Solutions pour réduire le gaspillage alimentaire dans les épiceries du Québec

L’objectif de cet essai est de formuler des recommandations afin de diminuer le gaspillage alimentaire dans les épiceries québécoises. Le gaspillage alimentaire est une problématique mondiale de plus en plus considérée comme une préoccupation prioritaire par le public, les entreprises et les instances nationales et internationales. Les causes du gaspillage alimentaire sont multiples et le phénomène se produit dans toutes les régions du monde, à toutes les étapes de la chaîne agroalimentaire, de la production agricole à la consommation. Le gaspillage alimentaire engendre de lourdes conséquences environnementales, économiques et sociales. Il participe à l’insécurité alimentaire et contribue aux changements climatiques et à l’épuisement des ressources, en plus de générer des coûts économiques pour la production d’aliments qui ne seront pas consommés. S’attaquer à la problématique du gaspillage alimentaire signifie donc s’attaquer à tous ces impacts négatifs. Au Québec, l’intérêt envers le phénomène du gaspillage alimentaire s’accroît, mais les solutions structurées tardent à se mettre en place. Les épiceries ont un important rôle à jouer dans la réduction du gaspillage alimentaire puisqu’elles influencent, en amont et en aval, tous les acteurs de la chaîne agroalimentaire. L’étude du marché agroalimentaire québécois et des différentes initiatives locales et étrangères de lutte au gaspillage alimentaire met en évidence trois grandes solutions structurées de réduction du gaspillage dans les épiceries : le don alimentaire, la vente de produits déclassés et la révision du système de dates de péremption des aliments. L’analyse du fonctionnement de ces solutions et de leur mise en œuvre dans le contexte des épiceries québécoises permet d’identifier les contraintes et les éléments à considérer pour réduire le gaspillage alimentaire de façon concrète et efficace. Ainsi, en respect d’une hiérarchie des modes de gestion des aliments qui favorise la réduction à la source et le détournement avant l’élimination, les recommandations formulées suggèrent de : réviser le système des dates de péremption pour améliorer la distinction entre les notions de fraîcheur et de salubrité des aliments; promouvoir et faciliter la vente de fruits et légumes déclassés dans les épiceries en diminuant les critères esthétiques exigés qui conduisent à un important gaspillage de denrées comestibles; mettre en place des incitatifs économiques pour réduire les contraintes financières et logistiques reliées au don alimentaire pour les épiceries et les organismes de redistribution; et valoriser les résidus alimentaires par la biométhanisation ou le compostage pour limiter les impacts environnementaux du gaspillage alimentaire. Les recommandations soulignent également l’importance d’étudier le phénomène et de documenter la problématique, afin de suggérer des solutions toujours plus efficaces et adaptées à chaque groupe d’acteurs et chaque étape de la chaîne agroalimentaire.

Breeding Biology of Grassland Birds in Western New York: Conservation and Management Implications

Declining grassland breeding bird populations have led to increased efforts to assess habitat quality, typically by estimating density or relative abundance. Because some grassland habitats may function as ecological traps, a more appropriate metric for determining quality may be breeding success. Between 1994 and 2003 we gathered data on the nest fates of Eastern Meadowlarks (Sturnella magna), Bobolinks (Dolichonyx oryzivorous), and Savannah Sparrows (Passerculus sandwichensis) in a series of fallow fields and pastures/hayfields in western New York State. We calculated daily survival probabilities using the Mayfield method, and used the logistic-exposure method to model effects of predictor variables on nest success. Nest survival probabilities were 0.464 for Eastern Meadowlarks (n = 26), 0.483 for Bobolinks (n = 91), and 0.585 for Savannah Sparrows (n = 152). Fledge dates for first clutches ranged between 14 June and 23 July. Only one obligate grassland bird nest was parasitized by Brown-headed Cowbirds (Molothrus ater), for an overall brood parasitism rate of 0.004. Logistic-exposure models indicated that daily nest survival probabilities were higher in pastures/hayfields than in fallow fields. Our results, and those from other studies in the Northeast, suggest that properly managed cool season grassland habitats in the region may not act as ecological traps, and that obligate grassland birds in the region may have greater nest survival probabilities, and lower rates of Brown-headed Cowbird parasitism, than in many parts of the Midwest.

Endangerment and Likeability of Wildlife Species: How Important are they for Payments Proposed for Conservation?

This paper examines empirically the relative influence of the degree of endangerment of wildlife species and their stated likeability on individuals' allocation of funds for their conservation. To do this, it utilises data obtained from the IUCN Red List, and likeability and fund allocation data obtained from two serial surveys of a sample of the Australian public who were requested to assess 24 Australian wildlife species from three animal classes: mammals, birds and reptiles. Between the first and second survey, respondents were provided with extra information about the focal species. This information resulted in the dominance of endangerment as the major influence on the allocation of funding of respondents for the conservation of the focal wildlife species. Our results throw doubts on the proposition in the literature that the likeability of species is the dominant influence on willingness to pay for conservation of wildlife species. Furthermore, because the public's allocation of fund for conserving wildlife species seems to be more sensitive to information about the conservation status of species than to factors influencing their likeability, greater attention to providing accurate information about the former than the latter seems justified. Keywords: Conservation of wildlife species; Contingent valuation; Endangerment of species; Likeability of species; Willingness to pay

Common And Endangered Species: How Does Society Allocate Support For Their Conservation

Examines how society allocates support for species’ conservation when numbers involved are large and resources are limited. Rational behaviour suggests that species in urgent need of conservation will receive more support than those species that are common. However, we demonstrate that in the absence of balanced knowledge common species will receive support more than they would otherwise receive despite society placing high existence values on all species. Twenty four species, both common and endangered and some with a restricted distribution, are examined. We demonstrate that balanced information is vital in order to direct more support for species that are endangered than those that are not. Implications for conservation stemming from the findings are discussed.

The importance of ecological scale for wildlife conservation in naturally fragmented environments: A case study of the Brush-Tailed Rock-Wallaby (Petrogale Penicillata)

Determining the ecologically relevant spatial scales for predicting species occurrences is an important concept when determining species–environment relationships. Therefore species distribution modelling should consider all ecologically relevant spatial scales. While several recent studies have addressed this problem in artificially fragmented landscapes, few studies have researched relevant ecological scales for organisms that also live in naturally fragmented landscapes. This situation is exemplified by the Australian rock-wallabies’ preference for rugged terrain and we addressed the issue of scale using the threatened brush-tailed rock-wallaby (Petrogale penicillata) in eastern Australia. We surveyed for brush-tailed rock-wallabies at 200 sites in southeast Queensland, collecting potentially influential site level and landscape level variables. We applied classification trees at either scale to capture a hierarchy of relationships between the explanatory variables and brush-tailed rock-wallaby presence/absence. Habitat complexity at the site level and geology at the landscape level were the best predictors of where we observed brush-tailed rock-wallabies. Our study showed that the distribution of the species is affected by both site scale and landscape scale factors, reinforcing the need for a multi-scale approach to understanding the relationship between a species and its environment. We demonstrate that careful design of data collection, using coarse scale spatial datasets and finer scale field data, can provide useful information for identifying the ecologically relevant scales for studying species–environment relationships. Our study highlights the need to determine patterns of environmental influence at multiple scales to conserve specialist species such as the brush-tailed rock-wallaby in naturally fragmented landscapes.

Bacterial proteases from the intracellular vacuole niche ; protease conservation and adaptation for pathogenic advantage

Proteases with important roles for bacterial pathogens which specifically reside within intracellular vacuoles are frequently homologous to those which have important virulence functions for other bacteria. Research has identified that some of these conserved proteases have evolved specialised functions for intracellular vacuole residing bacteria. Unique proteases with pathogenic functions have also been described from Chlamydia, Mycobacteria, and Legionella. These findings suggest that there are further novel functions for proteases from these bacteria which remain to be described. This review summarises recent findings of novel protease functions from the intracellular human pathogenic bacteria which reside exclusively in vacuoles.

Old Brisbane Botanic Gardens: Conservation Plan Review 2005, Report of Stage 1 Heritage Significance and Conservation Policies

Report for City Design, for Environment and Parks, within the Brisbane City Council. Context of this Project A Conservation Study for the Old Brisbane Botanic Gardens, formerly called the Brisbane City Botanic Gardens, was finalised in 1995 and prepared by Jeannie Sim for the Landscape Section of Brisbane City Council, the same author of the present report. This unpublished report was the first conservation plan prepared for the place and it was recommended that it be reviewed in five years time. That time has arrived finally with the preparation of the 2005 Review. The present project was commissioned by City Design on behalf of Environment and Parks Section of Brisbane City Council. The author has purposely chosen to call the study site the 'Old Brisbane Botanic Gardens' (OBBG) to differentiate it from the Brisbane Botanic Gardens, Mt. Coot-tha (BBG-MC), and to maintain the claim for this original garden to remain as a botanic garden for Brisbane. This name immediately brings to mind an association with history, as in the precedent set by the naming of the nearby 'Old Government House' at Gardens Point.