O metacinema norte-americano e o storytelling : de Orson Welles a David Lynch

ABSTRACT: The American metacinema which, by tradition, is narrative but extremely formulaic favours the story above the telling. No man contributed more to alter this state of affairs than Orson Welles, whose cinematic practice exalted the filmic enunciation and linked it more explicitly to the narrative intentions of the creator, making it obvious that metanarrative is synonymous with metacinema. With Citizen Kane (1941), in particular, the cinema was made more disnarrative, as meant by French writer/director Alain Robbe–Grillet, well ahead of Modernism. The fragmented narration, the temporal convolutions, a tendency for paradox and the interpretative obstacles all come together to anticipate the serial practice of David Lynch in his last four features. Structuring the films in segments which constitute different but complementary versions of the same events, Lynch manages to express the director’s enunciation along with the narration of the characters, reinforcing the role of the telling in the midst of the story. In INLAND EMPIRE (2006) the use of mise-en-abyme as a way of duplicating stories and tellers further increases the objective and complicates what is clearly the reign of the puzzle or mind-game film. In the footsteps of Welles, Lynch contributed for an outbreak of metanarrative / metacinematic crossover indie films closer to the European aesthetic practice but still very much within the American narrative tradition.

O espectador (in)visível: reflexividade na óptica do espectador em Inland empire de David Lynch

Com INLAND EMPIRE (2006) David Lynch realiza uma obra inteiramente metacinematográfica, provando que este género transversal à História do cinema é passível de coexistir com uma poética arrojada, de pendor moderno, segundo a divisão que Gilles Deleuze faz da Sétima Arte. A produção teórica sobre esta vertente fílmica de Lynch é em termos internacionais muito escassa e em Portugal virtualmente inexistente, justificando que se proceda um trabalho de investigação nestes moldes. Ademais, INLAND EMPIRE não é um exemplo isolado na obra do cineasta, mas sim o ponto culminante de uma carreira que tem vindo a prestar cada vez mais atenção à temática meta-espectatorial. A abordagem de Lynch tem a particularidade de congregar num único trabalho o desejo de manifestar o vidente espelhando igualmente o filme, o que permite abordar INLAND EMPIRE como reflexividade na óptica do espectador. Trata-se de encenar uma alegoria do vidente, mas equacionando produção com recepção. Deste modo, o presente livro adopta o mecanismo da enunciação como base da reflexividade institucional e narrativa em duas secções teóricas distintas versando, respectivamente, a (re)duplicação especular e a mise en abyme. A cada um destes capítulos corresponde uma análise prática directamente relacionada com os factores teóricos apontados. A obra culmina com um areflexão sobre as implicações do cinema digital para a execução de alegorias cinematográficas e a sua influência em INLAND EMPIRE, que já foi inteiramente produzido com esta tecnologia.

Letters from David Lynch to William Tudor,

Three letters regarding trade in Dutch Guyana.

David Bowie, brinquedos adultos e outras dimensões estranhas do universo de Twin Peaks

The article is based fundamentally on the authors' participation in the International Conference “I’ll See You Again in 25 Years: The return of Twin Peaks and generations of cult TV”, held on 21 and 22 May 2015, at the School of Arts and Media, at the University of Salford in England. Starting from there, it makes an irregular discussion of issues and working angles around the television series launched in 1990, a work by David Lynch and Mark Frost. Some issues gain particular attention: 1) the relations of the series to the album Outside (1995) by David Bowie; 2) the population of adult toys related to the series, as derivative products, driven by fans in their most playful exercises of affection and remembrance. Despite the article’s intentionally adopted tone of an “academic report”, it can evoke rich theoretical questions in a field of objects that are in a complex upgrade process and have to be subsequently treated according to more regular methodological procedures, seeking further theoretical and epistemological clarifications

Twin Peaks como alegoria daimónica cinematográfica

For a long time the allegorical activity was considered dogmatic and equated with artistic fossilization, archaic religious propensity and lack of creativity. However, Walter Benjamin (1928) and Paul De Man (1969), among other illustrious thinkers, came to its defense, exalting, instead, its cryptic, hybrid and abstract nature, which, incidentally, are the main characteristics of modern art. “Twin Peaks – Fire Walk with Me” (David Lynch, 1992) is a wonderful object of analysis, despite being one of the most misunderstood films in the history of cinema. The fact that its narrative is a prequel to the cult television series “Twin Peaks” and incorporates many of the characters of that show, explicitly denigrating the moral image of the protagonist, Laura Palmer, brought about an intense rejection by the fans of the series, as well as the indifference of the cinephilic community in general. However, one must go deeper, in order to understand Lynch’s brave accomplishment and its artfulness. Indeed, the opus is a powerful cinematic allegory because it contains a double layer of metaphorical meaning, one of them being explicitly metacinematic. Thus, besides assuming itself as a filmic daimonic allegory, occurring in a spiritual universe of Good versus Evil, the film is also an authorial discourse on cinema itself. More specifically, it is an allegory of spectatorship, according to Robert Stam’s definition, where the existence and crossing over to “another side” duplicates the architecture of movie theatres and the psychic processes involved in film viewing.

The tricks of the trade (un)exposed

One of the filmic trends which has been neglected by the Academy Awards is the metacinema, which for practical purposes I will consider to be a cross between the complexities of the self-reflexive cinema (highly connoted with modernism) and the Hollywood Film (the classical films about the urge to ‘make it’ in Hollywood). Indeed, these films have always existed and some, as Sunset Boulevard (Billy Wilder, 1950, USA) and Mulholland Dr. (David Lynch, 2001, FRA/USA), have even made it to the ceremony, but were, predictably, defeated in the main categories, by other more ‘serious’ or less self-reflexive products. The United States has always insisted on not revealing the tricks of the trade while, ironically, generating films that deal with this theme, in order to cater to the curiosity of the metacinema-inclined spectator. For this reason such films are usually about the universe of cinema but not its medium, at least not in a way that discloses the operations of the technical apparatus. Why are these films not viewed as serious enough and artistic enough to be awarded Oscars by the Academy in the categories of Best Picture, Best Director, Best Screenplay, and Best Cinematography? Are they being discarded for the same reasons that comedy and musicals usually are? Or are they being punished for being too unveiling? Or is the industry going for commercial products that can easily be pushed on a global scale and make a profit?

La huella del futuro. El cine y el pensamiento y la imagen y el fantasma

Se tratará en este trabajo, primero, de caracterizar un tipo de imagen capaz deromper con los yugos con los que la contemporaneidad somete la imaginación a partir de la obra de cineastas particularmente sensibles a este problema, como Werner Herzog y Wim Wenders. Una vez hecho esto, analizaremos la fuente de dicha imagen para así poder invocarla, como si de verdaderas hechicerías o chamanismos se tratase, teniendo en cuenta las nuevas tecnologías y atendiendo a algunos de quienes han sabido extraer de ellas sus poderes más ocultos, sobre todo Jean-Luc Godard y David Lynch. Por último, será a través del cine de Claire Denis y de una cierta idea del cuerpo como ahondaremos en el acontecimiento de la nueva imagen capaz de sacar al sistema de sus goznes y relanzar al cine y al pensamiento hacia un futuro incierto; incierto como es todo auténtico futuro.

Cuerpos abiertos, cineastas del corte. Una introducción al corte como dispositivo

La figuración del cuerpo en el cine ha sido también la figuración de su apertura, de la visualización de lo interno como un universo misterioso y siniestro. Pocos cineastas han vuelto su mirada hacia lo que esconde la piel de sus personajes. Se tratará de poner en escena una constelación de cineastasque han hecho del corte el instrumento para hacer visible lo invisible de lo humano: David Lynch, Georges Franju, Alfred Hitchcok y Marina de Van. Asimismo, el corte es un elemento que define la imagen del cine, en tanto que es capaz de unir y sumar dos imágenes para formar un cuerpo. La idea delcorte y el intervalo como aquello único en Jean-Luc Godard se estudiará a partir de “Pasión”, una película considerada como filme intersticial en su corpus cinematográfico y filme nuclear en su voluntad de ver aquello que aún no se ve.

Blood, Sweat and Cheers: Absurdist Crime Films and Contemporary Society

Within the crime film tradition there is a plethora of sub-genres all of which relate to crime and its consequences. However, directors Joel and Ethan Coen, Quentin Tarantino and David Lynch, all of whom create plots around crime and criminality, have been difficult to pin down and attribute to any given sub-genre. This thesis demonstrates that an absurdist philosophy can be used to effectively examine the content of the previously mentioned filmmakers. Through an analysis of these filmmakers and their better known works compelling evidence is revealed suggesting that these filmmakers may all belong to the emerging crime film sub-genre known as absurdist crime films.

Sociétés de fictions

Le concept des Sociétés de fictions élaboré dans le cadre de ce mémoire vise l’exploration de la médiation à l’ère du numérique. Pour penser les modalités de fictions littéraires avec l’idée qu’elles puissent former des sociétés distinctes, ce travail d’analyse propose d’examiner diverses fictions, plus précisément des expressions gothiques américaines en littérature contemporaine, afin d’en extraire un mode de pensée significatif. Dans le dessein d’analyser la manière dont ces fictions se relient entre elles, cette recherche se focalise sur le rapport qu’entretient la fiction littéraire avec la technologie ainsi qu’avec divers modes de diffusion et de médiation. Afin de comprendre comment les mécanismes du discours positionnent des œuvres de fictions les unes par rapport aux autres, ces fictions individuées seront d’abord examinées au sein d’une société qui leur est propre. Ceci mènera à exposer en quoi et comment les rapports qu’entretient l’humain avec la littérature et la technologie se reconfigurent par le biais de nouvelles formes de médiations. La présente réflexion se penche ainsi sur les modes d’interactions des fictions qui s’organisent en sociétés afin de pouvoir analyser comment le glissement du paradigme de l’imprimé et des supports matériels, à l’âge du numérique, peut se traduire par une manière inédite de penser notre relation au littéraire. En somme, cette réflexion sur la mobilité des formes et des plateformes liées aux fictions et à leur société devrait permettre de mieux analyser les individus qui inventent et consomment ces fictions, leur univers social ainsi que leur rapport intime à la technologie et ses médiations. Ces sociétés de fictions deviennent alors une clé pour comprendre notre rapport à la virtualisation de nos univers sociaux. Entre les sociétés de fictions et les sociétés des Hommes se noue un lien substantiel laissant entrevoir une véritable co-évolution de ces univers distincts. Les principales œuvres de fiction étudiées et citées seront celles du romancier et scénariste américain Bret Easton Ellis, plus précisément les romans Less Than Zero et Imperial Bedrooms. Il sera également question de la série télévisuelle Twin Peaks, diffusée sur la chaîne ABC en 1990 et réalisée par David Lynch, ainsi que d’une nouvelle de John Cheever, The enormous radio, parue en 1947, dans le New Yorker.

May the Giant Be With You: Twin Peaks Season Two, Episode One and the Television Auteur

The premiere of Season Two of Twin Peaks garnered some of the highest ratings of the series, with celebrated filmmaker and co-creator David Lynch stepping back into the director’s chair. Yet, within this episode many traditional television conventions are flouted, and in response the following week the ratings dropped dramatically. From its slow-paced opening scenes in which an old man admonishes the wounded, bleeding protagonist to drink his warm milk before it gets cold, followed by a vision of a giant speaking in riddles, this episode not only tested its audience’s patience but also seemed to set out to deliberately confuse them. In this essay I will explore how this episode is an example of auteur television, an episode in which the director expresses a consistency of style and theme that is similar to their other work, as well as examine how Lynch’s approach to televisual aesthetics has influenced the way that contemporary film directors have crossed over into the television medium. However, when taking into account the differences in the two media of film and television notions of authorship, with regards to the position of the director, become complicated, especially when considering contemporary television and the rise of the showrunner as key creative force. Even when looking back at Lynch’s contribution to Twin Peaks it becomes clear that the series was deeply collaborative, with Lynch absent during parts of the filming. Yet, when examining the extensive material that has been written about Twin Peaks there is still a continuing tendency to place Lynch as the sole author. The placement of Lynch as author can be argued in relation to the episodes he directed (as will be explored below in relation to the first episode of Season Two), but cannot be attributed to him alone when considering the series as a whole. Finally, I will discuss how the figure of the television auteur has become a central element of television reception rather than production, an integral part of a viewer’s search for narrative meaning in a medium where complexity and mystery are now expected and enjoyed. Just as fans scrambled to uncover the many secrets and mysteries of Twin Peaks by looking to Lynch’s other works for answers, a similar process is experienced by fans of television shows existing today.

O primado da ambivalência corpórea: Eraserhead como dupla alegoria

Considering the film Eraserhead (David Lynch, 1977) an ode to the body in both its outward and inward manifestations, this article compares the body as it is represented in the film, through the physical and psychical depiction of characters, with the cinematic medium and its conventions. The article presents Eraserhead as having three levels of meaning, all of them connected to the corporeal: one literal and two figurative. These latter two are clearly allegorical and, ultimately, one of them is literal and the other two are figural. In the most complex of them all, which presents the film in general as an artistic body, Eraserhead can be understood as an allegory of spectatorship.

The life of David C. Broderick, a senator of the fifties,

Mode of access: Internet.