Novel polyaryletherketones containing various pendant groups .1. Synthesis and characterization

Novel high glass transition temperature polyaryletherketones, containing pendant amido, alkyl, and carboxyl groups with reduced viscosity above 0.54 dL/g, were synthesized via solution nucleophilic polycondensation reaction of phenolphthalin, 2',2 ''-diisopropyl-5',5 ''-dimethylphenolphthalin, and 3,3'-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)isobenzopyrrolidone with bis(4-nitrophenyl)ketone in the presence of potassium carbonate. By ion exchange with Na+ and K+, four ionomers were also prepared. A new monomer simultaneously containing carboxyl and algyl substituents was synthesized by reduction reaction of 2',2 ''-diisopropyl-5',5 ''-dimethyl-phenolphthalein. The resulting polymers were soluble in a few polar aprotic solvents; transparent, colorless, and tough films could easily be cast from DMF or DMSO solution. The mechanical properties of the films were excellent; and their tensile strength, elongation at break, and tensile moduli were in the range of 67.1-97.1 MPa, 7.8-165%, and 1.47-2.27 GPa, respectively. The prepared polymers showed fairly good thermal stability and resonably high glass transition temperatures above 210 degrees C. (C) 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Covalent functionalization of polydisperse chemically-converted graphene sheets with amine-terminated ionic liquid

A facile method to obtain polydisperse chemically-converted graphene sheets that are covalently functionalized with ionic liquid was reported-the resulting graphene sheets, without any assistance from polymeric or surfactant stabilizers, can be stably dispersed in water, DMF, and DMSO.

Crosslinking of polyimides via spirodilactone unit in polymer backbone

A new approach for the crosslinking of polyimides via the lactamization of spirodilactone unit in polyimide backbone was studied by two means: model reaction and the comparison of the properties of the polyimide precursors to those of the crosslinking polymers. Polyimides 4 and 5 were soluble in N,N'dimethylacetamide (DMAc), dimethylformamide (DMF), dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO), N'-methylpyrrolidone (NMP), and other common organic solvents, whereas their corresponding crosslinking polymers were insoluble in these solvents. The glass transition temperatures for polyimide 5 and its crosslinking polymer were 262 degrees C and 291 degrees C, whereas those for polyimide 4 and its crosslinking polymer were 265 degrees C and 360 degrees C. The weight-loss rate of the crosslinling polymers was apparently slower than that of the precursors when the temperature was >400 degrees C. The 10% weight-loss temperature for the polyimides 4 and 5 was <500 degrees C, whereas that for the crosslinking polymers was close to or above 600 degrees C. The results indicate that this type of crosslinking polymer has good thermal properties. The temperature for the formation of lactam was above 180 degrees C. (C) 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Electrochemical and spectroelectrochemical study of (OEP)Co in the presence of acrylonitrile, ethanol, N,N-dimethylformamide and dimethylsulfoxide in dichloroethane solution

The ligand effects of acrylonitrile, EtOH, DMF and DMSO on the electrochemical oxidation reactions of (OEP)Co were investigated by CV monitored electrochemical titration and in - situ thin - layer spectroelectrochemical method. The formation constants of (OEP)Co(III) with these molecules were calculated. The magnitude of the values shows the order of acrylonitrile DMF<DMSO. It was demonstrated that the Co(III) center can coordinate with one or two of these molecules. However, the Co(II) center does not show any coordination with any of these molecules. It was also find that the ring cation radicals of the Co(III) can form one or two axial bindings with these molecules.

SYNTHESIS AND PHOTOCHROMISM IN SOLUTION OF PHENOXYNAPHTHACENEQUINONE DERIVATIVES

Two new phenoxynaphthacenequinone derivatives, 6-[4-(2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)isopropyl)phenoxy] -5,12-naphthacenequinone (7) and 6-[4-(potassium sulfophenylazo)phenoxy]-5,12-naphthacenequinone (8), were synthesized, and their photochromism in solution was investigated and compared with that of 6-phenoxy-5,12-naphthacenequinone (1). On the basis of the spectral data and the selective irreversible reaction of ammonia with the colored phenoxy-ana-naphthacenequinone, the concentrations of the ana forms at the photostationary state (PSS), achieved by 365 nm UV irradiation, and the molar extinction coefficients of the pure ana forms at 481-482 nm of compounds 1, 7 and 8 in dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) were found to be 83 mol.% and 1.70x10(4) mol(-1) dm(3) cm(-1), 82 mol.% and 1.62x10(4) mol(-1) dm(3) cm(-1) and 16 mol.% and approximately 1.34x10(4) mol(-1) dm(3) cm(-1) respectively; the absorption spectra of the colored ana forms of 7 and 1 in DMSO were estimated; the rate;constants of photoconversion induced by 365 nm light were obtained. The results show the strong effect of the structure of the phenoxynaphthacenequinones on their photochromism in solution. In addition to DMSO solution, compound 7 exhibited normal photochromism in toluene, benzene, chloroform and a DMSO-ethanol mixed solvent, but not in dimethylformamide (DMF) in which a photoinduced reaction occurred between 7 and DMF or impurities.

Determination of ammonia based on the electro-oxidation of hydroquinone in dimethylformamide or in the room temperature ionic liquid, 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide

The results detail a novel methodology for the electrochemical determination of ammonia based on its interaction with hydroquinone in DMF. It has been shown that ammonia reversibly removes protons from the hydroquinone molecules, thus facilitating the oxidative process with the emergence of a new wave at less positive potentials. The analytical utility of the proposed methodology has been examined with a linear range from 10 to 95 ppm and corresponding limit-of-detection of 4.2 ppm achievable. Finally, the response of hydroquinone in the presence of ammonia has been examined in the room temperature ionic liquid 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluormethylsulfonyl)imide, [EMIM][N(Tf)(2)]. Analogous voltammetric waveshapes to that observed in DMF were obtained, thereby confirming the viability of the method in either DMF or [EMIM][N(Tf)(2)] as solvent. (C) 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Abordagem alternativa para síntese de melanina

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Synthesis, spectral characterization, in-vitro microbiological evaluation and cytotoxic activities of novel macrocyclic bis hydrazone

A macrocyclic hydrazone Schiff base was synthesized by reacting 1,4-dicarbonyl phenyl dihydrazide with 2,6-diformyl-4-methyl phenol and a series of metal complexes with this new Schiff base were synthesized by reaction with Co(II), Ni(II) and Cu(II) metal salts. The Schiff base and its complexes have been characterized by elemental analyses, IR, H-1 NMR, UV-vis, FAB mass, ESR spectra, fluorescence, thermal, magnetic and molar conductance data. The analytical data reveal that the Co(II), Ni(II) and Cu(II) complexes possess 2:1 metal-ligand ratios. All the complexes are non-electrolytes in DMF and DMSO due to their low molar conductance values. Infrared spectral data suggest that the hydrazone Schiff base behaves as a hexadentate ligand with NON NON donor sequence towards the metal ions. The ESR spectral data shows that the metal-ligand bond has considerable covalent character. The electrochemical behavior of the copper(II) complex was investigated by cyclic voltammetry. The Schiff base and its complexes have also been screened for their antibacterial (Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Shigella dysentery, Micrococcus, Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus cereus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa) and antifungal activities (Aspergillus niger, Penicillium and Candida albicans) by MIC method. The brine shrimp bioassay was also carried out to study their in-vitro cytotoxic properties. (C) 2009 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.

Efeitos da administração de inibidores de fosfodiesterases na reversão da hiperatividade de camundongos expostos ao etanol no período correspondente ao terceiro trimestre de gestação em humanos

O consumo de etanol durante a gestação é um grave problema de saúde pública. Durante o desenvolvimento, o sistema nervoso é especialmente susceptível aos efeitos tóxicos do etanol e a exposição ao etanol durante este período pode gerar um amplo espectro de distúrbios neurocomportamentais, sendo o mais frequente, a hiperatividade. Recentemente, estudos têm sugerido que distúrbios na plasticidade neuronal podem estar relacionados com a hiperatividade. Os inibidores de PDE são drogas que agem impedindo a degradação de segundos mensageiros celulares como AMPc e GMPc, mantendo a ativação de proteínas quinases e de fatores de transcrição como o CREB, levando a expressão de genes relacionados à plasticidade. Neste trabalho, avaliamos através do teste de campo aberto se a administração de Vinpocetina ou Rolipram (inibidores de PDE) seria capaz de amenizar ou reverter a hiperatividade de camundongos Suíços expostos ao etanol no período correspondente ao terceiro trimestre de gestação humana. Para tanto, foram realizadas duas etapas: na primeira etapa, durante o período neonatal, os animais receberam injeções intraperitoneais de etanol (5g/Kg em solução salina a 25%, no 2, 4, 6 e 8 dias de vida pós-natal - PN2 a PN8) ou de salina, e 4 horas antes do teste comportamental no campo aberto (10 min), em PN30, receberam Vinpocetina (10mg/Kg ou 20mg/Kg diluídas em DMSO ip) ou somente DMSO ip. Na segunda etapa, os animais foram expostos ao etanol ou à salina no período neonatal nas mesmas condições da primeira etapa e no dia do teste comportamental receberam Rolipram (0,5mg/Kg diluídas em DMSO ip ou somente DMSO ip). Posteriormente aos testes, foram coletados o córtex cerebral frontal e o hipocampo dos animais para avaliação dos níveis de AMPc. Os resultados comportamentais indicam que somente o tratamento com Vinpocetina (20mg/Kg) reverteu a hiperatividade de camundongos expostos ao etanol, resultado que não foi observado com o tratamento com Rolipram. Desta forma, a dosagem dos níveis de AMPc foi realizada apenas nos animais que receberam injeção de Vinpocetina (20mg/Kg). A exposição neonatal ao etanol reduziu significativamente os níveis de AMPc no córtex e no hipocampo. O tratamento com Vinpocetina gerou um aumento nos níveis de AMPc no córtex e restaurou estes níveis no hipocampo. Nossos resultados sugerem que a reversão da hiperatividade pelo tratamento com Vinpocetina pode estar associada ao aumento da plasticidade neural induzida por esta droga.

Modificação química da poliacrilonitrila com grupos tetrazol assistida por micro-ondas

Nos últimos anos, a irradiação por micro-ondas tem sido cada vez mais usada na síntese de varias moléculas orgânicas, devido a uma série de vantagens que essa nova tecnologia apresenta. Até o momento, existem poucos estudos sobre polimerizações assistidas por micro-ondas e menos ainda sobre a modificação de polímeros usando essa nova fonte de energia. Polímeros heterocíclicos contendo anéis azóicos, como o tetrazol possuem interesse acadêmico e comercial devido as suas várias aplicações. Nesta Dissertação foi estuda a modificação química da poliacrilonitrila pela incorporação em sua cadeia polimérica de 10% de grupos tetrazol empregando-se a irradiação de micro-ondas e o método convencional (térmico). Foram utilizados um forno de micro-ondas doméstico e um reator de micro-ondas monomodo nas reações assistidas por micro-ondas. As reações em reator foram realizadas em vaso aberto, em solução (DMF) ou em massa, sendo variado o tempo e a temperatura reacional, bem como a potência do equipamento. Os copolímeros produzidos foram caracterizados por espectroscopia na região do infravermelho (FTIR) e os teores de grupos tetrazol incorporados na PAN foram determinados por titulometria de neutralização. A poliacrilonitrila foi modificada quimicamente com sucesso tanto no forno doméstico quanto no reator de micro-ondas, como foi verificado pela sua análise de FTIR. Pela determinação do grau de incorporação de grupos tetrazol nos polímeros concluiu-se que, para a reação em solução, nas temperaturas mais elevas, bem como em uma potência maior, o teor de heterocíclico incorporado no polímero está muito próximo do valor obtido pelo método convencional. Já as reações conduzidas em massa apresentaram graus de incorporação inferiores as das feitas em solução.

Effect of glycerol and dimethyl sulfoxide on cryopreservation of rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta) sperm

Glycerol and dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) are widely used as penetrating cryoprotectants in the freezing of sperm, and various concentrations are applied in different species and laboratories. The present study aimed to examine the effect of these two cryoprotectants at different concentrations (2%, 5%, 10%, and 15% glycerol or DMSO) on rhesus monkey sperm cryopreservation. The results showed that the highest recovery of post-thaw sperm motility, and plasma membrane and acrosome integrity was achieved when the sperm was frozen with 5% glycerol. Spermatozoa cryopreserved with 15% DMSO showed the lowest post-thaw sperm motility, and spermatozoa cryopreserved with 15% glycerol and 15% DMSO showed the lowest plasma membrane integrity among the eight groups. The results achieved with 5% glycerol were significantly better for all parameters than those obtained with 5% DMSO. The functional cryosurvival of sperm frozen with 5% glycerol was further assessed by in vitro fertilization (IVF). Overall, 85.7% of the oocytes were successfully fertilized, and 51.4% and 5.7% of the resulting zygotes developed into morulae and blastocysts, respectively. The results indicate that the type and concentration of the penetrating cryoprotectant used can greatly affect the survival of rhesus monkey sperm after it is frozen and thawed. The suitable glycerol level for rhesus monkey sperm freezing is 5%, and DMSO is not suitable for rhesus monkey sperm cryopreservation. (C) 2004 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

由异构的二苯醚二酐和二苯硫醚二酐合成的聚酰亚胺

本论文的目的是研究由桥联二配的异构体合成的聚酰亚胺的性质，期望能发现既不牺牲热性能和机械性能又能改善加工性的新型聚酰亚胺材料。国内外目前在此方面的研究还较少，对异构化聚酰亚胺进行系统研究既填补了基础研究在此方面的空白，也对发展新的聚酰亚胺品种具有很天的实际意义。本论文在聚酞亚胺组过去工作的基础上，以氯代苯配为原料合成了二苯醚二配（ODPA）和二苯硫醚二酐（TDPA）两种桥联二配的3，3'-位和3，4'-位异构体（以桥键相对苯酐单元的位置命名），并得到了3，3’一ODPA和3，4'-ODPA的单晶，发现它们的顺反构象在单晶中都能稳定存在，其扭曲结构对聚合物的性质有很大影响。本论文还以三种ODPA异构体和三种TDPA异构体为基础合成了一系列的热塑性聚酰亚胺，对它们的性质进行了研究，发现以3，3'-位和3，4'-位二配为基础的聚酰亚胺在酚类溶剂和DMAc、DMF、NMP等极性溶剂中具有良好的溶解性，在DMSO和CHC13中部分溶解，而以4，4'-位二配为基础的聚酰亚胺则只溶于酚类溶剂。异构ODPA和TDPA系列基于同种二胺的聚酰亚胺薄膜都具有高的耐热性，后者的热氧化稳定性比前者稍高。以3，3'-位二酐为基础的聚酰胺酸热亚胺化的薄膜较脆，但由它们化学亚胺化后的聚酰亚胺粉末再溶解可得优良力学性能的韧膜。以3，4'-位二醉和4，4'-位二配为基础的聚酰胺酸热亚胺化薄膜具有相近的优异力学性质。对以4，4'-ODPA为主的共聚、共混聚酰胺酸热亚胺化薄膜力学性能的研究表明，当3，3'-OD队的含量超过30％时，薄膜脆性明显增加，而3，4'-ODPA以任何比例和4，4'-ODPA共聚、共混都能得到强韧的薄膜。异构TDPA系列聚酰亚胺的力学性能同ODPA系列相当。由异构ODPA和TDPA系列合成的聚酰亚胺动态力学性质规律相同。它们的玻璃化转变温度（Tg）均为3，3'-位的最高，3，4'-位次之，4，4'-位的最低。对于β转变，均为4，4'-位的Tβ最高，β转变峰也最强，3，4'-位的Tβ较低，β转变峰也稍弱，3，3'-位的β转变最弱，没有明显的β转变峰。由ODPA系列异构体同ODA共聚、共混的热酞亚胺化聚酰亚胺薄膜除3，3'-ODPA含量为75％时膜脆DMTA未测外，其他共聚、共混聚酰亚胺薄膜的Tg均随4，4'-位含量的增加而降低，Tp随4，4'-位含量的增加而升高，β转变峰的强度也随4，4'-位含量的增加而增大，Tp（K）/Tg（K）数值均在0.68～0.75之间。含3，3'-位和3，4'-位二配的聚酰亚胺薄膜在Tg过后不久即被迅速拉长至伸长率超过30％（DMTA仪器的设限），而由4，4'-位二酐合成的聚酰亚胺则到450℃伸长率均未超30％。经对ODPA系列异构体同·ODA聚合的聚酰亚胺薄膜拉伸前后的WAXD研究发现，4，4'-ODPA/ODA的薄膜在拉伸前后结晶峰无变化，表明Tg前后其分子间均有较大的作用力，其他两种膜拉伸后有明显的取向结晶现象，由此可见它们在Tg后的迅速伸长可能是因为其扭曲结构使得分子链堆积疏松，链段的活动性随自由体积的增大而迅速增强。对中等分子量的异构ODPA和TDPA系列同ODA聚合的聚酰亚胺的流变性质研究发现，3，4'-位聚酰亚胺拥有最低的熔体粘度，可能因为其分子堆积比4，4'-位的疏松，而链刚性又比3，3'-位的弱。由异构ODPA和TDPA系列与不同二胺和封端剂合成的PMR型热固性聚酰亚胺流变性质规律不尽相同。异构ODPA/MDA/NA的PMR树脂中3，3'-位树脂熔融粘度谷底数值较高加工窗口较窄。异构ODR入／ODA/NA的PMR树脂中三者熔融粘度谷底相同，均在SPa·s左右，3，3'-位和3，4'-位树脂的加工窗口几乎重合，4，4'-位树脂加工窗口随不同次制样的结晶性不同而有所变化。同异构ODPA/ODA/NA的PMR树脂相比，异构TDPA／ODA/NA系列的熔融粘度谷底数值稍高（10～14Pa·s之间），但也彼此相同，无异构体间的差别，3，4'-位和4，4，一位树脂加工窗口均较宽且4，4'-位树脂无明显结晶出现，3，3'-位窗日最窄。异构TDPA/ODA/PEPA的PMR树脂熔融粘度谷底比NA封端的低，降到2-4Pa·s左右，且加工窗口大大加宽，异构体之间差别不大，熔融粘度谷底数值比4，4'-ODPA/ODA/PEPA树脂低，窗口也宽。以3，4’-ODA取代4，4'-ODA后，由4，4'-TD队、3，4'-TD队、3，4'-ODPA和4，4’-OD队合成的PE以封端PMR树脂均拥有1 Pa·s左右的熔体粘度谷底。4，4'-ODPA／3，4'-ODA／PEPA结晶性较强，加工窗口在290℃以上，其他三种树脂的加工窗口都可扩宽到270～350℃，可望适合用RrM工艺加工高性能的复合材料。总体看来，异构ODPA和TDPA系歹lJ的PMR树脂中，由4，4'-ODPA合成的树脂有较强的结晶性，由3，3'-位二配合成的树脂熔体粘度和加工窗口多有变化，但由4，4'-TDPA和3，4'-位二酐合成的不同种类树脂和其异构体相比均具有较低的熔体粘度谷底和较宽的加工窗口，可见异构TDPA系列的热固性聚酰亚胺熔融加工性比异构ODPA系列好。

Efficient synthesis of substituted tetrahydrothiopyrano[2,3-b]thiopyran-4,5-diones by a double annulation strategy from dialkenoylketene dithioacetals

An efficient synthetic procedure for substituted 2,3,6,7tetrahydrothiopyrano [2,3-b] thiopyran-4,5 -diones by a double annulation strategy is described. The ring systems are made in good yields from readily available dialkenoylketene dithioacetals in the presence of either sodium sulfide nonahydrate/N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) or a sodium hydride/DMF/amine system.

Structuring reductive media containing protic ionic liquids and their application to the formation of metallic nanoparticles

Herein, we present a facile method for the formation of monodispersed metal nanoparticles (NPs) at room temperature from M^(III)Cl₃ (with M = Au, Ru, Mn, Fe or V) in different media based on N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) or water solutions containing a protic ionic liquid (PIL), namely the octylammonium formate (denoted OAF) or the bis(2-ethyl-hexyl)ammonium formate (denoted BEHAF). These two PILs present different structures and redox-active structuring properties that influence their interactions with selected molecular compounds (DMF or water), as well as the shape and the size of formed metal NPs in these solutions. Herein, the physical properties, such as the thermal, transport and micellar properties, of investigated PIL solutions were firstly investigated in order to understand the relation between PILs structure and their properties in solutions with DMF or water. The formation of metal NPs in these solutions was then characterized by using UV–vis spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and dynamic light scattering (DLS) measurements. From our investigations, it appears that the PILs structure and their aggregation pathways in selected solvents affect strongly the formation, growths, the shape and the size of metal NPs. In fact by using this approach, the shape-/size-controlled metal NPs can be generated under mild condition. This approach suggests also a wealth of potential for these designer nanomaterials within the biomedical, materials, and catalysis communities by using designer and safer media based on PILs.

The effects of retinoic acid on human corneal stromal keratocytes cultured in vitro under serum-free conditions

Purpose: Retinoic acid (RA) is a metabolite of vitamin A that plays a fundamental role in the development and function of the human eye. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of RA on the phenotype of corneal stromal keratocytes maintained in vitro for extended periods under serum-free conditions. Methods: Keratocytes isolated from human corneas were cultured up to 21 days in serum-free media supplemented with RA or DMSO vehicle. The effects of RA and of its removal after treatment on cell proliferation and morphology were evaluated. In addition, the expression of keratocyte markers was quantified at the transcriptional and protein levels by quantitative PCR and immunoblotting or ELISA, respectively. Furthermore, the effects of RA on keratocyte migration were tested using scratch assays. Results: Keratocytes cultured with RA up to 10×10-6 M showed enhanced proliferation and stratification, and reduced mobility. RA also promoted the expression of keratocyte-characteristic proteoglycans such as keratocan, lumican, and decorin, and increased the amounts of collagen type-I in culture while significantly reducing the expression of matrix metalloproteases 1, 3, and 9. RA effects were reversible, and cell phenotype reverted to that of control after removal of RA from media. Conclusions: RA was shown to control the phenotype of human corneal keratocytes cultured in vitro by regulating cell behaviour and extracellular matrix composition. These findings contribute to our understanding of corneal stromal biology in health and disease, and may prove useful in optimizing keratocyte cultures for applications in tissue engineering, cell biology, and medicine.