Ten years of a hantavirus disease emergency in the Federal District, Brazil

Abstract: INTRODUCTION: Hantavirus diseases are emerging human diseases caused by Hantavirus spp. of the Bunnyaviridae family. Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS) has been detected in the Federal District (DF) of Brazil since 2004. Among the 27 Brazilian Federal Units, DF has the highest fatality rate. More than 10 years have already passed since then, with confirmation of cases caused by the Araraquara and Paranoa species. The reservoir is Necromys lasiurus. METHODS: Local surveillance data of the confirmed cases were analyzed, including age, sex, month and year of occurrence, clinical symptoms, syndromes and outcomes, and probable transmission place (PTP). The cases were mainly confirmed by IgM detection with a capture enzyme immunoassay. The cases were classified as autochthonous if PTPs were in the DF area. RESULTS: From 2004 to 2013, in the DF, 126 cases of hantavirus were confirmed, and the cumulative incidence was 5.0 per 100,000 inhabitants. The occurrence of cases was predominantly from April to August. At least 75% of the cases were autochthonous. Acute respiratory failure was reported in 47.5% of cases, and the fatality rate was 40%. CONCLUSIONS: In the DF, the cumulative incidence of HPS was one of the highest worldwide. A seasonal pattern of hantavirus disease in the dry season is clear. There was a high frequency of severe clinical signals and symptoms as well as a high fatality rate. For the near future, visitors and inhabitants of DF rural areas, particularly male adults, should receive continuous education about hantavirus transmission and prevention.

Detection of three Allexivirus species infecting garlic in Brazil

Garlic viruses often occur in mixed infections under field conditions. In this study, garlic samples collected in three geographical areas of Brazil were tested by Dot-ELISA for the detection of allexiviruses using monoclonal specific antibodies to detect Garlic virus A (GarV-A), Garlic virus B (GarV-B), Garlic virus C (GarV-C) and a polyclonal antiserum able to detect the three virus species mentioned plus Garlic virus D (GarV-D). The detected viruses were biologically isolated by successive passages through Chenopodium quinoa. Reverse Transcriptase Polimerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR) was performed using primers designed from specific regions of the coat protein genes of Japanese allexiviruses available in the Genetic Bank of National Center of Biotechnology Information (NCBI). By these procedures, individual garlic virus genomes were isolated and sequenced. The nucleotide and amino acid sequence analysis and the one with serological data revealed the presence of three distinct allexiviruses GarV-C, GarV-D and a recently described allexivirus, named Garlic mite-borne filamentous virus (GarMbFV), in Brazil.

Rhizosphere bacterial communities of potato cultivars evaluated through PCR-DGGE profiles

The objective of this work was to determine the shifts on the PCR-DGGE profiles of bacterial communities associated to the rhizosphere of potato cultivars, in order to generate baseline information for further studies of environmental risk assessment of genetically modified potato plants. A greenhouse experiment was carried out with five potato cultivars (Achat, Bintje, Agata, Monalisa and Asterix), cultivated in pots containing soil from an integrated system for agroecological production. The experiment was conducted in a split plot randomized block design with five cultivars, three sampling periods and five replicates. Rhizosphere samples were collected in three sampling dates during plant development. DNA of rhizosphere microorganisms was extracted, amplified by PCR using bacterial universal primers, and analyzed through DGGE. Shifts on the rhizosphere bacterial communities associated to rhizosphere of different cultivars were related to both cultivar and plant age. Differences among rhizosphere bacterial communities were clearest at the earliest plant age, tending to decrease in later stages. This variation was detected among bacterial communities of the five tested cultivars. The characterization of soil microbial communities can be part of plant breeding programs to be used on studies of environmental risk assessment of genetically modified potatoes.

Resistance of genetically modified potatoes to Potato virus Y under field conditions

The objective of this work was to evaluate the resistance of genetically modified clones of potato to Potato virus Y (PVY) under field conditions. Genetically modified plants were compared with nontransformed plants of the same cultivar. The plots were flanked with potato plants infected with both PVYº and PVY N strains (spread lines), in order to provide the experimental area with the source of virus, which was naturally spread by the native aphid population. The experiment was weekly monitored by visual inspections and by DAS-Elisa in the plants produced from the harvested tubers, in order to evaluate the resistance of transgenic plants throughout the plant growth cycle. By the end of the third year, no infection symptoms were observed in the 1P clone; clone 63P showed 1% of infection, in contrast to about 90% of nontransformed plants infected. The stable expression of resistance to PVY provided by the coat protein gene was obtained in genetically modified clones of potato plants cultivar Achat under field conditions, during three consecutive years.

Uma análise exploratória da indústria de serviços PWLAN Wi-Fi no Brasil: em busca de uma vantagem competitiva sustentável

As telecomunicações no mundo têm avançado a passos largos na oferta de novas tecnologias e padrões que viabilizam e flexibilizam a transmissão / recepção de informações entre pessoas e a Internet. Em especial, no que tange à ubiqüidade, o uso de dispositivos de comunicações móveis sem fio, como telefones celulares e PDAs (Personnal Digital Assistant), tem permitido às empresas alcançarem seus clientes a qualquer hora e em qualquer lugar. Muitos padrões de comunicação wireless têm surgido, inicialmente na indústria de telefonia móvel celular e, em seguida, na indústria de computadores e PDAs, habilitando a comunicação wireless de dados em banda larga e o comércio eletrônico móvel (m-commerce). Em especial, o padrão Wi-Fi tem sido difundido mundialmente através da expansão de redes públicas sem fio (PWLANs). Assim, os fabricantes de equipamentos de telecomunicações, as empresas operadoras de serviços de telefonia fixa e móvel e até provedores de acesso à Internet têm manifestado grande interesse nessa área por perceberem novas oportunidades de aumento de receita através da tecnologia Wi-Fi. Todos estes aspectos da recente história do Wi-Fi têm gerado questionamentos quanto a seu futuro sucesso e real geração de vantagem competitiva sustentável, não obstante o volume de negócios relativos a esta tecnologia estar em franco crescimento. Este trabalho propõe-se a analisar o mercado de serviços PWLAN Wi-Fi brasileiro, identificando os principais atores e os modelos de negócio praticados por eles, comparando esses modelos aos modelos identificados por Shubar e Lechner. O estudo propõe-se, também, a avaliar tais empresas e seus respectivos modelos de negócio segundo o framework VRIO desenvolvido por Barney com base na visão estratégica baseada em recursos (RBV- Resource Based View).

Response of rootstocks to stem canker and the production and quality of melon under protected cultivation

Two tests were performed. In the first, resistance to Didymella bryoniae was determined for the following genotypes: the pumpkins 'Ikky', 'Agroceres', 'Kirameki' and 'Shelper', watermelon progenies 1a, 2a, 3a, 5a, 1b, 2b, 3b and 5b, and 'Gherkin' (C. anguria). The plants were inoculated with the fungus during transplanting. The evaluations of the test were performed every 15 d according to a scoring scale adopted by Dusi et al. (1994). The second test examined compatibility among the rootstocks x grafts, and their effects on production. The rootstocks, 5 pumpkins including 'Ikky', 'Agroceres', 'Kirameki', 'Shelper', six watermelon progenies 1a, 2a, 5a, 1b, 2b and 5b, and one 'Gherkin', were planted one week before planting of the grafted 'Bônus No. 2' melon. The experiments were carried out with 12 treatments, including the control ('Bônus No. 2') with 3 replications with 14 grafted plants per each replication. For the first test, the first three evaluations (at 15, 30 and 45 d after inoculation) did not show characteristic lesions of stem canker, but progeny 3b was found to be susceptible in evaluations performed at 60 and 75 d after inoculation. Progeny 3a demonstrated intermediate susceptibility, while progenies 1a, 2a, 5a, 1b, 2b and 5b, the pumpkins 'Kirameki', 'Shelper', 'Ikky' and 'Agroceres', and 'Gherkin', showed resistance to Didymella bryoniae. In the second test, watermelon progenies 1a, 5a, 1b and 2b, and the pumpkins 'Kirameki', 'Shelper', 'Ikky' and 'Agroceres' showed a level of grafting success of 100%, while results with progenies 2a and 5b, and 'Gherkin' were different in grafting success, respectively 91.67, 98.33 and 43.33%. For other fruit parameters, weight, longitudinal and transverse diameters, pulp thickness and level of total soluble solids, there were no differences among the treatments.

Gender parity and drug use: are girls catching up with boys?

Objective: To evaluate the association between gender and use of alcohol, tobacco, and other drugs in adolescents aged 10 to 18 years in the municipalities of Jacare and Diadema, Sao Paulo, Brazil. Methods: A total of 971 adolescents completed the Drug Use Screening Inventory (DUSI). Results: In our sample, 55% of adolescents were male, 33.8% reported having made use in the previous month of alcohol, 13.5% of cigarettes, and 6.4% of illicit drugs. There was no significant difference between genders in the use of alcohol, tobacco, and illicit drugs in any of the analysis (p > 0.05). The use of alcohol, tobacco, and illicit drugs was associated with the city, age, educational level, school failure, and relationship with parents (p < 0.05). Conclusions: Substance abuse among adolescents in our sample seems to follow the recent global trend towards the equalization of drug use between genders. This result should be taken into account by public health professionals in developing policies for this problem. (C) 2012 Elsevier Editora Ltda. All rights reserved.

Uso de substâncias na adolescência e problemas familiares

Esta pesquisa visou a avaliar a associação entre o consumo de substâncias (álcool, tabaco e drogas ilícitas) e problemas familiares numa amostra de 965 adolescentes em 50 escolas públicas de dois municípios do Estado de São Paulo, Brasil, em 2007. Foi utilizado o Drug Use Screening Inventory (DUSI) para a coleta de dados. O uso de álcool, tabaco e drogas ilícitas foi associado à avaliação negativa da relação familiar, à falta de suporte/monitoramento e ao uso de substâncias por familiares (p < 0,05). Os estudantes que relataram ter feito uso de substâncias apresentaram mais problemas familiares do que aqueles que não consumiram nenhuma substância (p < 0,001). Os adolescentes que usaram álcool e tabaco (p = 0,028) e drogas ilícitas (p < 0,001) relataram ter mais problemas familiares do que aqueles que usaram apenas álcool. Os resultados apontam para a importância de se ficar atento ao consumo de álcool e tabaco entre os adolescentes, já que o relato do consumo das duas substâncias esteve associado a prejuízos familiares significativos, semelhantes ao uso de drogas ilícitas.

Prevalence and risk factors of Hepatitis C virus infection in Brazil, 2005 through 2009: a cross-sectional study

Abstract Background Hepatitis C chronic liver disease is a major cause of liver transplant in developed countries. This article reports the first nationwide population-based survey conducted to estimate the seroprevalence of HCV antibodies and associated risk factors in the urban population of Brazil. Methods The cross sectional study was conducted in all Brazilian macro-regions from 2005 to 2009, as a stratified multistage cluster sample of 19,503 inhabitants aged between 10 and 69 years, representing individuals living in all 26 State capitals and the Federal District. Hepatitis C antibodies were detected by a third-generation enzyme immunoassay. Seropositive individuals were retested by Polymerase Chain Reaction and genotyped. Adjusted prevalence was estimated by macro-regions. Potential risk factors associated with HCV infection were assessed by calculating the crude and adjusted odds ratios, 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) and p values. Population attributable risk was estimated for multiple factors using a case–control approach. Results The overall weighted prevalence of hepatitis C antibodies was 1.38% (95% CI: 1.12%–1.64%). Prevalence of infection increased in older groups but was similar for both sexes. The multivariate model showed the following to be predictors of HCV infection: age, injected drug use (OR = 6.65), sniffed drug use (OR = 2.59), hospitalization (OR = 1.90), groups socially deprived by the lack of sewage disposal (OR = 2.53), and injection with glass syringe (OR = 1.52, with a borderline p value). The genotypes 1 (subtypes 1a, 1b), 2b and 3a were identified. The estimated population attributable risk for the ensemble of risk factors was 40%. Approximately 1.3 million individuals would be expected to be anti-HCV-positive in the country. Conclusions The large estimated absolute numbers of infected individuals reveals the burden of the disease in the near future, giving rise to costs for the health care system and society at large. The known risk factors explain less than 50% of the infected cases, limiting the prevention strategies. Our findings regarding risk behaviors associated with HCV infection showed that there is still room for improving strategies for reducing transmission among drug users and nosocomial infection, as well as a need for specific prevention and control strategies targeting individuals living in poverty.

Progettazione e sviluppo di un sistema esperto per il "Menu Planning"

La dieta, nell’antica medicina greca, rappresentava il complesso delle norme di vita, come l’alimentazione, l’attività fisica, il riposo, atte a mantenere lo stato di salute di una persona. Al giorno d’oggi le si attribuisce un significato fortemente legato all’alimentazione, puo` riferirsi al complesso di cibi che una persona mangia abitualmente oppure, con un messaggio un po' più moderno, ad una prescrizione di un regime alimentare da parte di un medico. Ogni essere umano mangia almeno tre volte al giorno, ognuno in base al proprio stile di vita, cultura, età, etc. possiede differenti abitudini alimentari che si ripercuotono sul proprio stato di salute. Inconsciamente tutti tengono traccia degli alimenti mangiati nei giorni precedenti, chi più chi meno, cercando di creare quindi una pianificazione di cosa mangiare nei giorni successivi, in modo da variare i pasti o semplicemente perchè si segue un regime alimentare particolare per un certo periodo. Diventa quindi fondamentale tracciare questa pianificazione, in tal modo si puo' tenere sotto controllo la propria alimentazione, che è in stretta relazione con il proprio stato di salute e stress, e si possono applicare una serie di aggiustamenti dove necessario. Questo è quello che cerca di fare il “Menu Planning”, offrire una sorta di guida all’alimentazione, permettendo così di aver sotto controllo tutti gli aspetti legati ad essa. Si pensi, ad esempio, ai prezzi degli alimenti, chiunque vorrebbe minimizzare la spesa, mangiare quello che gli piace senza dover per forza rinunciare a quale piccolo vizio quotidiano. Con le tecniche di “Menu Planning” è possibile avere una visione di insieme della propria alimentazione. La prima formulazione matematica del “Menu Planning” (allora chiamato diet problem) nacque durante gli anni ’40, l’esercito Americano allora impegnano nella Seconda Guerra Mondiale voleva abbassare i costi degli alimenti ai soldati mantenendo però inalterata la loro dieta. George Stingler, economista americano, trovò una soluzione, formulando un problema di ottimizzazione e vincendo il premio Nobel in Economia nel 1982. Questo elaborato tratta dell’automatizzazione di questo problema e di come esso possa essere risolto con un calcolatore, facendo soprattutto riferimento a particolari tecniche di intelligenza artificiale e di rappresentazione della conoscenza, nello specifico il lavoro si è concentrato sulla progettazione e sviluppo di un ES case-based per risolvere il problema del “Menu Planning”. Verranno mostrate varie tecniche per la rappresentazione della conoscenza e come esse possano essere utilizzate per fornire supporto ad un programma per elaboratore, partendo dalla Logica Proposizionale e del Primo Ordine, fino ad arrivare ai linguaggi di Description Logic e Programmazione Logica. Inoltre si illustrerà come è possibile raccogliere una serie di informazioni mediante procedimenti di Knowledge Engineering. A livello concettuale è stata introdotta un’architettura che mette in comunicazione l’ES e un Ontologia di alimenti con l’utilizzo di opportuni framework di sviluppo. L’idea è quella di offrire all’utente la possibilità di vedere la propria pianificazione settimanale di pasti e dare dei suggerimenti su che cibi possa mangiare durante l’arco della giornata. Si mostreranno quindi le potenzialità di tale architettura e come essa, tramite Java, riesca a far interagire ES case-based e Ontologia degli alimenti.

Development and validation of a liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method for the simultaneous determination of nine corticosteroid residues in bovine liver samples

A liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) confirmatory method for the simultaneous determination of nine corticosteroids in liver, including the four MRL compounds listed in Council Regulation 37/2010, was developed. After an enzymatic deconjugation and a solvent extraction of the liver tissue, the resulting solution was cleaned up through an SPE Oasis HLB cartridge. The analytes were then detected by liquid chromatography-negative-ion electrospray tandem mass spectrometry, using deuterium-labelled internal standards. The procedure was validated as a quantitative confirmatory method according to the Commission Decision 2002/657/EC criteria. The results showed that the method was suitable for statutory residue testing regarding the following performance characteristics: instrumental linearity, specificity, precision (repeatability and intra-laboratory reproducibility), recovery, decision limit (CCα), detection capability (CCβ) and ruggedness. All the corticosteroids can be detected at a concentration around 1 μg kg(-1); the recoveries were above 62% for all the analytes. Repeatability and reproducibility (within-laboratory reproducibility) for all the analytes were below 7.65% and 15.5%, respectively.

ADOLESCENTES USUÁRIAS DE SUBSTÂNCIAS PSICOATIVAS

Esta pesquisa estudou adolescentes internadas para tratamento de dependência de drogas no Centro de Recuperação Álcool e Drogas Desafio Jovem. Objetivou descrever as características psicossociais e a psicodinâmica dessas adolescentes, além de identificar comportamentos de riscos e de proteção à saúde das participantes. Para coleta de dados, foram utilizados o Questionário de Identificação Sócio-Demográfico e Consumo de Substâncias Psicoativas, o teste projetivo H.T.P. (House-Tree-Person) e o Inventário de Triagem do Uso de Drogas (DUSI) . Fizeram parte do estudo 14 adolescentes na faixa de 12 a 17 anos. A maioria das adolescentes (78,57%) são filhas de pais separados. A primeira substância usada, na faixa de idade de 9 a 14 anos, foi o cigarro (42,86%), a segunda foi a maconha (35,71%), a terceira, na faixa de 9 a 15 anos foi o álcool (21,43%) e a quarta substância, na faixa de 9 a 16 anos foi o crack (35,71%). A droga predileta das adolescentes é o crack (42,9%). A carência afetiva é vista como reflexo da própria história de vida, com o desamparo, com ausência de afeto, falta de confiança, isolamento, falta de contatos sociais seguros, descontentamento com o ambiente familiar que se apresenta restritivo, apresentando vulnerabilidade que se faz presente em relação às pressões vividas no ambiente familiar. O pai se constitui quase sempre ausente na elaboração das adolescentes. Situações, como negligência, violência e abandono paterno, bem como o envolvimento com drogas lícitas e ilícitas pelos pais e outros familiares, devem ser objeto de medidas de proteção de políticas públicas de promoção de saúde familiar e comunitária e de redução de danos relacionados ao uso de substâncias psicoativas.

Das incertezas às decisões estratégicas: o papel da pesquisa na biossegurança de OGM.

2009

BRS ARAGUAIA: híbrido de melão amarelo, produtivo e saboroso.

Equipe técnica: Valter Rodrigues Oliveira, Leonardo Silva Boiteux, Agnaldo Donizete Ferreira de Carvalho, Ailton Reis, André Nepomuceno Dusi, Carlos Alberto Lopes, Celso Luiz Moretti, Geni Livtin Villas Bôas, Ítalo Moraes Rocha Guedes, Jadir Borges Pinheiro, João Maria Charchar, Leonora Mansur Mattos, Mirtes Freitas de Lima, Ronessa Bartolomeu de Souza, Werito Fernandes de Melo, Gláucia Salles Cortopassi Buso, Marco Antônio Ferreira, Fernando Antonio de Souza Aragão, Francisco das Chagas Vidal Neto, Waldelice Oliveira de Paiva, João Ribeiro Crisóstomo, Ricardo Elesbão Alves, José Luiz Mosca, Heloisa Almeida Cunha Figueiras, Antônio Apoliano dos Santos, Nivaldo Duardo Costa (CPATSA), Joston Simão de Assis (CPATSA), Rita de Cássia Souza Dias (CPATSA), José Amauri Buso, Marcos Coelho.

Uma experiência de consulta a setores de interesse no caso do feijão transgênico.

2009