Photo button portrait of unidentified couple, possibly cattle dealer Julius Herzberg and his wife Olga Herzberg née Eckermann Portraits Couples

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”Bricks vs. Clicks”: The impact of manufacturer encroachment with a dealer leasing and selling of durable goods

In durable goods markets, many brand name manufacturers, including IBM, HP, Epson, and Lenovo, have adopted dual-channel supply chains to market their products. There is scant literature, however, addressing the product durability and its impact on players’ optimal strategies in a dual-channel supply chain. To fill this void, we consider a two-period dual-channel model in which a manufacturer sells a durable product directly through both a manufacturer-owned e-channel and an independent dealer who adopts a mix of selling and leasing to consumers. Our results show that the manufacturer begins encroaching into the market in Period 1, but the dealer starts withdrawing from the retail channel in Period 2. Moreover, as the direct selling cost decreases, the equilibrium quantities and wholesale prices become quite angular and often nonmonotonic. Among other results, we find that both the dealer and the supply chain may benefit from the manufacturer’s encroachment. Our results also indicate that both the market structure and the nature of competition have an important impact on the player’s (dealer’s) optimal choice of leasing and selling.

Receipt from G. Lloyd, dealer in hot air furnaces, stoves, ranges, gas fixtures and pumps

Receipt from G. Lloyd, dealer in hot air furnaces, stoves, ranges, gas fixtures and pumps, located on King Street, St. Catharines regarding payment received for burners, dampers and other gas fixtures, Jan. 1, 1875.

Receipt from E.D. Radcliffe, Ice Dealer, St. Catharines

Receipt from E.D. Radcliffe, Ice Dealer, St. Catharines for ice, June 1, 1887.

Receipt from George Lloyd, dealer in stoves and ranges, St. Catharines for range and pipes

Receipt from George Lloyd, dealer in stoves and ranges, St. Catharines for range and pipes, July 1, 1887.

Receipt from Henry O’Laughlin, dealer in Anthracite and Bituminous Coals, St. Catharines

Receipt from Henry O’Laughlin, dealer in Anthracite and Bituminous Coals, St. Catharines for payment on account, Nov. 15, 1887.

Top left: F. Sorg, house sign and ornamental painter, dealer in oils, varnishes, glass, 26 & 28 East Washington St., Ann Arbor, Mich. Left: Res. of Mrs. Chas. Behr, Ann Arbor, Mich.; Botttom: Res. of Andrew Ten Brook, Ann Arbor, Mich. (na11,064)

Ann Arbor, Mich. residences and business. Publication information: Chicago, Ill. : Everts & Stewart, 1874.

Issues affecting dealer service decisions /

Mode of access: Internet.

The rights of the whiskey dealer defined, or, The unjust methods of attack upon his business by so-called temperance agitators exposed /

Mode of access: Internet.

An essay on wool : containing a particular account of the English fleece : with hints for its improvement, adressed to the grower, dealer, and manufacturer /

Mode of access: Internet.

Monument dealer's manual; "The monument man's ecyclopedia," a hand book of ready reference to useful information for the monument craft,

Advertising matter: p. 159-192.

The Painters magazine and Paint and wall paper dealer.

Mode of access: Internet.

The complete grazier; or, Farmer and cattle dealer's assistant ... Together with an introductory view of the different breeds of neat cattle, sheep, horses, and swine ...

Mode of access: Internet.