding in a diamond powder suspension in ethanol for 1 hour. The interfaces of the multilayered CVD diamond films were characterized with high detail using HRTEM, STEM-EDX and EELS. The results show that at the transition from MCD to NCD a thin precursor graphitic film is formed. On the contrary, the transition of the NCD to MCD grade is free of carbon structures other than diamond, as a result of the richer atomic hydrogen content and of the higher substrate temperature for MCD deposition. At those transitions, WC nanoparticles were found due to contamination from the filament, being also present at the first interface of the MCD layer with the silicon nitride substrate. In order to study the adhesion and mechanical resistance of the diamond coatings, indentation and particle jet blasting tests were conducted, as well as tribological experiments with homologous pairs. Indentation tests proved the superior behaviour of the multilayered coatings that attained a load of 800 N without delamination, when compared to the mono and bilayered ones. The multilayered diamond coatings also reveal the best solid particle erosion resistance, due to the MCD/NCD interfaces that act as crack deflectors. These results were confirmed by an analytical model on the stress field distribution based on the von Mises criterion. Regarding the tribological testing under dry sliding, multilayered coatings also exhibit the highest critical load values (200N for Multilayers with NCD-2). Low friction coefficient values in the range μ=0.02- 0.09 and wear coefficient values in the order of ~10-7 mm3 N-1 m-1 were obtained for the ball and flat specimens indicating a mild wear regime. Under lubrication with physiological fluids (HBSS e FBS), lower wear coefficient values ~10-9-10-8 mm3 N-1 m-1) were achieved, governed by the initial surface roughness and the effective contact pressure.

Otimização das condições de refrigeração / lubrificação no processo de retificação cilíndrica de mergulho

Pós-graduação em Engenharia Mecânica - FEG

Rastrojo de arroz (Oryza sativa L.) en sistemas de siembra directa : alternativas de manejo

Los objetivos principales del presente trabajo fueron: a) Estudiar cuál es el uso adecuado de las distintas herramientas para mejorar la mineralización del rastrojo de la cosecha de arroz (Oryza sativa L.) bajo siembra directa y b) Determinar, para períodos cortos, la cantidad de rastrojo depositado superficialmente y su tiempo de mineralización al utilizar las distintas técnicas de manejo del mismo. Los tratamientos fueron: cosechadora con desparramador deflector (T1DD), cosechadora sin desparramador triturador (T2SDT), cosechadora con desparramador centrífugo de caucho (T3DC) y cosechadora con desparramador metálico (T4DM). Alternativas implementadas: a) desmalezado b) rolo cuchilla y c) quemado de rastrojo. En las primeras dos alternativas, se aplicaron tres dosis de urea. Los resultados principales fueron: a) La T2SDT produjo, una mayor deposición de material en el centro de la máquina (21680 kg ha-1), b) la distribución de rastrojo de la (T3DC) fue más uniforme que para los otros tratamientos. Las principales conclusiones fueron: 1) Los desparramadores centrífugos de caucho y metálico produjeron mejor distribución del material, 2) El uso de desmalezadora o rolo cuchilla sobre rastrojo de los tratamientos T3DC y T4DM aceleró la mineralización de los mismos. 3) Las dosis de urea causó poco incremento en la mineralización del rastrojo.