DTC-OHJATUN TAHTIKONEKÄYTÖN PYÖRIMISNOPEUSSÄÄDÖN ANALYYSI INTEGROIDUN SIMULOINTIMALLIN AVULLA

Työssä rakennettiin integroitu simulointimalli sähkökäytölle, jonka mekaniikka koostuu joustava-akselisesta kaksimassa systeemistä. Lisäksi tarkasteltiin kyseiselle sähkökäytölle ominaisia piirteitä ja niiden aiheuttamia ongelmia eri sovelluksissa, sekä tutkittiin teollisuudessa yleisesti esiintyvän pyörimisnopeussäädön, PI-säädön, parametrien vaikutusta kyseisen mekaniikan omaaviin sähkökäyttöihin. Taajuusmuuttajalle kehiteltiin yksinkertaistettu simulointimalli, jolla pystytään pienentämään merkittävästi simuloinnin laskenta-aikaa. Vääntövärähtelyiden kompensointiin tutkittiin optimaalista tilasäätöä, jossa Kalman suotimella estimoidaan systeemin tilojen lisäksi myös kuormamomentti ja jossa nopeussäätö suunnitellaan lineaarisella neliöllisellä menetelmällä (Linear Quadratic).

DTC-induktiomoottorikäytön soveltaminen keskitaajuusalueelle

Työssä tarkastellaan olemassa olevan suoraa vääntömomentin säätöä käyttävän taajuudenmuuttajan soveltamista keskitaajuusalueella toimiviin induktiomoottorikäyttöihin. Keskinopeusalueen sovellusten pyörimisnopeudet ovat tyypillisesti 6000…30000rpm. Tällöin invertterin lähtötaajuuden on nelinapaista moottoria ohjattaessa ulotuttava 1000Hz:iin. ABB:n ACS600 taajuudenmuuttajan nykyinen syöttötaajuus ulottuu noin 400Hz:iin ja sen keskimääräinen kytkentätaajuus on luokkaa 3kHz. Taajuudenmuuttajan keskimääräistä kytkentätaajuutta ei haluta tästä merkittävästi nostaa, koska tällöin pääteasteen mitoitusta ja rakennetta on muutettava. Tarkastelussa keskitytään täten jännitemodulointiin, joka määrittelee invertterin lähtöjännitteen käyrämuodon ja pääteasteen tehokytkimien kytkentätaajuuden. Työssä esitetään suoran käämivuon säädön periaatetta soveltava 30-kulmainen modulointimenetelmä (30-modulointi), jolla moottorin syöttövirrasta voidaan eliminoida 5. ja 7. yliharmoninen komponentti. Yliharmonisten komponenttien eliminointi mahdollistaa passiivisilla komponenteilla toteutetun alipäästösuodattimen asentamisen invertterin lähtöön, jolloin moottorissa tapahtuvat tehohäviöt saadaan pieniksi. 30-moduloinnin ohjaukseen ja säätöön esitetään menetelmät, jotka mahdollistavat sen toteuttamisen nykyiseen taajuudenmuuttajaan ohjelmallisesti ilman suuria laitteistomuutoksia. 30-moduloinnin ominaisuuksia tarkastellaan analyyttisin menetelmin ja sen toimintaa testataan esitettyjen teorioiden perusteella simuloimalla. 30-moduloinnin ohjelmallinen implementointi nykyiseen ACS600:een mahdollistaa periaatteessa noin 600Hz:n syöttötaajuuden saavuttamisen. Tällöin invertterin keskimääräinen kytkentätaajuus voidaan säätää koko pyörimisnopeusalueella alle 4kHz:n tasolle.

Descubriendo la creatividad en estudiantes universitarios: preferencias y tendencias mediante la prueba DTC

En este trabajo de investigación se realiza una exploración de las tendencias y preferencias creativas de estudiantes universitarios de diferentes especialidades, a través de la prueba"Descubre tu creatividad" (DTC) de Saturnino de la Torre (2006). El estudio nos adentra en la consistencia de la autoimagen que tienen de sus inclinaciones creativas, así como en los campos en los que se manifiesta. En ese sentido, la investigación nos permite conocer la percepción de las expresiones creativas de los estudiantes y dar cuenta del momento en que se encuentran y de las potencialidades que poseen. La metodología consistió en un enfoque cualitativo, con un diseño de estudio de caso de tipo instrumental. Los resultados tienen que ver con realizaciones creativas y potenciales que se expresan de forma focalizada o en diversos ámbitos de expresión. Se destaca la importancia de los ambientes de aprendizaje y los socioculturales en el desarrollo de la creatividad.

Thermal modelling of semiconductor switches in three-level Neutral Point Clamped Medium Voltage DTC-inverter

The aim of this thesis is to investigate the thermal loading of medium voltage three-level NPC inverter’s semiconductor IGCT switches in different operation points. The objective is to reach both a fairly accurate off-line simulation program and also so simple a simulation model that its implementation into an embedded system could be reasonable in practice and a real time use should become feasible. Active loading limitation of the inverter can be realized with a thermal model which is practical in a real time use. Determining of the component heating has been divided into two parts; defining of component losses and establishing the structure of a thermal network. Basics of both parts are clarified. The simulation environment is Matlab-Simulink. Two different models are constructed – a more accurate one and a simplified one. Potential simplifications are clarified with the help of the first one. Simplifications are included in the latter model and the functionalities of both models are compared. When increasing the calculation time step a decreased number of considered components and time constants of the thermal network can be used in the simplified model. Heating of a switching component is dependent on its topological position and inverter’s operation point. The output frequency of the converter defines mainly which one of the switching components is – because of its losses and heating – the performance limiting component of the converter. Comparison of results given by different thermal models demonstrates that with larger time steps, describing of fast occurring switching losses becomes difficult. Generally articles and papers dealing with this subject are written for two-level inverters. Also inverters which apply direct torque control (DTC) are investigated rarely from the heating point of view. Hence, this thesis completes the former material.

Posters for Web Science DTC Industrial Day

These posters were created by Web Science MSc and PhD students as a discussion point with representatives from the DTC Industrial Advisory Group.

The Influence Of The Environment On The Development Of Thyroid Tumors: A New Appraisal.

Most epidemiological studies concerning differentiated thyroid cancers (DTC) indicate an increasing incidence over the last two decades. This increase might be partially explained by the better access to health services worldwide, but clinicopathological analyses do not fully support this hypothesis, indicating that there are carcinogenetic factors behind this noticeable increasing incidence. Although we have undoubtedly understood the biology and molecular pathways underlying thyroid carcinogenesis in a better way, we have made very little progresses in identifying a risk profile for DTC, and our knowledge of risk factors is very similar to what we knew 30-40 years ago. In addition to ionizing radiation exposure, the most documented and established risk factor for DTC, we also investigated the role of other factors, including eating habits, tobacco smoking, living in a volcanic area, xenobiotics, and viruses, which could be involved in thyroid carcinogenesis, thus, contributing to the increase in DTC incidence rates observed.

Cd8+ Tumour-infiltrating Lymphocytes And Cox2 Expression May Predict Relapse In Differentiated Thyroid Cancer.

There is an increasing rate of papillary thyroid carcinomas that may never progress to cause symptoms or death. Predicting outcome and determining tumour aggressiveness could help diminish the number of patients submitted to aggressive treatments. We aimed to evaluate whether markers of the immune system response and of tumour-associated inflammation could predict outcome of differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC) patients. Retrospective cohort study. We studied 399 consecutive patients, including 325 papillary and 74 follicular thyroid carcinomas. Immune cell markers were evaluated using immunohistochemistry, including tumour-associated macrophages (CD68) and subsets of tumour-infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL), such as CD3, CD4, CD8, CD16, CD20, CD45RO, GRANZYME B, CD69 and CD25. We also investigated the expression of cyclooxygenase 2 (COX2) in tumour cells and the presence of concurrent lymphocytic infiltration characterizing chronic thyroiditis. Concurrent lymphocytic infiltration characterizing chronic thyroiditis was observed in 29% of the cases. Among all the immunological parameters evaluated, only the enrichment of CD8+ lymphocytes (P = 0·001) and expression of COX2 (P =0·01) were associated with recurrence. A multivariate model analysis identified CD8+ TIL/COX2 as independent risk factor for recurrence. A multivariate analysis using Cox's proportional-hazards model adjusted for the presence of concurrent chronic thyroiditis demonstrated that the presence of concurrent chronic thyroiditis had no effect on prognostic prediction mediated by CD8+ TIL and COX2. In conclusion, we suggest the use of a relatively simple pathology tool to help select cases that may benefit of a more aggressive approach sparing the majority of patients from unnecessary procedures.

The Role Of The Inflammatory Microenvironment In Thyroid Carcinogenesis.

Immune responses against thyroid carcinomas have long been demonstrated and associations between inflammatory microenvironment and thyroid carcinomas repeatedly reported. This scenario has prompted scientists throughout the world to unveil how the inflammatory microenvironment is established in thyroid tumors and what is its influence on the outcome of patients with thyroid carcinoma. Many studies have reported the role of evasion from the immune system in tumor progression and reinforced the weakness of the innate immune response toward thyroid cancer spread in advanced stages. Translational studies have provided evidence that an increased density of tumor-associated macrophages in poorly differentiated thyroid carcinoma (DTC) is associated with an aggressive phenotype at diagnosis and decreased cancer-related survival, whereas well-DTC microenvironment enriched with macrophages is correlated with improved disease-free survival. It is possible that these different results are related to different microenvironments. Several studies have provided evidence that patients whose tumors are not infiltrated by lymphocytes present a high recurrence rate, suggesting that the presence of lymphocytes in the tumor microenvironment may favor the prognosis of patients with thyroid carcinoma. However, the effect of lymphocytes and other immune cells on patient outcome seems to result from complex interactions between the tumor and immune system, and the molecular pattern of cytokines and chemokines helps to explain the involvement of the immune system in thyroid tumor progression. The inflammatory microenvironment may help to characterize aggressive tumors and to identify patients who would benefit from a more invasive approach, probably sparing the vast majority of patients with an indolent disease from unnecessary procedures.

Polymorphism In Lep And Lepr May Modify Leptin Levels And Represent Risk Factors For Thyroid Cancer.

Purpose. To understand the role of polymorphisms in the LEP (rs7799039 and rs2167270) and LEPR (rs1137101 and rs1137100) genes in DTC susceptibility and their effect on leptin levels. Methods. We studied 153 patients with DTC and 234 controls through TaqMan SNP Genotyping and ELISA, comparing these data to the clinicopathological data of patients with DTC. Results. Patients with AA genotype of rs7799039 had higher levels of serum leptin (9.22 ± 0.98 ng/mL) than those with AG genotype (10.07 ± 0.60 ng/mL; P = 0.005). Individuals with AG genotype of rs2167270 also produced higher serum leptin levels (10.05 ± 0.59 ng/mL) than the subjects with GG genotype (9.52 ± 0.79 ng/mL; P < 0.05). A multivariate logistic regression adjusted for gender, age, and BMI showed that the AG genotype of rs7799039 was an independent risk for DTC (OR, 11.689; P = 0.0183; 95% CI, 1.516-90.119). Similarly, AG and GG genotypes of rs1137101 increased the susceptibility to DTC (OR, 3.747; P = 0.027; 95% CI, 1.161-12.092 and OR, 5.437; P = 0.013; 95% CI, 1.426-20.729). Conclusions. We demonstrated that rs7799039 and rs2167270 polymorphisms modify the serum leptin concentrations in patients with DTC. Furthermore, polymorphisms rs7799039 and rs1137101 increase the risk of DTC development, although they do not correlate with tumor aggressiveness.

Cumulative doses of radioiodine in the treatment of differentiated thyroid carcinoma: knowing when to stop

OBJECTIVE: Evaluate the efficacy of cumulative doses (CDs) of 131I-iodide therapy (RIT) in differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC). SUBJECTS AND METHODS: The probability of progressive disease according to CDs was evaluated in patients < 45 years old and > 45 years old and correlated to tumor-node-metastasis (TNM), thyroglobulin values, histological types and variants, age, and zduration of the disease. RESULTS: At the end of a follow-up period of 69 ± 56 months, 85 out of 150 DTC patients submitted to fixed doses RIT had no evidence of disease, 47 had stable disease and 18 had progressive disease. Higher CDs were used in the more aggressive variants (p < 0.0001), higher TNM stages (p < 0.0001), and follicular carcinomas (p = 0.0034). Probability of disease progression was higher with CDs > 600 mCi in patients > 45 years old and with CDs > 800 mCi in patients < 45 years. CONCLUSION: Although some patients may still respond to high CDs, the impact of further RIT should be carefully evaluated and other treatment strategies may be warranted.

Controlo directo de binário de uma máquina assíncrona trifásica

Dissertação para obtenção do grau de Mestre em Engenharia Electrotécnica Ramo de Automação e Electrónica Industrial

Cristalização do clorato de sódio

Este trabalho está divido em três partes, sendo a primeira a melhoria das condições operatórias da cristalização do clorato de sódio, a segunda parte o efeito dos sulfatos na quantidade de crómio no produto final e a terceira parte baseia-se na determinação de um método para remover sulfatos. A produção de clorato de sódio é realizada por via electroquímica a partir de uma solução de NaCl (salmoura). De seguida o clorato de sódio é produzido por cristalização a frio. Como a agitação e as rampas de arrefecimento são importantes na definição da granulometria, tentou-se optimizar o processo tentando aumentar o tamanho do grão, diminuindo a distribuição granulométrica e verificar se é possível obter um aumento da produção. Assim começou-se por caracterizar o sistema a 69 rpm para se verificar as diferenças quando comparadas com o aumento da agitação para 97,5 rpm. Começou-se por verificar o comportamento do C003 em termos da quantidade de sólidos ao longo do vazamento, concluindo-se que para cada nível do C003 a quantidade de sólidos é aproximadamente constante. Após a caracterização do C003, verificou-se a granulometria do produto final, onde se verificou uma grande DTC. De seguida verificou-se a eficiência do EP para diferentes tempos de residência, verificando-se que nas condições de funcionamento actuais, débito de 12 m3 /h, é eficiente assim como para um débito de 15,6 m3/h. Após a caracterização da etapa final de cristalização, começou-se por caracterizar o sistema em si de cristalização, nomeadamente o C901/3 e o C902/3. Como em cristalização a homogeneidade do cristalizador é um factor muito importante para evitar a grande DTC que se verifica no produto final, fomos verificar a homogeneidade do C901/3 e do C902/3. Assim se verifica que os dois cristalizadores são pouco homogéneos. No entanto verifica-se que na primeira etapa de cristalização deveríamos ter uma agitação de 69 rpm, para que o cristalizador seja totalmente homogéneo. Após verificarmos que o C902/3 não é homogéneo, fomos aumentar a agitação para 97,5 rpm onde verificamos que o sistema ainda não é homogéneo mas passamos de uma razão entre a massa total em baixo e a massa total em cima de 4,1 para 1,5. Verifica-se assim por extrapolação linear que a velocidade de agitação para uma razão 1 é de 103 rpm. Como se sabe que o método de secagem é importante, fomos verificar qual o método de secagem que nos daria resultados concordantes em cada um dos ensaios, assim verificou-se, que o melhor método seria após a filtração a vácuo, lavar os cristais com uma solução saturada de clorato de sódio e posteriormente secá-los com papel absorvente para lhe retirarmos a maior humidade e de seguida secá-los ao ar durante pelo menos três horas. Antes de se começarem a fazer ensaios para tentar optimizar o processo foi-se verificar o coeficiente de transferência de calor para podermos verificar o que acontece com o aumento da velocidade de agitação, assim como com as diversas rampas de arrefecimento testadas. Verifica-se assim que no C902/3 nos ensaios a 69 rpm, com a rampa de cristalização actual, temos um valor médio de 10000 Kcal/ºC.h e nos ensaios a 97,5 rpm temos um coeficiente de transferência de calor variável entre 10000 Kacl/ºC.h e 15000 Kcal/ºC.h conforme a abertura da válvula. Para se verificar o efeito do aumento da agitação na granulometria, recolheram-se amostras e determinou-se a granulometria para cada uma das rampas de cristalização testadas. Verifica-se assim que a massa total obtida não é sempre a mesma, variando de ensaio para ensaio, não se verificou realmente um aumento da granulometria, verificando-se sim um aumento da massa total. No entanto nos ensaios em que a temperatura final é inferior a 0ºC, obtivemos menor quantidade de finos. Por fim fomos determinar a zona óptima de funcionamento tendo em conta o diagrama ternário do sistema. Assim verifica-se que a zona de maior produção é entre -5ºC e -10ºC. No entanto tendo em conta a capacidade da instalação frigorífica, verifica-se que é inviável levar o sistema a -10ºC. Para verificar o efeito dos sulfatos na quantidade de crómio no produto final fizeram-se vários ensaios em laboratório de cristalização por frio em que variávamos as quantidades de cloreto de sódio, de dicromato de sódio e de sulfato de sódio. Verifica-se assim que uma maior quantidade de sal no início da cristalização provoca um aumento na quantidade de crómio no produto final. Para se remover os sulfatos do processo, foi-se testar inicialmente um método utilizando uma resina de permuta iónica para reter os sulfatos na parte de depuração da salmoura e um método de cristalização por frio para remover sulfato das águas mães do processo. Nos ensaios de remoção de sulfatos por permuta iónica verificou-se que a resina Purolite A400, a indicada para remoção de sulfatos, não remove nada. No caso da cristalização por frio para remoção de sulfatos fizeram-se ensaios para uma temperatura de cristalização a cerca de -10ºC. Neste caso verificouse que se conseguiu remover cerca de 70% dos sulfatos, mas também, se removeu cerca de 40% de clorato de sódio. Como a capacidade da instalação frigorífica é limitada, este método torna-se inviável.

Direct torque control em máquinas assíncronas

Dissertação apresentada na Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia da Universidade Nova de Lisboa para obtenção do grau de Mestre em Engenharia Electrotécnica e de Computadores

TERT Promoter Mutations Are a Major Indicator of Poor Outcome in Differentiated Thyroid Carcinomas

Context: Telomerase promoter mutations (TERT) were recently described in follicular cell-derived thyroid carcinomas (FCDTC) and seem to be more prevalent in aggressive cancers. Objectives: We aimed to evaluate the frequency of TERT promoter mutations in thyroid lesions and to investigate the prognostic significance of such mutations in a large cohort of patients with differentiated thyroid carcinomas (DTCs). Design: This was a retrospective observational study. Setting and Patients: We studied 647 tumors and tumor-like lesions. A total of 469 patients with FCDTC treated and followed in five university hospitals were included. Mean follow-up (±SD) was 7.8 ± 5.8 years. Main Outcome Measures: Predictive value of TERT promoter mutations for distant metastasization, disease persistence at the end of follow-up, and disease-specific mortality. Results: TERT promoter mutations were found in 7.5% of papillary carcinomas (PTCs), 17.1% of follicular carcinomas, 29.0% of poorly differentiated carcinomas, and 33.3% of anaplastic thyroid carcinomas. Patients with TERT-mutated tumors were older (P < .001) and had larger tumors (P = .002). In DTCs, TERT promoter mutations were significantly associated with distant metastases (P < .001) and higher stage (P < .001). Patients with DTC harboring TERT promoter mutations were submitted to more radioiodine treatments (P = .009) with higher cumulative dose (P = .004) and to more treatment modalities (P = .001). At the end of follow-up, patients with TERT-mutated DTCs were more prone to have persistent disease (P = .001). TERT promoter mutations were significantly associated with disease-specific mortality [in the whole FCDTC (P < .001)] in DTCs (P < .001), PTCs (P = .001), and follicular carcinomas (P < .001). After adjusting for age at diagnosis and gender, the hazard ratio was 10.35 (95% confidence interval 2.01–53.24; P = .005) in DTC and 23.81 (95% confidence interval 1.36–415.76; P = .03) in PTCs. Conclusions: TERT promoter mutations are an indicator of clinically aggressive tumors, being correlated with worse outcome and disease-specific mortality in DTC. TERT promoter mutations have an independent prognostic value in DTC and, notably, in PTC.